Cultural History PDF

Prehistoric art 30.000 -1800 BCE The Paleolithic Age, also known as the Old Stone Age, marks the earliest era of human cultural expression, primarily through art and ritual. It reflects a nomadic lifestyle and early human attempts to interpret and depict the world. Cave of Chauvet (France): Known...

Prehistoric art 30.000 -1800 BCE The Paleolithic Age, also known as the Old Stone Age, marks the earliest era of human cultural expression, primarily through art and ritual. It reflects a nomadic lifestyle and early human attempts to interpret and depict the world. Cave of Chauvet (France): Known for its 30,000-year-old wall paintings, it features over 1,000 animal illustrations and symbolic representations. Likely used as a ritual site. Venus of Willendorf: A small figurine symbolizing fertility or religious beliefs, showcasing an early understanding of symbolic art. Cave of Lascaux (France): Famous for hunting scenes and detailed animal paintings, possibly linked to rituals or storytelling. 8.000 - 2.200 BCE Mesolithic and Neolithic period marked significant societal changes with stone (Lithos=Stone) as main material used for art/building A transformative period where humans began cultivating crops and herding animals, forming the foundation of modern society. Creation of ceramic objects and female deity figurines are known from this era like The sleeping lady in Malta (small statues or carvings that represent female gods or goddesses) Communities often built megalithic tombs and temples, like stone structures in Malta Earliest forms of writing, Sumerian cuneiform (3,500 BCE) and Egyptian hieroglyphs (2,000 BCE), emerged during this time. 2.200 - 800 BCE Bronze age is characterized by the development and use of bronze, enabling technological and cultural advancements. It saw significant changes in trade, social structures, and warfare. Bronze production required sophisticated cooperation and trade networks Enabled wealth accumulation and social hierarchies Increased military conflicts and extensive trade networks 2.600 - 1450 BCE The era of early high cultures marks the rise of complex societies with advanced social orders and cultural achievements. The Minoan civilization in Crete is a notable example. Minoan Culture: Known as Europe’s first high culture, it featured elaborate palaces like Knossos, intricate art, and an organized society. The Minoan influence spread across the Mediterranean. 1100 - 799 BCE Greek Antiquity represents the foundation of Western civilization, focusing on the establishment of city-states (Polis) and early democratic governance. Dark Centuries: A transitional period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, marked by a lack of written records and limited archaeological finds. Polis are city-states characterized by self-governance, public spaces, unique calendars, and independence. Greek colonies spread throughout the Mediterranean, influencing future civilizations.  Antiquity Antiquity spanned from 8th century BCE - 5th century CE but in the mediterranean area we look at: 800 BCE - 600 CE Antiquity encompasses the cultural, artistic and societal developments of ancient Greece, Hellenism (Era of the antique Greek history starting with the rule of Alexander the Great 336 BCE until 30 BCE under the Roman Empire) and the Roman Empire. It reflects the foundation of Western civilisation influencing art, architecture, philosophy and law. It is often called classical antiquity because of the enduring influence of its art, philosophy, governance, and architecture on Western civilization. Antiquity has profoundly influenced art, architecture, philosophy, and government. Rediscovered during the Renaissance, it shaped modern Europe’s intellectual and cultural development. Geographical Focus: Predominantly centered around the Mediterranean region, with Greek and Roman cultures at its core. Broader definitions include the ancient Near East (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia). Cultural and Artistic Achievements: Sculpture and Architecture: Iconic styles like Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns; structures like the Parthenon, Roman aqueducts, and the Colosseum. Literature and Philosophy: Works by Greek philosophers (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) and Roman writers (Cicero, Virgil) shaped intellectual history. Law and Governance: Greek democracy and Roman law laid the groundwork for modern political and legal systems. Societal Organization: -The Greek Polis (city-state) introduced self-governance and citizenship. -The Roman Empire unified much of the Mediterranean, creating extensive trade, cultural exchange, and military dominance. Tuscan Dorian Ionian Corinthian Composite  Romanesque style 10th - 13th century Romanesque period was a pivotal era in European art and architecture, emerging after the fall of the Roman Empire. It marks the first pan-european artistic style, combining influences from early Christian and Roman traditions. It represents a time of renewal and innovation, where art and architecture flourished under the strong influence of the medieval Church. Geographical Focus: Predominantly centered in Western and Central Europe, particularly Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. Regional variations influenced by local traditions and materials. Cultural and Artistic Achievements: Architecture: -Massive stone buildings with thick walls and small windows. -Rounded arches, barrel vaults, and cross-vaulted ceilings. - -Floor plans based on the Latin cross with central naves and side aisles. Art and Decoration: -Murals and sculptures focused on biblical themes, saints, and religious symbols. -Decorative friezes ( decorative horizontal bands or panels ) and block capitals as key design elements. Manuscripts and Book Art: -Illuminated manuscripts with ornate designs, gold leaf, and vibrant colors, produced in monasteries. Societal Organization: -The Church was the central power, commissioning large cathedrals and monasteries to reflect its dominance. -Monastic communities became cultural hubs, preserving knowledge and promoting Romanesque art and architecture. -Feudalism structured society, with nobles and clergy holding most of the wealth and power. Legacy: Romanesque architecture set the stage for the Gothic style, introducing innovations like vaulted ceilings and large- scale stone construction. Many Romanesque churches and cathedrals, such as the Cathedral of Speyer and Basilica of St. Sernin, remain key landmarks and UNESCO World Heritage sites. The Romanesque period symbolizes the transition from early medieval chaos to a more unified and culturally rich Europe.  Gothic style 12th - 15th century The Gothic Period was a transformative era in European art and architecture, characterized by a bold shift toward verticality, light, and intricate decoration. Originating in France with the construction of Saint-Denis in 1140, it spread across Europe, becoming synonymous with grand cathedrals and symbolic religious art. The Gothic style aimed to reflect the glory of God through soaring heights and an ethereal sense of lightness. Geographical Focus: Originated in the Ile-de-France region of France and later spread to England, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Prominent examples: Notre Dame de Paris, Cologne Cathedral, and Canterbury Cathedral. Cultural and Artistic Achievements: Architecture: -Pointed arches: Redirected weight downward, enabling taller structures and thinner walls. -Crossed rib vaults: Allowed for higher ceilings and flexible floor plans. - -Buttresses: Supported walls externally, enabling larger windows. -Tracery: Decorative stonework in windows and walls, a hallmark of the style. Examples: Notre Dame's rose windows and Beauvais Cathedral's 48.5-meter-high vault. Art: -Religious themes dominated, with symbolic depictions in murals, stained glass, and sculptures. -Artists like Giotto and Stefan Lochner introduced more realistic and emotional expressions. Sculpture: -Gargoyles, founder figures, and elaborate altars showcased both symbolism and detailed craftsmanship. Societal Organization: -The Church remained the central power, commissioning many Gothic cathedrals and monasteries as symbols of its influence. -Urban centers grew during this period, with cathedrals becoming focal points for cities. Legacy: The Gothic style influenced the Renaissance, with its innovations in architecture and art laying a foundation for the future. Many Gothic masterpieces, like the Cathedral of Cologne and Chartres Cathedral, are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The 19th-century Gothic Revival reintroduced Gothic elements into modern architecture, as seen in Munich’s New Town Hall.  Renaissance 14th - 17th century The Renaissance, meaning "rebirth," was a transformative period in European history, marking a renewed interest in classical antiquity and the pursuit of human potential. How to Identify Renaissance Artwork: Renaissance art is characterized by a combination of classical inspiration and innovative techniques. Key features include: Use of perspective to create depth and realism. Attention to anatomy, proportion, and naturalism in portraying the human figure. Rich, vibrant colors achieved through oil paints. Classical themes, often including mythological or historical subjects, alongside religious motifs Iconic works by artists like Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa), Michelangelo (The Creation of Adam), and Raphael (School of Athens). Geographical Focus: The Renaissance began in Italy, particularly in Florence, before influencing regions such as France, the Netherlands, England, and Germany. Each region adapted Renaissance ideals to its own traditions and culture. Cultural and Artistic Achievements: Art and Sculpture: -Introduction of linear perspective and realistic depth, pioneered by artists like Masaccio and Brunelleschi. -Focus on human emotion and the beauty of the natural world, exemplified by da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man and Michelangelo’s Pietà. -Mythological and secular subjects appeared alongside religious themes. Architecture: -Revival of classical Greco-Roman elements, such as domes, columns, and symmetry. -Landmark structures include Brunelleschi's Dome in Florence and Michelangelo’s design for St. Peter’s Basilica. -Emphasis on proportion, geometry, and harmony in design. Literature: -Rise of humanism, with writers like Petrarch and Dante focusing on human experience and classical learning. -Widespread use of the printing press, popularizing books in vernacular (common, everyday) languages and promoting education. -Iconic works like Machiavelli’s The Prince and Shakespeare’s plays reflect Renaissance ideals. Science and Innovation: -Focus on observation, experimentation, and rediscovery of ancient texts. -Key figures include Copernicus, Galileo, and Vesalius, with knowledge in astronomy, physics, and medicine. -Explorations by figures like Columbus and Magellan expanded geographical horizons.  Societal Organization: -Transition from feudalism to early capitalism, driven by the rise of the merchant class. -Patronage by wealthy families, such as the Medici, supported artists and intellectuals. -The Catholic Church remained a central power but faced challenges from movements like the Reformation. Legacy: The Renaissance redefined Western culture, laying the foundation for modern art, science, and philosophy. Its emphasis on humanism, creativity, and empirical observation inspired future intellectual movements, including the Enlightenment. Renaissance masterpieces in art, architecture, and literature continue to captivate and influence global culture today. 17th - 18th century Baroque era The Baroque era was characterised by grandeur, drama and movement, influencing art, architecture, music and culture across Europe. It emerged as a response to the counter-reformation, it emphasises emotional engagement through lavish decoration, vibrant contrasts and dynamic compositions. Artistic Features: Dramatic expressions, vibrant color contrasts, and dynamic compositions. Emphasis on emotional and spiritual experiences (e.g., Bernini's The Ecstasy of St. Theresa). Use of vanitas themes (symbols like skulls, hourglasses, and wilted flowers to remind of life's transience). Stucco is a decorative plaster material applied to walls or ceilings, often used for creating ornate designs, sculptures, or reliefs. Architecture: A blend of classical Renaissance structures with exuberant, decorative elements. Large, ornate buildings like palaces and churches often included illusionistic architecture (trompe-l'œil), which creates an illusion of space or grandeur. Famous examples: Versailles (France), Würzburg Residence (Germany), and St. Peter's Basilica (Italy). Sculpture: Rich movement and dramatic poses, often incorporated into architecture. Famous sculptors like Gian Lorenzo Bernini created iconic works such as Apollo and Daphne. Music: Renowned composers like Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, and George Frideric Handel defined Baroque music with complex harmonies and emotional depth. England’s Henry Purcell and France’s Jean-Baptiste Lully contributed to national styles. Key theme next to Illusionism and Vanitas: Unity of the Arts where the aim is to create a "total work of art" by combining architecture, sculpture, painting, and landscaping (e.g., Baroque gardens). Cultural and Regional Highlights: France: -Versailles Palace epitomized Baroque luxury under King Louis XIV. -Jean-Baptiste Lully developed French opera and orchestration. Italy: -Baroque's birthplace, with masterpieces by Bernini, Caravaggio, and Borromini. -Catholic churches, such as St. Peter’s Basilica, embodied religious grandeur. Germany and Austria: -Late Baroque flourished with artists like the Asam brothers, who integrated architecture, painting, and stucco in their churches (e.g., Asamkirche in Munich). -Würzburg Residence, with its famous fresco by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Netherlands: -Rembrandt and Vermeer captured realism, light, and shadow in their paintings. -Themes of daily life and Protestant values contrasted with Catholic Baroque extravagance. Gardens and Landscaping: Baroque Gardens (French Gardens): -Geometrically designed gardens that displayed human control over nature. -Notable examples include Versailles gardens and Hofgarten in Munich. Rococo Transition: -A lighter, more playful style emerged later in the Baroque period, favoring asymmetry and exotic motifs (e.g., Chinese pavilions). Legacy: Unified art forms influenced by grandeur and emotion. Foundations for later artistic movements like Rococo and Neoclassicism. Major contributions to Western music, with enduring works by Bach, Vivaldi, and Handel.  Classicism 1770 - 1840 Classicism is an artistic, architectural, and cultural movement that emerged in Europe between 1770 and 1840, characterized by a return to the simplicity, symmetry, and order of ancient Greek and Roman antiquity. It developed as a reaction to the ornate and dynamic styles of Baroque and Rococo, favoring clear lines, balanced forms, and restrained elegance. Periods: Louis-seize (1760–1790): Transitional style from Baroque to Biedermeier with delicate and linear designs. Directoire (1795–1803): Even simpler, influenced by ancient Greco-Roman clothing and design. Empire (1800–1815): Monumental style associated with Napoleon, emphasizing grandeur. Key Features Rediscovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum influenced design and art. Examples include the Neues Palais in Potsdam, the Palace of Caserta, and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. Art and Music Painting: Artists like Jacques-Louis David depicted heroic and historical themes with clarity and grandeur (e.g., Oath of the Horatii). Music: Composers of the First Viennese School (Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven) emphasized structured forms like symphonies and sonatas. Sculpture: Classical motifs and figures, as seen in the works of Antonio Canova.  19th century The 19th century, often called the "long century" (1789–1914), can be divided into three key periods: 1. the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era, 2. the Pentarchy (a balance of power among five major nations), 3. and High Imperialism. This era marked a transition to modernity, defined by industrialisation, demographic change, enforcement of the nation-state principle, civilisation and increase in education. Globally, European powers expanded through colonization, while new republics shaped by European elites emerged in the Americas. Key pillars of the century included industrialization, which transformed economies and societies, and demographic changes like urbanization. Nation-states became central, supported by advancements in education and ideas of "civilization," setting the stage for modern political and social systems. Art Movements: Romanticism (1795–1840): Focused on feelings, nature, and individuality, using dramatic scenes and rich colors. It moved away from classical stories, embracing imagination and freedom, but eventually gave way to Realism. Biedermeier (1815–1850): Showed peaceful, everyday life with small, detailed paintings. It was strongly influenced by the French revolution (1789) and the Napoleonic Coalition wars (1792-1815) It focused on home and simplicity but faded as Realism highlighted social issues and with the Congress of Vienna which started modernising a new epoch was created In this period the first locomotive was built Realism/Naturalism (1850–1900): Focused on real-life people and struggles without exaggeration. It reflected the changes in society and industry, shaping modern storytelling. These were scenes that can be experienced in everyday life Historicism (Before 1870–Post-1890): Revived old architectural styles like Gothic and Renaissance, mixing them with modern needs. Over time, it was criticized for looking backward too much. 1) Classicism (Leo von Klenze: Walhalla) 2) Neo-Renaissance (Friedrich von Gärtner: Feldherrenhalle) 3) Neo-Gothic (Georg von Hauberrisser, New Town Hall, Munich) 4) Neo-Baroque (Friedrich von Thiersch, Alter Justizpalast, Munich) 5) Eklektizism (Mix of different historical styles in one building - Albert Schmidt, Sankt Lukas Church, Munich) 6) Glas-Steel Architecture Impressionism (1870–1890): Artists painted quickly, often outside, to capture light and everyday moments. It broke away from traditional art rules and focused on how things felt in the moment. In this period we also had the beginning of aviation and the invention of photography. Impressionistic art has observations from everyday life, big cities, train stations etc. Pointillism/Neo-Impressionism (1880–1900): Used tiny dots of color to create detailed and organized images which is strictly geometrically composed. It was more planned than Impressionism and influenced modern artists like Van Gogh. Symbolism and Jugendstil were the reaction to criticism to industrialisation we also call it the decadence and fin-de-siecle Symbolism (1880–1920): Focused on dreams, emotions, and imagination, using symbols to show deeper meanings. It rejected realism and materialism, inspiring later movements like Surrealism. Subjects were for e.g.: ancient mythology and biblical allergories, Dream and ecstasy, troubled, conflicting emotions, the undefinable, disease, death, sin and sensation → showing spiritual reality and imagination, vision, hallucination, meditation and sensation. Jugendstil/Art Nouveau (1890–1910): Used flowing lines and natural shapes like flowers in art, architecture, and design. It aimed for a modern, unique style and rejected copying historical ideas. 2 3 4 5 7 6 8  20th century Early Modern Artists ('Fathers of Modernism') Artists like Paul Gauguin, Paul Cézanne, and Vincent van Gogh focused on showing the natural world in new ways. 1 2 3 Key Ideas: Gauguin: Painted colorful, dream-like scenes from places like Tahiti. Cézanne: Used simple shapes to break down objects, influencing later artists like Picasso. Van Gogh: Used bold colors and strong emotions in his art, inspired by nature and life in southern France. The century was shaped by wars, new political ideas, and technological progress. Before 1945: Many different art styles emerged, like Expressionism (emotional, bold art), Cubism (geometric shapes), and Surrealism (dream-like worlds). After 1945: The U.S., especially New York, became the center of the art world. New styles like Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art became popular. Key Art Movements Expressionism: Emotional art with strong colors, focusing on feelings and personal experiences. s Cubism: Broke objects into shapes like cubes and spheres (e.g., Picasso). Futurism: Celebrated movement, speed, and technology. i Surrealism: Showed dream-like and strange images (e.g., Salvador Dalí, Frida Kahlo). Dadaism: Rejected traditional art rules and created playful, shocking works. Abstract Expressionism: Focused on spontaneous, emotional art (e.g., Jackson Pollock). E Pop Art: Used images from ads and media (e.g., Andy Warhol). Post-War Art (After 1945) Art changed after World War II, with many artists exploring new ideas in the U.S. Minimalism: Simple shapes and clean designs, often using industrial materials. Postmodernism: Artists started using all kinds of materials and ideas, like videos, performances, and installations. The art market gained immense importance in the 20th century, with record-breaking auction sales turning artworks into both cultural treasures and financial investments. Contemporary art since the 1980s embraced the idea that "anything goes," with artists exploring diverse media like video, performance, and installations. Major exhibitions like the Venice Biennale and Art Basel highlight this diversity, while technology such as photography, film, and the internet expanded artistic possibilities and audiences. The century saw constant innovation, with art reflecting historical, cultural, and technological shifts, shaping the ever-evolving art world we know today.  I 3 2 5 4 7 6