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8/29/24, 12:09 AM DAT BIO practice exams all Flashcards | Quizlet In natural selection, which of the following is the best measure of fitness?...

8/29/24, 12:09 AM DAT BIO practice exams all Flashcards | Quizlet In natural selection, which of the following is the best measure of fitness? A. Length of time an organism survives B. Number of fertile offspring an organism B. Number of fertile offspring an organism produces produces C. Strength of an organism compared to the population D. Length of time offspring survives proteins are expressed on the surface of all nucleated body cells and function as a MHC I "marker" for self-cells to prevent autoimmune attacks. _________ can cause mutations if they are inserted into coding sequences of prokaryotes Transposons and eukaryotes. ________ amplify the amount of a DNA sample so that it can be used more easily for PCR experiments. During cell division, which of the following stages are most similar? A. Mitotic prophase and meiotic metaphase I B. Mitotic prophase and meiotic anaphase II D. Mitotic metaphase and meiotic metaphase II C. Mitotic metaphase and meiotic metaphase I D. Mitotic metaphase and meiotic metaphase II E. Mitotic anaphase and meiotic anaphase I During DNA replication, what prevents the separated strands from prematurely reattaching? A. DNA ligase E.Single-strand binding proteins B. DNA helicase C. Topoisomerase D. DNA sliding clamp E.Single-strand binding proteins DNA helicase "Unzips" the wound DNA double helix at the replication fork Creates small nicks within the DNA double helix to relieve tension ahead of the topoisomerase replication fork Places RNA primer at the origin of replication, which provides a 3' hydroxyl group to primase which DNA polymerase can attach free nucleoside triphosphates DNA polymerase Extends the complementary strand in the 5' → 3' direction DNA sliding clamp Holds DNA polymerase to the template strand "Glues" together DNA fragments on the lagging strand by catalyzing the formation of DNA ligase phosphodiester bonds Extends telomeres at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes to prevent DNA from losing telomerase information What would be an indication of a competitive inhibitor? A.KM increases A.KM increases B.KM decreases C.Vmax increases D.Vmax decreases In competitive inhibition, inhibitors compete with substrates for active sites. increase / stay the same In an enzyme kinetics plot, a competitive inhibitor causes KM to ____ and Vmax to ____. https://quizlet.com/931594630/dat-bio-practice-exams-all-flash-cards?funnelUUID=08881b27-95c7-4357-a16b-837632a7d6f5 9/68 8/29/24, 12:09 AM DAT BIO practice exams all Flashcards | Quizlet Given the DNA sequence below, what would be the expected daughter strand after DNA replication? 5' ACA TGG GAC 3' C.3' TGT ACC CTG 5' A.5' TGT ACC CTG 3' B.5' UGU ACC CUG 3' C.3' TGT ACC CTG 5' D.3' UGU ACC CUG 5' In kidneys, which of the following molecules is normally completely reabsorbed from the filtrate into the blood vasculature? A. Water C. Glucose` B. Salts C. Glucose D. Nitrogenous wastes E.Proteins is one of the four processes that occurs in the nephron of the kidneys by which vital solutes and Reabsorption water are moved out of the filtrate and back into the bloodstream. two molecules that the body reabsorbs almost completely Glucose and amino acids because they're important sources of energy for most cells in the human body and must be maintained at a constant level in the blood. ___ are too large to be filtered in the Bowman's capsule and are not found in the filtrate, Proteins other than in cases of kidney disease. ____ is a nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism and will be toxic to the body Urea at high levels, so this is mostly excreted by the body. Spatial isolation is how ___ plants avoid photorespiration in hot climates. This works by C4 / bundle sheath cells transferring fixed carbon molecules to ______, which have lower concentrations of O2. ___ photosynthesis describes the process of 2-carbon phosphoglycolate being C2 produced as a result of photorespiration. To prevent photorespiration in hot environments, ___ plants close their stomata during CAM / temporal the day and open their stomata at night, i.e. ____ isolation. An increase in which hormone would lead to a decrease in blood pressure? A. Antidiuretic hormone D. Atrial natriuretic peptide B.Angiotensin II C.Renin D. Atrial natriuretic peptide ____ is secreted by cardiac muscle cells in response to the stretching of the heart from Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) / decrease increased blood pressure. - increase sodium and water excretion, leading to a ___ in blood pressure. functions to constrict blood vessels and cause water reabsorption by the kidneys, leading to increased Angiotensin II blood pressure. When the juxtaglomerular cells of the nephron sense that blood pressure or sodium is low, they renin produce ____. ____ initiates a pathway that creates aldosterone and angiotensin II. https://quizlet.com/931594630/dat-bio-practice-exams-all-flash-cards?funnelUUID=08881b27-95c7-4357-a16b-837632a7d6f5 10/68 8/29/24, 12:09 AM DAT BIO practice exams all Flashcards | Quizlet Renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone are all part of the same system used to ___ blood increase pressure. What is the function of the endosperm of a seed? A. Provides embryo with nutrients B. Protects the seed from mechanical stress A. Provides embryo with nutrients C. Develops into the root D. Carries out photosynthesis E. Absorbs water to start germination seed coat the hard outer structure of a seed that provides protection from mechanical stress radicle The ___ of an embryo develops into the root The passive absorption of water is a function of the seed itself, through a process imbibition called ____. Which of the following types of mutations is required for a proto-oncogene to become cancerous? A.One-hit, loss-of-function mutation C.One-hit, gain-of-function mutation B.Two-hit, loss-of-function mutation C.One-hit, gain-of-function mutation D.Two-hit, gain-of-function mutation two / loss Tumor-suppressor genes become cancerous via a ___-hit ___-of-function mutation. The presence of which of the following would help differentiate between archaea and cyanobacteria? A. Plastids C.Peptidoglycan B.Nucleus C.Peptidoglycan D.Ribosomes How are dizygotic twins formed? A. A zygote splits to form two embryos B. Two separate eggs are fertilized by two B. Two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm different sperm C. A single sperm fertilizes two different eggs D. Indeterminate cleavage of the embryo E. Two sperm fertilize the same egg, then the zygote splits one fertilization gives rise to one zygote, which then divides to form two separate monozygotic twins embryos Which of the following would increase eukaryotic gene expression? A. Histone acetylation B. Point mutation in a stop codon A. Histone acetylation C. DNA methylation D. Heterochromatin packaging E. Histone deacetylation Acetyl chains added to histone proteins remove positive charges histone acetylation More relaxed DNA- histone attractions Acetyl chains removed from histone proteins increase positive charges histone deactylation Tighter DNA-histone attractions heterochromatin Tightly packed DNA prevents transcription factors from binding Adds methyl groups histone methylation Can increase or decrease transcription https://quizlet.com/931594630/dat-bio-practice-exams-all-flash-cards?funnelUUID=08881b27-95c7-4357-a16b-837632a7d6f5 11/68 8/29/24, 12:09 AM DAT BIO practice exams all Flashcards | Quizlet RNA silencing Complex binds to mRNA, cleaving and silencing the gene RNAi (RNA interference) DNA methylation Methyl groups added to nucleic acids prevent transcription factors from binding DNA is extracted from a host cell. Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into fragments, and insert the fragments into plasmids. The plasmids are taken up by bacteria to allow the analysis of the whole genome. What is this process called? C. Genomic library construction A. DNA fingerprinting B. ELISA C. Genomic library construction D. SDS-PAGE Which of the following produces antibodies? A. Mast cells B. B cells B. B cells C. T cells D. Monocytes E. Neutrophils B ____ cells produce antibodies and are known as humoral immunity. T ___ cells control cell-mediated immunity by acting directly on infected cells. Which of the following is true of the IgG antibody? A. The least abundant antibody in circulation B. Disulfide bonds connect heavy and light B. Disulfide bonds connect heavy and light chains chains C. Travels through the body in the pentameric form D. Component of innate immunity E. The variable portion is found in the heavy chain region All of the following produce genetic variation in the gene pool EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? A. Diploidy B. Founder effect B. Founder effect C. Sexual reproduction D. Mutations E. Balanced polymorphism A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population bottleneck effect due to a natural disaster Which of the following hormones can both constrict blood vessels and also dilate bronchioles? A. Histamine D. Epinephrine B. Angiotensin II C. Nitric oxide D. Epinephrine E. Calcitonin dilation / dilation Epinephrine stimulates broncho____ and causes pupil ___. In an ecological community, leopards and tigers compete for warthogs as a food source. A sudden growth in the leopard population causes depletion of warthogs. What is this an example of? B. Exploitation competition A. Contest competition B. Exploitation competition C. Apparent competition D. Intraspecific competition https://quizlet.com/931594630/dat-bio-practice-exams-all-flash-cards?funnelUUID=08881b27-95c7-4357-a16b-837632a7d6f5 12/68 8/29/24, 12:09 AM DAT BIO practice exams all Flashcards | Quizlet is indirect competition and occurs when a shared resource is depleted like territory, Exploitation competition prey, or food. describes a situation where indirect competition is taking place, specifically through a predator-prey relationship. Apparent competition occurs when two individuals that do not directly compete for resources affect each other indirectly by being prey for the same predator Which part of the cell would you find enzymes associated with glycolysis? A. Golgi B. Nucleus C. Cytoplasm C. Cytoplasm D. Cell membrane E. Mitochondria What is the function of gastrin? A. Convert pepsinogen to pepsin B. Stimulate parietal and chief cells B. Stimulate parietal and chief cells C. Emulsify fats D. Stimulate the pancreas and gallbladder E. Digest proteins ___ stimulates parietal cells to release gastric juice and chief cells to release gastric Gastrin lipase and pepsinogen. parietal cells release gastric juice into the stomach (HCl) cheif cells secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen enzyme to digest fat gastric lipase pepsinogen a zymogen form of pepsin, a protease (breaks down proteins) ____ tracheophytes have independent gametophyte and sporophyte life cycles. Seedless / sporophyte Tracheophytes spend most of their life cycle in the ____ stage. Tracheophytes ___ are vascular and spend most of the life cycle in the sporophyte stage. Bryophytes ___ are nonvascular and spend most of the life cycle in the gametophyte stage. A male stickleback fish attacks other male stickleback fish to protect his property. However, he also attacks models of fish that have a similar red-colored belly. This is an example of: A. instinct. B. fixed action pattern. B. fixed action pattern. C. imprinting. D. classical conditioning. E. reflex. A man with blood type AB- received a blood transfusion with type A- blood. Which of the following would occur after the transfusion? D. The immune system would not mount a A. The immune system would mount a response due to the presence of the B antigen response B. The immune system would mount a response due to the presence of the A antigen C. The immune system would mount a response due to the presence of Rh factor D. The immune system would not mount a response universal blood donor O-, AB+ universal blood receiver https://quizlet.com/931594630/dat-bio-practice-exams-all-flash-cards?funnelUUID=08881b27-95c7-4357-a16b-837632a7d6f5 13/68 8/29/24, 12:09 AM DAT BIO practice exams all Flashcards | Quizlet What is one of the main advantages of internal fertilization compared to external fertilization? A. Requires fewer gametes A. Requires fewer gametes B. Increases genetic diversity C. Easier to find mates D. Less complex reproductive anatomy is needed E. Requires more energy investment states that in meiosis, homologous chromosomes will line up during metaphase I on the law of independent assortment metaphase plate independently of one another so that the separation of alleles is completely random When genes are close together on a chromosome, the alleles on the same chromosome tend to be inherited as a unit more frequently than not. Such genes do not truly display independent assortment and are said to be ____. linked gene linkage Since ____ genes are located close together on a chromosome, they rarely undergo recombination and tend to be inherited together. Therefore, ___ ____ can be said to violate the law of independent assortment. In which part of the circulatory system would you find the most deoxygenated blood? A. Aorta B. Pulmonary artery B. Pulmonary artery C. Pulmonary vein D. Superior vena cava E. Arteriole The ____ circulation moves oxygen-poor blood to the lungs in order for it to become pulmonary oxygen-rich, whereas the ___ circulation moves oxygen-rich blood to the body tissues in systemic order for these tissues to use the oxygen and nutrients contained in the blood. The ___ ___ are the final vessel before the blood reaches the lungs and is reoxygenated. pulmonary arteries Therefore, the most deoxygenated blood would be expected to be seen here. pulmonary veins Alternatively, the ___ ___ would contain the most oxygenated blood. Which of these cellular structures are correctly matched with its function? A. Microfilaments and cleavage furrow A. Microfilaments and cleavage furrow B. Intermediate filaments and cell movement C. Microtubules and cell cyclosis D. Flagella and bacterial adhesion to surfaces Microfilaments (actin) ____ work with myosin to perform the cleavage furrow during cell division. At what point during the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? A. G0 phase B. G1 phase D. S phase C. G2 phase D. S phase E. M phase https://quizlet.com/931594630/dat-bio-practice-exams-all-flash-cards?funnelUUID=08881b27-95c7-4357-a16b-837632a7d6f5 14/68 8/29/24, 12:09 AM DAT BIO practice exams all Flashcards | Quizlet If nondisjunction occurs during the first meiotic division of a human oocyte, what are the possible number of chromosomes in the resulting zygote after this oocyte is fertilized? A. 22, 24 C. 45, 47 B. 22, 23, 24 C. 45, 47 D. 45, 46, 47 E. 90, 92, 94 ____ is when chromosomes fail to separate properly Nondisjunction during cell division. either n+1 or n-1 When nondisjunction occurs in meiosis 1, the gametes affected will end up with ____ chromosomes. What are the major forces that hold the lipid bilayer together? A. Phospholipid head attraction and van der Waals forces D. Hydrophobic interactions and van der B. Fatty acid tail hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding Waals forces C. Covalent bonding and van der Waals forces D. Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals forces E. Ionic bonding and hydrogen bonding Two organisms from different species mate, and the offspring of the hybrids have reduced fitness. This is an example of A. gamete isolation. E. postzyogtic isolation. B. mutation. C. allopatric speciation. D. prezyogtic isolation. E. postzyogtic isolation. Which of the following is a product of beta-oxidation? A. NAD+ B. Acetyl-CoA B. Acetyl-CoA C. Glucose D. Fatty acids E.Oxygen a process that breaks fatty acids into acetyl CoA molecules that can go into the Krebs beta oxidation cycle. takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Which of the following structures is formed from the ectoderm? A. Stomach B. Bones C. Sympathetic ganglia C. Sympathetic ganglia D. Heart E. Kidneys Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nerves (including neural ganglia) Neural crest cells and neural ganglia Sensory parts of the ear, eye, and nose ectoderm Epidermis layer of skin, nails, and hair Mammary and sweat glands Pigmentation cells Enamel of teeth Adrenal medulla https://quizlet.com/931594630/dat-bio-practice-exams-all-flash-cards?funnelUUID=08881b27-95c7-4357-a16b-837632a7d6f5 15/68 8/29/24, 12:09 AM DAT BIO practice exams all Flashcards | Quizlet Bone and skeleton Muscles Cardiovascular system mesoderm Gonads Adrenal cortex Spleen Notochord A Hardy-Weinberg population in equilibrium has only two alleles, B and b. If 9% of the population is homozygous recessive for the allele, what percentage of the population is heterozygous for that allele? A. 3% C. 42% B. 30% C. 42% D. 70% E. 91% Which of the following levels of the ecological pyramid has the highest biomass? A. Primary producers B. Primary consumers A. Primary producers C. Apex predators D. Decomposers E. Secondary consumers Which of the following is most likely found free-floating in the cytosol? A. DNA B. RNA B. RNA C. Glycocalyx D. Cholesterol E. Cilia What structure do primitive animals form in gastrulation? A. Spinal cord B. Gut tube B. Gut tube C. Lungs D. Dermis E. Spleen gut tube The ____ is a primitive structure formed from endoderm during gastrulation. Assuming independent assortment, which of the following represents the gametes of an individual with genotype AaBb? A. ¼ AABB + ½ AaBb + ¼ aabb D. ¼ AB + ¼ Ab + ¼ aB + ¼ ab B. ½ Aa + ½ Bb C. ½ AB + ½ ab D. ¼ AB + ¼ Ab + ¼ aB + ¼ ab E. ¼ AB + ½ Ab + ¼ ab Which of the following transports minerals through the plant? A. Xylem B. Guard cells A. Xylem C. Cytokinins D. Ground tissue E. Phloem water and dissolved minerals Xylem is a vascular tissue in plants that transports _____. sugars Phloem is a vascular tissue in plants that transports ____. half Each haploid gamete will contain ___ of the diploid chromosome number. https://quizlet.com/931594630/dat-bio-practice-exams-all-flash-cards?funnelUUID=08881b27-95c7-4357-a16b-837632a7d6f5 16/68