Small Arms PDF

SMALL ARMS (CHAPTER 2) Small arms are portable, individual weapons such as revolvers/ self-loading pistols/ shotguns/ rifles/ carbines/ assault rifles/ sub-machine guns/ light machine guns. older weapons that have bullets in a rotating cylinder above the...

SMALL ARMS (CHAPTER 2) Small arms are portable, individual weapons such as revolvers/ self-loading pistols/ shotguns/ rifles/ carbines/ assault rifles/ sub-machine guns/ light machine guns. older weapons that have bullets in a rotating cylinder above the trigger. uses multiple chambers and a single barrel. Used by Royal Malaysian Police REVOLVER uses a single chamber and barrel a mechanism powered by the previous shot to load a fresh bullet into the chamber. SELF-LOADING PISTOL Glock 17, widely used by Malaysian security forces and police forces globally. Fires cluster pellets instead of bullets, effective at short ranges. Benelli M4 used by Malaysian law enforcement SHOTGUN designed to be shot from the shoulder with a barrel that has a helical groove cut into the barrel walls. RIFLE M4 (AK-24) carbine used by the Malaysian Armed Forces long arm but with a shorter barrel than a rifle Combines of a handgun and the firepower of a rifle. M1 Carbine historically used by the US military CARBINE Capable of automatic fire, commonly used in military conflicts. Colt M16A1, standard issue for Malaysian soldiers, ASSAULT RIFLE hybrids between pistols and assault rifles. longer barrel than a pistol and a larger magazine capacity, MP5 used by Malaysian counter-terrorism units SUB-MACHINE GUN Belt-fed or magazine-fed automatic firearms designed for sustained firepower. sometimes mounted on bipods or tripods for stability. FN Minimi used by Malaysian infantry units LIGHT-MACHINE GUN Pistol Mechanism: Uses the energy from a fired round to cycle the action, eject the spent casing, and load a new round. Rifle Mechanism: Similar to pistols but designed for greater range and accuracy due to longer barrels and rifling. Innovations making weapons lighter, more lethal, and more accurate. DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY FATHIAH AISHAH  AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVES (CHAPTER 3) Ammunition refers to the projectiles fired from guns, which include fuses/ propelling charges/ primers. It’s an essential component of any firearm, ranging from small arms to large artillery pieces. Explosives Explosives are reactive substances that release energy in the form of light/ heat/ sound/ pressure when detonated. They can be categorized into (high explosives – detonate / low explosives – deflagrate) Interior Ballistics What happens inside the gun during the firing process: i. the ignition of the propellant ii. the generation of gas pressure iii. the acceleration of the projectile through the barrel. Ballistic Exterior Ballistics The projectile's flight from the muzzle to the target. Involves understanding factors like: i. Gravity ii. air resistance iii. wind that affect the projectile's trajectory. Terminal Ballistic behavior of the projectile upon impact with the target: i. penetration ii. fragmentation iii. energy transfer to the target. Direct/indirect fire Aiming and launching a projectile directly at a target within the line of sight of Direct fire the firer. Used in close combat situations where the target is visible and within range. Anti-tank weapons, rifle fire Aiming and firing a projectile without relying on a direct line of sight between the gun and its target. Indirect fire Used to target enemies at long distances/behind cover, utilizing calculations to determine the projectile's arc & landing point. Eg: artillery, mortars Small arms 1. Primer A small charge of impact-sensitive/ electrically-sensitive chemical mixture ammunition used to ignite the propellant. (components) 2. propellant based on nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. Upon ignition, it produces gas that propels the bullet forward. 3. projectile The part that is ejected from the firearm and hits the target. Made from materials like lead, brass, copper, steel, or tungsten alloys. 4. case Encases all the components of the cartridge. 5. rim Helps in loading the cartridge into the chamber. (Types) Ball ammunition Standard bullets used for general-purpose shooting. Armor piercing Designed to penetrate armor using harder materials & higher velocities. Tracer Contains a pyrotechnic composition that burns brightly, allowing the shooter to see the bullet’s trajectory. Explosive & Designed to explode on impact or ignite upon hitting the target. incendiary DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY FATHIAH AISHAH  Armor Piercing Discarding Uses kinetic energy to penetrate armor. Sabot The outer shell or sabot is discarded immediately upon leaving the muzzle. (APDS) The penetrator is a long, thin rod made of high-density material like tungsten. Armor Piercing Fin Similar to APDS but includes fins for improved stability during flight. Types of Stabilized Discarding Sabot Usually fired from smooth-bore guns. Tank (APFSDS) Ammunition High Explosive Anti-Tank A shaped charge with a conical cavity and a copper lining. (HEAT) When the shell hits the target, the explosive forms a stream of particles that penetrate armor at hypersonic speeds. High Explosive Squash Head Thin metal shells filled with plastic explosive and a delayed-action base fuse. (HESH) On impact, the explosive is "squashed" against the target, forming a disc. High explosive Designed to cause damage through blast and fragmentation. Artillery Shell Armor piercing Penetrates armored targets. Types of APDS Artillery HEAT & HESH Similar to tank ammunition, designed for specific tactical roles. Ammunition M830 120mm heat round Smart & Guided Munitions Precision targeting capabilities using GPS and laser guidance. A “smart bomb” Specialty Rounds Incendiary/ cluster/ chemical/ smoke/ illumination rounds for various battlefield applications. A “smoke bomb” Explosive High Detonate, causing a rapid release of energy explosive TNT/ RDX/ PETN Low Deflagrate, causing slower combustion explosive Gunpowder/ smokeless powder Primary explosive Extremely sensitive to impact/ friction/ heat/ electricity Used as initiators or detonators. Examples: Mercury fulminate, lead azide. Secondary explosive Less sensitive than primary explosives. Require more energy to initiate. Categories Examples: TNT, RDX. Tertiary explosive Also known as blasting agents. Insensitive to shock. Require secondary explosives to initiate. Examples: ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil). DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY FATHIAH AISHAH  ARMOUR AND PROTECTION (CHAPTER 4) known as body armour, is protective equipment designed to absorb/ deflect impacts from slashing/ stabbing/ Definition gunfire/ shrapnel." i. Personal Armour: Worn by soldiers and law enforcement officers. ii. Vehicle Armour: Used in tanks and armored vehicles. Ancient times Chainmail used by Celts & Roman Historical context Asia Lamellar armour used around the 4th century. Medieval Period Plate armour developed between the 13th and 15th centuries. 1500s Bulletproof vests tested by various parties. Chainmail Lamellar Plate Armor Bulletproof Steel An alloy with iron and carbon, used for its hardness and tensile strength. materials Textile Light fabrics used in constructing armour; multi-layered for enhanced protection. Polymers & Composites Synthetic fibres like fiberglass for lighter alternatives. Ceramics Used in ballistic vests to absorb and dissipate kinetic energy. Hard armour Made of ceramic/ fiberglass/ metal plates to prevent bullet penetration. Soft armour Acts as a high-performance web of fibers that absorbs and disperses energy. Types of Bomb suit Heavy suits designed to withstand bomb fragments armour Specialized armour and pressure. Interceptor body armour Provides extensive protection for military personnel. Dragon Skin Armour Comprises overlapping circular discs made from silicon carbide ceramic matrices for flexibility and protection. Early stage, only steel & titanium plates were successfully stopping knife injuries How armour Steel a knife Closer woven fibres are more effective in preventing penetration. works Upon hitting a steel plate, the energy from a projectile is dissipated & the projectile itself deformed to minimize blunt force trauma. Stopping a bullet A bullet striking soft body armour is caught in a web of very strong fibers that absorbs and disperses impact energy that causes the bullet to deform. With ceramics, the ceramic locally shatters & disperses the energy of the projectile to the point where it is finally stopped. DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY FATHIAH AISHAH  AIR SUPERIORITY (CHAPTER 5) Air Parity The functional equivalency between enemy and friendly air forces in strength and capability to attack and destroy targets. Definition Air Superiority Conduct of air operations is possible at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the enemy. Air Supremacy The enemy force is incapable of effective interference of friendly air campaign. An airborne radar picket system designed to detect aircraft/ ships/ vehicles at long ranges Airborne Early Warning & perform command & control of the battlespace in an air engagement Control (AEW&C) ❖ Grumman E-2C Hawkeye designed to attack ground/ sea targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry/ Bombers firing torpedoes/ deploying air-launched cruise missiles. ❖ Tupolev Tu-160 Close air support air action by fixed/ rotary-winged aircraft against hostile targets, that are in close proximity to friendly forces ❖ Boeing AH-64 Electronic Warfare Aircraft degrading the effectiveness of enemy radar & radio systems by using radar jamming & deception methods. ❖ EF-111A Raven Fighter designed primarily for air-to-air combat against other aircraft as opposed to Types of bombers and attack aircraft aircraft ❖ Grumman F-14 Tomcat firing Refueling Tankers used for aerial refueling ❖ Luftwaffe Airbus A310 MRTT Interceptors Designed to prevent successful missions by enemy aircraft (bombers & recon aircraft) ❖ Su-15 Gen 1 Early jet fighters with simple designs and turbojets ❖ F-86 Sabre Gen 2 Introduction of onboard radar and passive homing infrared-guided missiles ❖ MiG-21 Gen 3 Improved radar systems, air-to-air/ air-to-ground missiles/advanced avionics. ❖ F-4 Phantom. Evaluation of Gen 4 Higher maneuverability, fly-by-wire control systems, and advanced computers aircraft ❖ MiG-29. Gen 4.5 Upgraded radars/ high-capacity data-link/ enhanced avionics/thrust vectoring. ❖ Eurofighter Typhoon. Gen 5 Next-generation fighters with stealth features/ advanced avionics/ internal weapon bays. ❖ F-22 Raptor. DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY FATHIAH AISHAH  Lead and lag pursuit Techniques to gain a tactical advantage over an enemy aircraft by adjusting the pursuit angle. Lag roll A maneuver to position oneself behind the enemy aircraft. Tactics Use of ground-based radars and AEW&C aircraft to detect & track enemy aircraft Detection and engagement followed by engagement using long-range stand-off weapons & dogfights as a last resort. Aerodynamics The study of how air interacts with solid objects like aircraft wings. Design Materials Use of lightweight yet strong materials like titanium/ aluminum/ composites to elements enhance performance and durability. Engines Development of gas turbine engines that provide high thrust-to-weight ratios. Guns/ cannons High-velocity projectiles fired from under the fuselage or wing-mounted Air-to-Air Missiles Designed to destroy enemy aircraft/categorized into passive/ semi-active/ active Weapon radar homing missiles. systems Air-to-ground Missiles Missiles launched from aircraft to strike ground targets including laser-guided bombs Radars and AEW&C Ground-based and airborne radar systems for early detection & tracking of Airspace potential threats. protection Joint efforts Coordination among different branches of the military for comprehensive air defense. Fighter engagement Deployment of fighters to intercept and neutralize threats at long ranges. Stealth technology Reduced radar cross-sections to evade detection. Future Advanced avionics Integrated digital flight systems and improved aerodynamics. technology New aircraft Development of next-generation fighters like the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY FATHIAH AISHAH  MISSILE TECHNOLOGY (CHAPTER 6) Key component Propulsion systems/ Guidance unit / armament in missile Types of Air-to-air missile (AAM) Fired from an aircraft to target other aircraft. missiles - AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles Air-to-surface missile (ASM) Launched from an aircraft to strike ground targets Surface-to-air missile (SAM) Launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. - Patriot Surface-to-surface missile Launched from the ground to hit targets on the ground or sea. (SSM) - Harpoon (AGM-84) Specific missiles Ballistic missile Intercontinental Ballistic Capable of delivering nuclear warheads across Travel along a high-arc Missile (ICBM) continents. trajectory & can deliver Submarine-Launched Launched from submarines, providing a second-strike nuclear/ conventional Ballistic Missile (SLBM) capability. warheads over long distances. Anti-Ballistic Missile Designed to intercept and destroy incoming ballistic missiles. Cruise missile Anti-ship missile Targets naval vessels. Follow a low-level flight path Anti-submarine missile Engages submarines. and are used for precise Anti-tank Guided missile Designed to destroy tanks and armored vehicles. targeting. Anti-satellite Weapon Targets satellites in orbit. ❖ Tomahawk Anti-radiation missile Homes in on enemy radar installations. Types of Solid Rocket Propellant Provides a quick and powerful thrust, commonly used in short- range missiles. propulsion Liquid Rocket Propellant Offers greater control & efficiency, used in long-range & intercontinental ballistic systems missiles. Hybrid Rocket propellant Combines elements of solid and liquid propellants for flexibility. Ramjet/Scramjet Engines Used in cruise missiles to maintain high speeds over long distances. Future Terminal Hight Altitude Designed to intercept & destroy short/ medium/ intermediate-range ballistic technology Area Defense (THAAD) missiles using kinetic kill technology relies on kinetic energy to destroy its target upon impact DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY FATHIAH AISHAH