Occupational Therapy Definitions PDF

# Terms Definitions ## **Activities** Actions designed and selected to support the development of performance skills and performance patterns to enhance occupational engagement. ## **Activities of daily living (ADLs)** Activities that are oriented toward taking care of one's own body and are compl...

# Terms Definitions ## **Activities** Actions designed and selected to support the development of performance skills and performance patterns to enhance occupational engagement. ## **Activities of daily living (ADLs)** Activities that are oriented toward taking care of one's own body and are completed on a daily basis. These activities are "fundamental to living in a social world; they enable basic survival and well-being." ## **Activity analysis** Generic and decontextualized analysis that seeks to develop an understanding of typical activity demands within a given culture. ## **Activity demands** "Aspects of an activity needed to carry it out, including relevance and importance to the client, objects used and their properties, space demands, social demands, sequencing and timing, required actions and performance skills, and required underlying body functions and body structures." ## **Adaptation** Effective and efficient response by the client to occupational and contextual demands. ## **Advocacy** "Efforts directed toward promoting occupational justice and empowering clients to seek and obtain resources to fully participate in their daily life occupations. Efforts undertaken by the practitioner are considered advocacy, and those undertaken by the client are considered self-advocacy and can be promoted and supported by the practitioner." ## **Analysis of occupational performance** "The step in the evaluation process in which the client's assets and limitations or potential problems are more specifically determined through assessment tools designed to analyze, measure, and inquire about factors that support or hinder occupational performance." ## **Assessment** ""A specific tool, instrument, or systematic interaction used to understand a client's occupational profile, client factors, performance skills, performance patterns, and contextual and environmental factors, as well as activity demands that influence occupational performance."" ## **Belief** "Something that is accepted, considered to be true, or held as an opinion." ## **Body functions** “Physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions).” ## **Body structures** ""Anatomical parts of the body, such as organs, limbs, and their components" that support body functions." ## **Client** "Person (including one involved in the care of a client), group (collection of individuals having shared characteristics or common or shared purpose, e.g., family members, workers, students, and those with similar interests or occupational challenges), or population (aggregate of people with common attributes such as contexts, characteristics, or concerns, including health risks)." ## **Client-centered care (client-centered practice)** "Approach to service that incorporates respect for and partnership with clients as active participants in the therapy process. This approach emphasizes clients' knowledge and experience, strengths, capacity for choice, and overall autonomy." ## **Client factors** "Specific capacities, characteristics, or beliefs that reside within the person and that influence performance in occupations. Client factors include values, beliefs, and spirituality; body functions; and body structures." ## **Clinical reasoning** See Professional reasoning. ## **Collaboration** ""The complex interpretative acts in which the practitioners must understand the meanings of the interventions, the meanings of illness or disability in a person and family's life, and the feelings that accompany these experiences.”" ## **Community** "Collection of populations that is changeable and diverse and includes various people, groups, networks, and organizations." ## **Context** Construct that constitutes the complete makeup of a person's life as well as the common and divergent factors that characterize groups and populations. Context includes environmental factors and personal factors. ## **Co-occupation** "Occupation that implicitly involves two or more individuals and includes aspects of physicality, emotionality, and intentionality." ## **Cornerstone** Something of significance on which everything else depends. ## **Domain** Profession's purview and areas in which its members have an established body of knowledge and expertise. ## **Education** "As an occupation: Activities involved in learning and participating in the educational environment. As an environmental factor of context: Processes and methods for acquisition of knowledge, expertise, or skills. As an intervention: Activities that impart knowledge and information about occupation, health, well-being, and participation, resulting in acquisition by the client of helpful behaviors, habits, and routines that may or may not require application at the time of the intervention session." ## **Engagement in occupation** "Performance of occupations as the result of choice, motivation, and meaning within a supportive context." ## **Environmental factors** "Aspects of the physical, social, and attitudinal surroundings in which people live and conduct their lives." ## **Evaluation** ““The comprehensive process of obtaining and interpreting the data necessary to understand the person, system, or situation. Evaluation requires synthesis of all data obtained, analytic interpretation of that data, reflective clinical reasoning, and consideration of occupational performance and contextual factors."" ## **Goal** Measurable and meaningful, occupation-based, long-term or short-term aim directly related to the client's ability and need to engage in desired occupations. ## **Group** Collection of individuals having shared characteristics or a common or shared purpose (e.g., family members, workers, students, others with similar occupational interests or occupational challenges). ## **Group intervention** Use of distinct knowledge and leadership techniques to facilitate learning and skill acquisition across the lifespan through the dynamics of group and social interaction. Groups may be used as a method of service delivery. ## **Habilitation** "Health care services that help a person keep, learn, or improve skills and functioning for daily living. These services may include physical and occupational therapy, speech-language pathology, and other services for people with disabilities in a variety of inpatient and outpatient settings." ## **Habits** ""Specific, automatic behaviors performed repeatedly, relatively automatically, and with little variation.” Habits can be healthy or unhealthy, efficient or inefficient, and supportive or harmful." ## **Health** ""State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."" ## **Health management** "Occupation focused on developing, managing, and maintaining routines for health and wellness by engaging in self-care with the goal of improving or maintaining health, including self-management, to allow for participation in other occupations." ## **Health promotion** ““Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, an individual or group must be able to identify and realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment.”" ## **Hope** Real or perceived belief that one can move toward a goal through selected pathways. ## **Independence** “Self-directed state of being characterized by an individual's ability to participate in necessary and preferred occupations in a satisfying manner irrespective of the amount or kind of external assistance desired or required." ## **Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)** Activities that support daily life within the home and community and that often require more complex interactions than those used in ADLs. ## **Interests** "What one finds enjoyable or satisfying to do.” ## **Intervention** ""Process and skilled actions taken by occupational therapy practitioners in collaboration with the client to facilitate engagement in occupation related to health and participation. The intervention process includes the plan, implementation, and review.”" ## **Intervention approaches** "Specific strategies selected to direct the process of interventions on the basis of the client's desired outcomes, evaluation data, and evidence." ## **Leisure** ""Nonobligatory activity that is intrinsically motivated and engaged in during discretionary time, that is, time not committed to obligatory occupations such as work, self-care, or sleep.”" ## **Motor skills** "The "group of performance skills that represent small, observable actions related to moving oneself or moving and interacting with tangible task objects (e.g., tools, utensils, clothing, food or other supplies, digital devices, plant life) in the context of performing a personally and ecologically relevant daily life task. They are commonly named in terms of type of task being performed."" ## **Occupation** "Everyday personalized activities that people do as individuals, in families, and with communities to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life. Occupations can involve the execution of multiple activities for completion and can result in various outcomes. The broad range of occupations is categorized as activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, health management, rest and sleep, education, work, play, leisure, and social participation." ## **Occupation-based** "Characteristic of the best practice method used in occupational therapy, in which the practitioner uses an evaluation process and types of interventions that actively engage the client in occupation." ## **Occupational analysis** Analysis that is performed with an understanding of “the specific situation of the client and therefore [of] the specific occupations the client wants or needs to do in the actual context in which these occupations are performed." ## **Occupational demands** "Aspects of an activity needed to carry it out, including relevance and importance to the client, objects used and their properties, space demands, social demands, sequencing and timing, required actions and performance skills, and required underlying body functions and body structures." ## **Occupational identity** “Composite sense of who one is and wishes to become as an occupational being generated from one's history of occupational participation.” ## **Occupational justice** ""A justice that recognizes occupational rights to inclusive participation in everyday occupations for all persons in society, regardless of age, ability, gender, social class, or other differences.” Occupational justice includes access to and participation in the full range of meaningful and enriching occupations afforded to others, including opportunities for social inclusion and the resources to participate in occupations to satisfy personal, health, and societal needs." ## **Occupational performance** "Accomplishment of the selected occupation resulting from the dynamic transaction among the client, their context, and the occupation." ## **Occupational profile** "Summary of the client's occupational history and experiences, patterns of daily living, interests, values, needs, and relevant contexts." ## **Occupational science** ""Way of thinking that enables an understanding of occupation, the occupational nature of humans, the relationship between occupation, health and wellbeing, and the influences that shape occupation.”" ## **Occupational therapy** "Therapeutic use of everyday life occupations with persons, groups, or populations (i.e., clients) for the purpose of enhancing or enabling participation. Occupational therapy practitioners use their knowledge of the transactional relationship among the person, their engagement in valued occupations, and the context to design occupation-based intervention plans. Occupational therapy services are provided for habilitation, rehabilitation, and promotion of health and wellness for clients with disability- and non-disability-related needs. Services promote acquisition and preservation of occupational identity for those who have or are at risk for developing an illness, injury, disease, disorder, condition, impairment, disability, activity limitation, or participation restriction." ## **Outcome** Result clients can achieve through the occupational therapy process. ## **Participation** "Involvement in a life situation." ## **Performance patterns** "Habits, routines, roles, and rituals that may be associated with different lifestyles and used in the process of engaging in occupations or activities. These patterns are influenced by context and time and can support or hinder occupational performance." ## **Performance skills** "Observable, goal-directed actions that result in a client's quality of performing desired occupations. Skills are supported by the context in which the performance occurred and by underlying client factors." ## **Person** "Individual, including family member, caregiver, teacher, employee, or relevant other." ## **Personal factors** "Unique features of the person reflecting the particular background of their life and living that are not part of a health condition or health state. Personal factors are generally considered to be enduring, stable attributes of the person, although some personal factors may change over time." ## **Play** "Active engagement in an activity that is intrinsically motivated, internally controlled, and freely chosen and that may include the suspension of reality. Play includes participation in a broad range of experiences including but not limited to exploration, humor, fantasy, risk, contest, and celebrations. Play is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that is shaped by sociocultural factors." ## **Population** "Aggregate of people with common attributes such as contexts, characteristics, or concerns, including health risks." ## **Prevention** "Education or health promotion efforts designed to identify, reduce, or prevent the onset and decrease the incidence of unhealthy conditions, risk factors, diseases, or injuries." ## **Process** "Series of steps occupational therapy practitioners use to operationalize their expertise in providing services to clients. The occupational therapy process includes evaluation, intervention, and outcomes; occurs within the purview of the occupational therapy domain; and involves collaboration among the occupational therapist, occupational therapy assistant, and client." ## **Process skills** The "group of performance skills that represent small, observable actions related to selecting, interacting with, and using tangible task objects (e.g., tools, utensils, clothing, food or other supplies, digital devices, plant life); carrying out individual actions and steps; and preventing problems of occupational performance from occurring or reoccurring in the context of performing a personally and ecologically relevant daily life task. They are commonly named in terms of type of task being performed.”" ## **Professional reasoning** ““Process that practitioners use to plan, direct, perform, and reflect on client care."" ## **Quality of life** "Dynamic appraisal of life satisfaction (perception of progress toward identifying goals), self-concept (beliefs and feelings about oneself), health and functioning (e.g., health status, self-care capabilities), and socioeconomic factors (e.g., vocation, education, income)." ## **Reevaluation** Reappraisal of the client's performance and goals to determine the type and amount of change that has taken place. ## **Rehabilitation** "Services provided to persons experiencing deficits in key areas of physical and other types of function or limitations in participation in daily life activities. Interventions are designed to enable the achievement and maintenance of optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychological, and social functional levels. Rehabilitation services provide tools and techniques clients need to attain desired levels of independence and self-determination." ## **Rituals** "For persons: Sets of symbolic actions with spiritual, cultural, or social meaning contributing to the client's identity and reinforcing values and beliefs. Rituals have a strong affective component. For groups and populations: Shared social actions with traditional, emotional, purposive, and technological meaning contributing to values and beliefs within the group or population." ## **Roles** For persons: Sets of behaviors expected by society and shaped by culture and context that may be further conceptualized and defined by the client. For groups and populations: Sets of behaviors by the group or population expected by society and shaped by culture and context that may be further conceptualized and defined by the group or population. ## **Routines** "For persons, groups, and populations: Patterns of behavior that are observable, regular, and repetitive and that provide structure for daily life. They can be satisfying and promoting or damaging. Routines require momentary time commitment and are embedded in cultural and ecological contexts." ## **Screening** ""Process of reviewing available data, observing a client, or administering screening instruments to identify a person's (or a population's) potential strengths and limitations and the need for further assessment."" ## **Self-advocacy** "Advocacy for oneself, including making one's own decisions about life, learning how to obtain information to gain an understanding about issues of personal interest or importance, developing a network of support, knowing one's rights and responsibilities, reaching out to others when in need of assistance, and learning about self-determination." ## **Service delivery** Set of approaches and methods for providing services to or on behalf of clients. ## **Skilled services** "To be covered as skilled therapy, services must require the skills of a qualified occupational therapy practitioner and must be reasonable and necessary for the treatment of the patient's condition, illness, or injury. Skilled therapy services may be necessary to improve a patient's current condition, to maintain the patient's current condition, or to prevent or slow further deterioration of the patient's condition. Practitioners should check their payer policies to ensure they meet payer definitions and comply with payer requirements." ## **Social interaction skills** "The “group of performance skills that represent small, observable actions related to communicating and interacting with others in the context of engaging in a personally and ecologically relevant daily life task performance that involves social interaction with others."" ## **Social participation** “Interweaving of occupations to support desired engagement in community and family activities as well as those involving peers and friends" involvement in a subset of activities that incorporate social situations with others and that support social interdependence. ## **Spirituality** ""Deep experience of meaning brought about by engaging in occupations that involve the enacting of personal values and beliefs, reflection, and intention within a supportive contextual environment.” It is important to recognize spirituality “as dynamic and often evolving.”" ## **Time management** "Manner in which a person, group, or population organizes, schedules, and prioritizes certain activities." ## **Transaction** Process that involves two or more individuals or elements that reciprocally and continually influence and affect one another through the ongoing relationship. ## **Values** "Acquired beliefs and commitments, derived from culture, about what is good, right, and important to do." ## **Well-being** “General term encompassing the total universe of human life domains, including physical, mental, and social aspects, that make up what can be called a 'good life.'"" ## **Wellness** “The individual's perception of and responsibility for psychological and physical well-being as these contribute to overall satisfaction with one's life situation." ## **Work** "Labor or exertion related to the development, production, delivery, or management of objects or services; benefits may be financial or nonfinancial (e.g., social connectedness, contributions to society, adding structure and routine to daily life)."