CST Source Documents PDF

CST Major Documents: 1. Rerum Novarum---Condition of Labor (by Pope Leo XIII, 1891-Industrial Revolution)---Church entered into social issues beyond spiritual issues 2. Quadragesimo Anno---1931-Reconstruction of the Social Order (by Pope Pius XI in response to the 1929 Depression)---...

CST Major Documents: 1. Rerum Novarum---Condition of Labor (by Pope Leo XIII, 1891-Industrial Revolution)---Church entered into social issues beyond spiritual issues 2. Quadragesimo Anno---1931-Reconstruction of the Social Order (by Pope Pius XI in response to the 1929 Depression)---Reaffirms Rerum Novarum on just wages and unionization; critiques Capitalism and Communism; introduces Subsidarity (an organizing principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized competent authority. Political decisions should be taken at a local level if possible, rather than by a central authority), urges international economic cooperation. 3. Mater et Magistra---"Mother and Teacher"; On Christianity and Social Progress---(Pope John XXIII, in 1961, 1^st^ major document of Vatican II) 4. Pacem in Terris---Peace on Earth---(1963-Cold War) 5. Gaudium et Spes---The Church in the Modern World---(1965-Vat. II)---Declared that the Church "is the people". 6. Populorum Progressio---The Developments of Peoples---(1967)-Pope Paul VI 7. Laborum Exercens---(On Human Work)---1981---90 years after Rerum Novarum 8. Economic Justice for All (US Catholic Bishops)-1986---Christian vision of economics applied to the American Economy; challenged companies to address inequalities in economy; rich vs poor gap. 9. Sollicitudo rei Socialis---On Social Concern---(JPII-1987)--- 10. Evangelium Vitae---The Gospel of Life---1995-(JPII) The most fundamental right-right to life; modern day threats to human life---consistent life ethic (Abortion, Death Penalty, Euthanasia, Addressing Poverty, Human Rights, War, Genocide, Torture, Slavery, Human Trafficking, etc...) 11. US Catholic Conference of Bishops (USCCB) Encyclical on Immigration---While respecting the right of sovereign countries to make laws for their land, our Church has always responded to Christ's call for us to "welcome the stranger among us," for in this encounter with the immigrant, the migrant, and the refugee in our midst, we encounter Christ. 12. Fides Ratio---Faith and Reason---1998---states faith and reason should work hand-in --hand; search for knowledge is the search for God; reaffirms that humans have the ability to find truth. 13. Deus Caritas Est ("God is Love") by Pope Benedict XVI---2005. Clarifies some essential facts of the love that God offers human beings and its intrinsic link to the reality of human love. This document studies the difference between "Agape" and "Philia" (Agape a [Greco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks)-[Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) term referring to love- \"the highest form of love, charity\" and \"the love of God for man and of man for God\". The word is not to be confused with "[P](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philia)hilia", or "brotherly love", as it embraces a universal, unconditional love that transcends and persists regardless of circumstance. The Christian exercise of the commandment of love calls forth a renewal of commitment in the human response to God's love. In Agape human love is transformed and self-giving also becomes self-discovery. Christian charitable activity extends God's love for His creation, and Christian activity must be based on a personal encounter with Christ, who awakens our love of neighbor. 14. Caritas in Veritate---"In Charity and Truth", Pope Benedict-2009. Relates to Pope Leo XIII's "Rerum GaNovarum" and "Populorum Progressio". Deepens the Church's social doctrine by focusing on its principles: love in truth and, particularly, the practice of justice for the common good. Justice is inextricably connected with charity, which requires us to be at least just. Thus, we need to develop the fundamental values of justice and love to build a better future based on justice, love, and peace. 15. Laudato Si---"Praise be to you" which is the first line of a canticle by St. Francis that praises God. (Pope Franicis-2015) Encyclical on creation, by Pope Francis-2015. - Pope Francis address his message to all people.---"We need a conversation that includes everyone, since the environment challenge we are undergoing, and its human roots, concern and affect us all" (\#14). Care for the environment is NOT optional for Christians. - Pope Francis also has a very striking call to conversion for those in the Church as well. Work--- Congo, \$348/year. Explanation of Pope Francis' teachings in light of CST: Journal---Study more closely any of these Justice Issues: Justice and Right to Life/Prejudice/Racism/ Poverty/Peace/Work/ Environment I. Justice is a Virtue: (Cardinal Virtue---a hinge virtue that is a good habit that enables us to do good) A. Justice is the Cardinal Virtue in which we give God and Neighbor what is their due by right of being part of the human family. - Commutative Justice---fairness in our exchanges with others; respecting their dignity in transactions, contracts, and promises. - Distributive Justice---Often administered by governmental agencies; shares the goods of creation; making sure everyone gets what is necessary to live a truly human life. - Legal Justice---regulates the obligations citizens have to the larger society and to the government. - Contributive Justice---Insures people have a say in the social, economic, and political institutions of society; we all have a duty to help create the goods, services, and other values necessary for living together in society. - Charity cannot be understood as a substitute for justice; Charity---oriented to service and geared to private, individual acts, responding to immediate needs; giving what is needed. Social Justice---targeted to social change; working in the public arena to address long-term needs and to change unjust structures and institutions. - We cannot say we love a God we cannot see if we do not love the people in our world that we can see; We cannot say we are loving people if we are not JUST, if we refuse to give to others what is their due by right of being part of the human family! 1. Aspects of Catholic Doctrine that relate to matters dealing with the collective aspect of humanity. 2. Distinctive feature of Catholic Social Teaching is its concern for the poorest members of society. - Strong foundation in Jesus' teachings in the N.T. - Consistently critiques modern social and political ideologies on both the "right" and the "left" (Communism, Socialism, Liberalism, Capitalism, and Nazism have all been condemned, in their purest forms, by Popes at some time). 3. Foundations laid by Pope Leo XIII's 1891 encyclical letter "Rerum Novarum" (On Capital and Labor). 3 Part Series explaining Cath Social Teaching: Part 1: (8 min) Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJ5Jj5Ukhgk (10min) Part 3: (6 min) Just war: \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* D-5 I. Racism in America: A. Terms to Know: 1. [Race and Ethnicity]Not a biological fact, but rather, a "social construct", meaning it was created by societies/sociologists to serve the goals of the society. There is no gene or cluster of genes common to all Blacks or all whites, or all Hispanics, etc. 2. Racism Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism from members of one racial group towards an oppressed racial group. 3. Indigenous Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place: native. In the U.S., it mostly refers to Native-American (also called Indian) people. 4. Systemic/Structural Discrimination Patterns of behavior, policies or practices that are part of the structures of an organization, and which create or perpetuate disadvantage for racialized persons. Video\-- 5. Dominant Culture a cultural practice that is dominant within a particular political, social or economic entity, in which multiple cultures are present. It may refer to a language, religion/ritual, social value and/or social custom. These features are often a norm for an entire society. 6. Minority any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination." The term minority connotes discrimination, and in its sociological use, the term subordinate group can be used interchangeably with the term minority, while the term dominant group is often substituted for the group that's in the majority. These definitions correlate to the concept that the dominant group is that which holds the most power in a given society, while subordinate groups are those who lack power compared to the dominant group. 7. White Supremacy the belief that white people are superior to those of all other races, especially the black race, and should therefore dominate society. 8. White Privilege inherent advantages possessed by a white person on the basis of their race in a society characterized by racial inequality and injustice. 9. Implicit Bias any unconsciously-held set of associations about a social group. Can result in the attribution of particular qualities to all individuals from that group, also known as stereotyping. **Is t**he product of learned associations and social conditioning. 10. 4 Characteristics of a minority (1) unequal treatment and less power over their lives, (2) distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin color or language, and involuntary membership, (3) awareness of subordination, and (4) high rate of in-group marriage. Additional examples of minority groups might include the LGBTQ community, religious practitioners (Muslims, Sikh, etc.) whose faith is not widely practiced where they live, and people with disabilities. D6 Catholic Church---Just War Theory: Since the Middle Ages, warfare has changed dramatically, over years. Therefore, we need to expand St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine\'s theories. In preparing to wage a just war, a country must meet the following criteria: \(1) [Just cause] --- The war must confront an unquestioned danger. \"The damage inflicted by the aggressor or the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave and certain." Catechism (\#2309). \(2) [Proper authority] --- The legitimate authority must declare the war and must be acting on behalf of the common good of the people. \(3) [Right Intention] --- The reasons for declaring the war must actually be the objectives, not a masking of ulterior motives. \(4) [Last resort] --- All reasonable peaceful alternatives must have been exhausted or have been deemed impractical or ineffective. The contentious parties must strive to resolve their differences peacefully before engaging in war, e.g. through negotiation, mediation, or even embargoes. Here too we see the importance of an international medial body, such as the United Nations. \(5) [Proportionality] ---The good that is achieved by waging war must not be outweighed by the harm. What good is it to wage war if it leaves the country in total devastation with no one really being the winner? Modern means of warfare give great weight to this criterion. \(6) [Probability of success] --- The achievement of the war\'s purpose must have a reasonable chance of success. If a country can meet these criteria, then it may justly enter war. Moreover, a country could come to the assistance of another country who is not able to defend itself as long as these criteria are met. \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* However, the event of war does not entail that all means of waging war are acceptable. The long held saying, \"all is fair in love and war\", is flawed. During war, the country must also meet criteria to insure justice is preserved. 1\. Focus of attacks---Countries must ensure Expectations to Prevent War in a Just War: First, the community of nations ought to alleviate any arms race which not only consumes so many resources which could be used to alleviate the causes of war by also easily creates the \"first strike mentality\" or the \"Mutually Assured Destruction\" strategy. Second, international agreements should be ratified and enforced which would equitably work to reduce armaments, build trust among nations, and establish channels for resolving conflicts peacefully. Third, the community of nations should work together to eliminate conditions which jeopardize peace and thereby may cause war, such as poverty, ignorance or substandard living conditions. Fortunately, we have seen greater progress in these areas either through the efforts of the United Nations or individual countries. Moreover, governments must be vigilant in protecting their citizens and in working together to eliminate these means of destruction. War is not simply waged between countries. The enemy is not always known. Battles have given way to acts of terrorism. A Ethnicity versus Race comparison chart ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Ethnicity** **Race** **Definition** An ethnic group or ethnicity is a population group whose members identify with each other on the basis of common nationality or shared cultural traditions. The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics (which usually result from genetic ancestry). **Significance** Ethnicity connotes shared cultural traits and a shared group history. Some ethnic groups also share linguistic or religious traits, while others share a common group history but not a common language or [[religion]](https://www.diffen.com/difference/Category:Religion). Race presumes shared biological or genetic traits, whether actual or asserted. In the early 19th century, racial differences were ascribed significance in areas of intelligence, health, and personality. There is no evidence validating these ideas. **Genealogy** Ethnicity is defined in terms of shared genealogy, whether actual or presumed. Typically, if people believe they descend from a particular group, and they want to be associated with that group, then they are in fact members of that group. Racial categories result from a shared genealogy due to geographical isolation. In the modern world this isolation has been broken down and racial groups have mixed. **Distinguishing Factors** Ethnic groups distinguish themselves differently from one time period to another. They typically seek to define themselves but also are defined by the [[stereotypes]](https://www.diffen.com/difference/Bias_vs_Stereotype) of dominant groups. Races are assumed to be distinguished by skin color, facial type, etc. However, the scientific basis of racial distinctions is very weak. Scientific studies show that racial genetic differences are weak except in skin color. **Nationalism** In 19th century, there was development of the political ideology of ethnic nationalism \-- creating nations based on a presumed shared ethnic origins (e.g. Germany, Italy, Sweden\...) In 19th century, the concept of nationalism was often used to justify the domination of one race over another within a specific nation. **Legal System** In the last decades of the 20th century, in the U.S. and in most nations, the [[legal system]](https://www.diffen.com/difference/Category:Legal) as well as the official ideology prohibited ethnic-based discrimination. In the last decades of the 20th century, the legal system as well as the official ideology emphasized racial equality. **Conflicts** Often brutal conflicts between ethnic groups have existed throughout [[history]](https://www.diffen.com/difference/Category:History) and across the world. But most ethnic groups in fact get along peacefully within one another in most nations most of the time. Racial prejudice remains a continuing problem throughout the world. However, there are fewer race-based conflicts in the 21st century than in the past. **Examples of conflict** Conflict between [[Tamil and Sinhalese]](https://www.diffen.com/difference/Sinhalese_vs_Tamil) populations in Sri Lanka, or the Hutu and Tutsi people in Rwanda. Conflict between white and African-American people in the U.S., especially during the civil rights movement.