Day 6-9 2023 Test Review PDF

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Neutralization - - - Techniques I almost didn't answer this. I had to leave it lay for several days in order to calm down some. I am very proud of my almost 40 years of hunting and fishing in Colorado. For someone to put me...

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Neutralization - - - Techniques I almost didn't answer this. I had to leave it lay for several days in order to calm down some. I am very proud of my almost 40 years of hunting and fishing in Colorado. For someone to put me in the same category with poachers, as far as I am concerned that puts them in the same category with anti-hunting groups. If that's an injustice it can't be a bigger injustice than what you did \[to\] me. I made a mistake once, and a young hothead game warden tried to take advantage of it to boost his arrest record point system. I misread some very complicated regulations. They write them more complicated every year to try to boost their "fine" income. Healthsouth **HeathSouth - impediments to Acting Ethically** - - - - - - - - - Brief review What is ethics? - - - - How does someone get moral standards? - - - - - - - - Moral standards v.s. Conventional standards +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - | Conventional Standards | +===================================+===================================+ | - | - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - | - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - | - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ What makes something a moral standard - - - - - - Moral standards - - - And how does this apply to businesses? - How do we approach ethics? - - - - Can a corporation be held to ethical standards? - - - - Common objections to Business Ethics - - - - - - - Loyal Agent's Argument - - - - Why loyal agent argument does not work - - - - The case for Business Ethics - - - - - - - - - - - - Ethical issues in business - - - - - - Moral Development - Kohlberg/Gilligan - Globalization and Ethical Relativism - Ethical Relativism - the concept - - Ethical Relativism - - The take-away - - - - - Incrementalism belief in or advocacy of change by degrees; gradualism. The four steps leading to ethical behavior - - - - Influences on deciding to do what is ethical - - - Behavioral Ethics - - - - - - - KOHLBERG Level one: Preconventional stage **Stage one: Punishment and Obedience Orientation (The demands of authority figures or the pleasant or painful consequences of an act define right and wrong)** - - **Stage two: instrumental and relative orientation (Right actions become those through which the child satisfies his own needs)** - - Level two: Conventional stage **Stage three: Interpersonal concordance Orientation (Living up to the expectations of those for whom the person feels loyalty, affection and trust, such as family and friends)** - - **Stage four: Law and order Orientation: (Right and wrong at this more mature conventional stage are based on loyalty to one's nation or society)** - - Level Three: Post-conventional/ Autonomous/ Principled **Stage five: Social Contract Orientation (The person becomes aware that people have conflicting moral views, but believes there are fair ways of reaching consensus about them)** - - - **Stage six: Universal Moral Principles Orientation (Right action comes to be defined in terms of moral principles chosen because of their reasonableness, universality, and consistency.)** - - - - - According to Kohlberg Moral reasoning of people at later stages of moral development is better than moral reasoning at earlier stages - - - Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory - - - Carol Gilligan - -  Gilligan's Theory of Female Moral Development - - - - According to Gilligan - - - - - - In response to "What is Ethics?" - - - - - - The study of ethics is the process of developing our ability to deal with moral issues - a process that should enable you to acquire the more reflective understanding of "right" and "wrong" that characterizes the later post conventional stages of moral development. One of the central aims of the study of ethics is the simulation of this moral development Moral Responsibility/Blame - - - - - - - - - - - - - Moral Responsibility where... - - - Is your moral responsibility mitigated by: - - - - Law sets the minimum standard of behavior, ethics require more... Why did Merck invest in the drug? - - - - - Moral reasoning - - - - - - - - How good is your moral reasoning - - - - - - Ethical Decision Making - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Joseph Heath "In business ethics.. There is often no real dispute about the content of our moral obligations (i.e. what we should be doing), the question is rather how to motivate people to do it." - According to Joseph Heath - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Heath's take-away "The best way to get people to behave ethically is to put them in a situation in which ethical conduct is expected of them and self-serving excuses are not tolerated." Roadblocks to ethical behavior 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Everyone else is doing it 6. Reliance on authority Bias: prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bias/ Stereotypes - Implicit Bias - - - - - - - - - - - - Types of unconscious bias - - - - - Halo effect - Horns Bias - We all have biases: - - **Questions:** **According to Kohlberg, if following the law is the basis for your moral analysis, you are what stage of moral development?** - **Moral reasoning includes:** A. B. C. Conventional standards are universal and they apply to people regardless of their culture - The Milgram Experiment (Shocking) is an example of how individuals can, in certain situations, defer their own moral judgment and instead view themselves as merely an instrumentality of authority figure? - When making an ethical decision, it is important to utilize all neutralization techniques - While Kohlberg and Gilligan disagree on the characteristics that determine our moral development, they agree that there are three stages of moral development: Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional -