Data Communication And Networking PDF

**DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING\ -** are changing the way we do business and the way we live. **Data --** refers to any information which is presented in a form that is agreed and accepted upon by its creators and users. **Information -** refers to processed data that enables us to take decisi...

**DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING\ -** are changing the way we do business and the way we live. **Data --** refers to any information which is presented in a form that is agreed and accepted upon by its creators and users. **Information -** refers to processed data that enables us to take decisions. **Data Communication --** is a process of exchanging data or information. Define as the transmission of digital information between two devices. **Characteristics of Data:\ Delivery --** must be deliver at exact location\ **Accuracy --** must accurately\ **Timeless --** must be deliver data in timely manner\ **Jitter --** the uneven delay in delivery of audio or video. **Components of Communication Systems:\ Message --** information (data) to be communicated\ **Sender --** the device that sends the data message\ **Receiver --** device that receives the message\ **Transmission medium --** physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver\ **Protocol --** defines the format and the order of messages sent and received among network entities\ - set of rules that govern data communication\ - **Human protocols and Network protocols** **Data Representation\ 1. Text --** data communication, text is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of bits (0s or 1s).\ **2. Numbers --** are also represented by bit patterns.\ **3. Images --** are also represented by bit patterns. Its simplest form.\ **4. Audio -** refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound or music.\ **5. Video -** refers to the recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie. **Direction of Data Flow\ Simplex --** Only one of the two devices on link can transmit: the other can only receive.\ **Half-Duplex --** each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time.\ **Full-Duplex --** both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously. **Networks --** is a set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links. **Network sizes --** network come in all sizes:\ **SOHO network --** enables computers within home office or remote office to connect to network.\ **Medium to large network --** such as those used by corporations and schools, can have many locations.\ **Worldwide Network --** the internet is a network of networks that connects millions of computers. **Computer Network --** a set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links. **Network Criteria:\ Performance --** include transit and response time\ **Reliability --** is measured by frequency of failure\ **Security --** include protecting data from unauthorized **Physical Structure of Network:\ Point-to-point --** connection provides a dedicated link between two devices\ **Multipoint --** also called multidrop, more than two specific devices share a single link **Physical Topology --** refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically.\ **Mesh Topology --** every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. Term *dedicated* means to link carries traffic only between two devices it connects.\ **Star Topology --** each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, called hub.\ **Bus Topology --** is multipoint. One long cable act as **backbone** to link all devices in a network.\ **Ring Topology --**has dedicated point-to-point connection with only two devices on either side of it. **Network Type:\ LAN (local area network) --** a system where computers and other devices connects to each other in one location.\ **PAN (Personal area network) --** the smallest and simplest type of network.\ **CAN (Campus are network) --** is a network of interconnected, dispersed LANs.\ **MAN (Metropolitan area network) --** an interconnection of several LANs throughout a city, town or municipality.**\ WAN (Wide area network) --** is most expansive type of computer network configuration.\ **SAN (Storage area network) --** a dedicated high-speed network that makes storage devices accessible to servers by attaching storage to OS. **EPN (Enterprise private network) --** a computer network build by a business to interconnect its various company sites.\ **VPN (Virtual private network) --** creates a private network overlay across an existing public network. **Internet\ -** a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities\ - a vast resource for information and recreation yet many do not appreciate its history or the process\ - internet connections are two or more networks interconnected, usually local are networks **Internet Service Provider (ISP)\ --** refers to a company that provides access to the internet to both personal and business customers.\ - also provide other services, including email services, domain registration, web hosting etc. **World Wide Web** usually called **Web --** collection of different websites you can access through internet. **Intranet\ -** is much smaller than the internet and can provide services such as document distribution etc.\ - is a private network used by a company to enable secure communication and collaboration **Extranet\ -** an internet which partially accessible by authorized users who are physically located outside the company or employees\ - also a private network within an organization **Changing Network Environment --** the network environment continues to evolve, providing new experiences and opportunities for end users. **Network Trends --** just as the way we work, play, and learn impacts the network, the availability of robust reliable network has an impact on our daily lives. **TOP 10 trends:**\ 1. 5G and Wi Fi 6 technology\ 2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)\ 3. Augmented reality and virtual reality\ 4. Cloud computing\ 5. DevOps\ 6. Digital transformation\ 7. Intent-based networking (IBN)\ 8. Internet of Things (IoT)\ 9. Data Security\ 10. SD-WAN **Network Trends:\ **- BYOD (Bring your own device)\ - Online Collaboration\ - Video Communication\ - Cloud Computing