Digital Engineering Fall 2024 PDF

Information Technology Department ‫جامعه برج العرب التكنولوجيه‬ ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬ IT305 DIGITAL ENGINEERING...

Information Technology Department ‫جامعه برج العرب التكنولوجيه‬ ‫كلية تكنولوجيا الصناعة والطاقة‬ IT305 DIGITAL ENGINEERING LECTURER: ASSOC. PROF. OSAMA ELNAHAS, DR. DINA ABDELHAFIZ Second Year –Information Technology Program Fall 2024 DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 1  COURSE INFORMATION  Lecturers: Prof. Ossama Elnahas -Dr. Dina Abdelhafiz  Credit hours (3)  Requirements & Grading (Total 150 marks)  Class work and attendance (40 marks)  Midterm exam (35 marks)  Final Exam (75 marks) DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 2  ABOUT EXAMS  All material included in the lectures.  Notes taken from lecturer at lecture time.  Labs DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 3  THE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL LOGIC DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 4  WHY DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN?  Understand the theory of operation for most of digital electronic devices,  Analyze how a digital computer performs complex operations, based on simply manipulating bits (zeros and ones),  Design digital logic systems DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 5  APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 6 DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 7  DIGITAL SYSTEMS DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 8  COMPARISON BETWEEN ANALOG SIGNALS AND DIGITAL SIGNALS DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 9  WHAT IS DIGITAL?  Digital describes any system based on discontinuous data or events  Computers are digital machines because at their most basic level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1, or off and on.  There is no simple way to represent all the values in between, such as 0.25.  All data that a computer processes must be encoded digitally, as a series of zeroes and ones. DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 10 COMPARISON BETWEEN ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 11  WHAT IS DIGITAL DESIGN?  Given a specification of a problem, come up with a way of solving it,  choosing appropriately from a collection of available components, while meeting some criteria for size, cost, power, etc… DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 12  BASIC UNITS TO BUILD DIGITAL CIRCUITS DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 13  DIGITAL LOGIC LEVELS  Digital logic circuits are hardware components that manipulate binary information (we call them gates)  A digital system is basically a black box with a minimum of one input and one output  Inside this box, are millions of switches called transistors  Transistors perform different functions according to inputs  In binary logic circuits there are only two levels: 0 and 1 DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 14  DIGITAL LOGIC LEVELS  What is the physical meaning of logic 0 and logic 1?  How can we recognize them? DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 15  DIGITAL LOGIC LEVELS DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 16  WHAT IS DIGITAL DESIGN?  In this course, we will study the main building blocks of any digital circuit.  In the electrical and electronic circuits, we have resistance, capacitance, inductance, transistors …  In the digital circuits, we have the AND, OR, NOT, …  In the electrical and electronic circuits, we deal with continuous voltage.  In the digital circuits, we are dealing with either 1 or 0. DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 17  DIGITAL LOGIC GATES DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 18  REVISION: TYPES OF NUMERICAL SYSTEMS  Decimal (Base 10): Uses digits 0-9.  Binary (Base 2): Uses digits 0 and 1.  Octal (Base 8): Uses digits 0-7.  Hexadecimal (Base 16): Uses digits 0-9 and A-F. DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 19  THE DECIMAL SYSTEM  Uses 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.  Description: Base 10, most commonly used in everyday life.  Structure: Each digit represents a power of 10 (e.g., 345 = 3×10² + 4×10¹ + 5×10⁰). DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 20  THE BINARY SYSTEM  Uses 2 digits: 0 and 1.  Description: Base 2, used primarily in computing.  Structure: Each digit represents a power of 2 (e.g., 1011 = 1×2³ + 0×2² + 1×2¹ + 1×2⁰).  Example: The binary number 1101 represents 13 in decimal. DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 21  THE OCTAL SYSTEM  Uses 8 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.  Description: Base 8, less common but used in some computing contexts.  Structure: Each digit represents a power of 8 (e.g., 257 = 2×8² + 5×8¹ + 7×8⁰).  Example: The octal number 17 represents 15 in decimal. DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 22  THE HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM  Uses 16 symbols: 0-9 and A-F (where A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15).  Description: Base 16, commonly used in programming and digital electronics.  Structure: Each digit represents a power of 16 (e.g., 2A3 = 2×16² + 10×16¹ + 3×16⁰).  Example: The hexadecimal number 1F represents 31 in decimal. DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 23  DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION  Method: Repeatedly divide by 2 and record the remainder.  Example: Convert 13 decimal to binary:  13 ÷ 2 = 6, remainder 1  6 ÷ 2 = 3, remainder 0  3 ÷ 2 = 1, remainder 1  1 ÷ 2 = 0, remainder 1  Binary: 1101 DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 24  BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION  Method: Sum the powers of 2 for each digit.  Example: Convert 1101 binary to decimal: 1×2³ + 1×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13 DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 25  DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION  Method: Repeatedly divide by 8 and record the remainder.  Example: Convert 65 decimal to octal:  65 ÷ 8 = 8, remainder 1  8 ÷ 8 = 1, remainder 0  1 ÷ 8 = 0, remainder 1  Octal: 101 DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 26  OCTAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION  Method: Sum the powers of 8 for each digit.  Example: Convert 17 octal to decimal:  1×8¹ + 7×8⁰  = 8 + 7 = 15 decimal DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 27  DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION  Method: Repeatedly divide by 16 and record the remainder.  Example: Convert 31 to hexadecimal:  31 ÷ 16 = 1, remainder 15 (F)  1 ÷ 16 = 0, remainder 1  Hexadecimal: 1F DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 28  HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION  Method: Sum the powers of 16 for each digit.  Example: Convert 2A3 to decimal:  2×16² + 10×16¹ + 3×16⁰  = 512 + 160 + 3 = 675 DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 29  SUMMARY 1. What is Digital Design?  Digital design involves creating circuits that operate using discrete values, primarily binary (0s and 1s).  Focuses on the design of systems that process digital signals. 2. Importance of Digital Systems  Digital systems are more reliable and flexible than analog systems.  Commonly used in computers, smartphones, and embedded systems 3. Binary Number System  Digital systems use the binary number system (base-2), which employs two symbols: 0 and 1.  Understanding binary representation is essential for working with digital circuits. 4. Logic Levels  Represents binary values with specific voltage levels: typically, a high voltage for 1 and a low voltage for 0. 5. Logic Gates:  Basic building blocks (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR) that perform logical operations. DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 30  PRACTICE PROBLEMS (LEFT TO STUDENT TO READ)  Exercise 1: Convert 45 to binary.  Exercise 2: Convert 1010 to decimal.  Exercise 3: Convert 23 to octal.  Exercise 4: Convert 7F to decimal. DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 31  EXERCISE 1: CONVERT 45 TO BINARY (LEFT TO STUDENT TO READ)  Method: Divide by 2 and record the remainders.  45 ÷ 2 = 22, remainder 1  22 ÷ 2 = 11, remainder 0  11 ÷ 2 = 5, remainder 1  5 ÷ 2 = 2, remainder 1  2 ÷ 2 = 1, remainder 0  1 ÷ 2 = 0, remainder 1  Binary: Reading the remainders from bottom to top, 45 in binary is 101101. DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 32 EXERCISE 2: CONVERT 1010 TO DECIMAL (LEFT TO STUDENT TO READ) Method: Sum the powers of 2 for each digit. Decimal: 8+0+2+0=10 DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 33  EXERCISE 4: CONVERT 23 TO OCTAL (LEFT TO STUDENT TO READ)  Method: Divide by 8 and record the remainders.  23 ÷ 8 = 2, remainder 7  2 ÷ 8 = 0, remainder 2  Octal: Reading the remainders from bottom to top, 23 in octal is 27. DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 34  EXERCISE 4: CONVERT 7F TO DECIMAL (LEFT TO STUDENT TO READ)  Method: Sum the powers of 16 for each digit.  Decimal: 112+15=127112 + 15 = 127112+15=127 DIGITAL ENGINEERING FALL 2024 10/21/2024 35