Day 3 Hum Finals PDF

Western European Kingdoms. A time of instability - Breakdown of roman culture - Lack of a strong currency - Bartering system - The breakdown of Roman culture - Lack of a strong currency - The rich are hoarding the money and luxury items - Elite: coins and luxury items - The rich aren’t doing anythin...

Western European Kingdoms. A time of instability - Breakdown of roman culture - Lack of a strong currency - Bartering system - The breakdown of Roman culture - Lack of a strong currency - The rich are hoarding the money and luxury items - Elite: coins and luxury items - The rich aren’t doing anything to spur the economy - Everyone else: bartering and trade as currency - Went backwards to an economy like in the ANE - Doesn’t help to develop the economy - Moves backward - Threat of Islamic invasion - Strong well trained, technologically advanced people are scared. Kingdom of the Franks (Modern day France) - Associated with modern day France At its height, it enters northern Spain, and a little bit of Geneva as well Kingdom as a whole is called franks. - Early Dynasty of the Franks is Merovingian dynasty. - Merovingian Dynasty - - The most important early dynasties of the Franks Get their name from a man called Merovech Their first king (400s CE) Dynasty continues to expand outward Rising when the western is drawing down. Clovis (466-511 CE) - Accepts Catholic Christianity - The king of the Franks in the Merovingian Dynasty - The king that converts to Catholic Christianity - Many people move over to this religion because they are semi forced into it. - A stable king; helps give the Merovingians stability - They don’t practice primogeniture - Primogeniture – handing it down to the first son - They instead pass it down to all of the sons equally - Often results in civil wars because the sons get ambitious ‘Stable Division’ - The kingdom remains a cohesive cultural unit despite all the issues stemming from primogeniture Breaks apart frequently but stays together ultimately The Carolingian Empire - - A family growing in power in the Merovingian Dynasty A Frankish family Growing in power beginning with a man called Pepin I (635-714 CE) Pepin I - He was never a king but he - Hold the job called Maior Domus – ‘mayor of the palace’ - He’s Maior Domus for a few decades - De facto king, he has more power than the actual king. - The primary administrator of the kingdom - The Maior Domus ends up becoming the De Facto king De Facto King – with the power he has, he could be the king Charles Martel (688-741 CE) - Martel – ‘The Hammer’ Receives the title of Maior Domus from his father (passed down) Defends Franks from Umayyad invasion and defeats the Umayyad Empire in France Help spread Christianity in Northern Europe Patronizes Catholic missionaries into Northern Europe Connects Franks with the Bishop of Rome (Pope) Pepin the Younger (714-768 CE) - Kicks out the meonvingians. Member of the Carolingian Dynasty The one that takes the last step; when the Merovingian Dynasty had no king, he declares himself king The king of the Carolingian king His claim to the throne was tenuous - Usurped Merovingians He knew his tenure as king was thin; needed someone else to establish his rule Anointed king of Franks by the Bishop of Rome (Pope) Solidifies connection of church and state Charles I ‘The Great’ [Charlemagne] (742-814 CE) - Becomes king of the Franks after Pepin dies Aggressive military campaigns Expanded the borders Conquered Lombardy (Northern Italy) Conquered Germany Spread borders into Northern Spain - Converted conquered areas for Catholicism Strong network of local officials – counts He sends out loyal administrators to the conquered territories Minted a new currency - Distributed according to ‘pounds’ - Viewed himself as a leader of a unified community: Christendom - ‘Protector of the Papacy’ (the Pope) - The pope makes him the king of the Holy Roman Empire Dec 2, 2022 - Christmas 800 CE: Emperor of the new Holy Roman Empire - Rival to the Byzantine Empire - Now 2 ‘Roman Empires” - Helped produce a western European identity - Dissolved after Charles’s death in 814 CE - Viking invasions - After Charlemagne’s death - Coming down from Scandinavian nations to England, and even Constantinople - Evidence that the vikings were trading with muslim people - Plundered the cities of the former Charlemagne empire - But also spread wealth after plundering; by utilizing the cash taken from the different cities in another city - Viking invasion lasts for a few hundred years - Carolingian Renaissance – ’standardization’ (NOT THE RENNAISACE) - Goal: to make every city look and feel of the same culture all throughout - Rebirth of learning/education - Charles himself was illiterate - Charlemagne’ Hired Alcuin of York - Alcuin is a monk - He collected and copied works of the classical world to standardize them - Copying the Latin Bible – scriptorium (a place where bibles were copied) - Corrected scribal errors - Standardized writing - Standardized way to write and spell latin - How should latin letters be shaped - Standardized Catholic worship - Gives a lot of knowledge for the catholic mass - Previously, bad books, bad knowledge, - There’s local variations on worship depending on where one is but the main guideline is more or less the same - Standardize the practices for church - Standardized education - Some people are still poor The Power of Monasticism - - - - - The purpose of monasticism: Be like Jesus - You cannot be killed because of your faith, because you cannot be a martyr - A new way of dying to yourself to become jesus (Becoming a Monk) Reject earthly pleasures; live in imitation of Jesus’s life Become a spiritual martyr Independence from local church authorities - Independent from church, so it lives alone without a bishop or pope, they have no overseeing and gives them a position of superiority Male and Female monastic orders - Females were viewed as more pure than the men - Common for unmarried, volatile, and politically ambitious women to be sent to monasteries - Women were sent to monasteries involuntarily. Because their family is poor. Places of social and political power - Located not just in mountains but also central in cities, ran taverns, had manipulative power Missionary Activity Monastic Reform - The need for reform: Spiritual authority gone - People dont trust them that much anymore - Take monestaries out of the hands of local lords - Starts supporting political families - Placed directly under the pope in rome - Networks of MOnastic houses, they started to collaborate with each other and formed an alliance, Brother and sister house that were connected and started connecting with other monasteries and formed their own semi network alliances of monastic houses that was to lead to the same goal - The rule of St Benedict of Rosia - Turns to strict monastic culture - Keeps in line with keeping poverty - If monks are not praying, they should be in the garden Pope Gregory the Great (540-604 CE) - - Considered one of the major patriarchs Rejected his family’s advice and became a monk; uses his family’s wealth to support the poor people of Rome - First form of a ‘food bank’ Elected pope by acclamation Apostolic tradition First people to start making theological arguments for why the pope should be considered the highest authority in the church - - - Argument based on the Apostolic Tradition Expanded the role of the Bishop of Rome (Pope) in the West - Connection with Peter the Apostle (The guy with the key) Pastoral care (What priests should do) - Like being a shepherd; He argued that Bishops should shepherd the flock (the people) in proper theology and conduct Development of the doctrine of Purgatory - Not heaven or hell - Diantara