The Crusades Handout PDF

The Shri Ram School, Moulsari Campus Subject: History Class: 7 Topic: The Crusades Name……………………………. Sec…… Date…………… During the 1000s the heart of Christianity and the Catholic Church was located in Rome, Italy. Th...

The Shri Ram School, Moulsari Campus Subject: History Class: 7 Topic: The Crusades Name……………………………. Sec…… Date…………… During the 1000s the heart of Christianity and the Catholic Church was located in Rome, Italy. This was where the Pope and the other high clergy officials lived. Who is a Pope? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ At the same time, another great Civilisation was having a golden age. What is a golden age? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ The Arab Muslims had control of half of Spain, Northern Africa, the Middle East and part of Asia Minor (modern day Turkey). These Muslims opened the Holy Land (lands in the Middle East that are considered holy by Christianity, Judaism and Islam) and the city of Jerusalem (city in modern day Israel that is considered holy for Christianity, Judaism and Islam) for all monotheistic religions to come and pray: Muslims, Christians and Jews. This land bordered the Mediterranean Sea in the East. Why is the city of Jerusalem considered holy by Christians, Jews and Muslims? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ But in the early eleventh century, the Turks—who were also Muslim—took control of the Holy Lands, including Jerusalem. Rather than allowing religious freedom, they closed Jerusalem to both Jews and Christians. Also, the Turks started invading the Christian lands of the Byzantine Empire, which bordered the Holy Land. These two aggressive moves by the Turks started a chain reaction beginning with the Christian emperor of the Byzantines sending envoys to the Pope in Rome seeking help. TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 1 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence In 1095, Pope Urban II received the Byzantine emperor’s plea asking armoured knights to help open the Holy Land and defend against the Turks. Who were the knights? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ The Pope responded and asked the Knights of Europe for a crusade (one of the many religious military expeditions made by European Christians to try to take the Holy Land and Jerusalem from the Muslims between 1095 and 1291) or holy war against the Muslim forces in the Holy Land. What were the Crusades? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ In November 1095, at the Council of Clermont in southern France, the Pope called on Western Christians to take up arms to aid the Byzantines and recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. This marked the beginning of the Crusades. TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 2 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence  Source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/the-crusades-map.html Pope Urban’s plea was met with a tremendous response, both among the military elite as well as ordinary citizens. Those who joined the armed pilgrimage wore a cross as a symbol of the Church. The Crusades set the stage for several religious knightly military orders, including the Knights Templar, the Teutonic Knights, and the Hospitallers. These groups defended the Holy Land and protected Christian pilgrims traveling to and from the region. What were the knightly military orders during the Crusades? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ What was the role of each of the above military orders?(Complete this for H.W. as a research question) ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 3 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ The First Crusade (1096-1099) The First Crusade was the first in a series of religious wars spanning 1096 to 1099. This first war saw a large Christian army set out on an epic 2,500 mile journey through incredibly hostile lands to liberate the holy city of Jerusalem. The Pope was happy when European lords, barons and princes gathered armies of knights and trained soldiers to join the Crusade, his passionate speeches having roused them to holy war, but they were not the only people influenced by his message. Before the ‘Prince’s Crusade’ left for the Holy Land, a huge number of people - peasants, petty criminals, women and children, left in what is known as the ‘People’s Crusade’. They were encouraged by Peter the Hermit, a priest of the Roman Catholic Church. So eager were they, this untrained mob of people were the first to pass through Byzantium and attack the Muslims of the Holy Land. Many of the Crusaders got into trouble in Christian lands by raiding in Hungary and around Constantinople, the capitol of the Byzantine Empire. Their fellow Christians were forced to fight them off. Those that made it to Muslim lands were killed easily by the Turks; they were trained fighters and knew their lands well. The ‘Prince’s Crusade’ was far more successful, being made up of knights and trained fighters. These armies were so effective that they took over large tracts of the Holy Land, including Jerusalem itself in 1099. Summarise the First Crusade in your own words. ______________________________________________________________ TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 4 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ The Second Crusade (1147-1149) The County of Edessa, a Crusader state fell into Muslim hands on 24 December 1144. The fall of Edessa was the key catalyst for starting the Second Crusade, which lasted from 1147 to 1149. A charter by the Pope was issued on 1 December 1145 calling for the Second Crusade. King Conrad III of Germany and King Louis VII of France personally led the crusader forces. Both the German and the French forces sustained heavy losses during several attacks and illnesses while on route to Jerusalem. The city of Damascus was attacked which the crusaders lost. Due to badly executed campaigns and heavy loss of lives, the Second Crusade was deemed a failure. A crusade against the Moors in Iberia was planned because this particular crusader force had to wait before making the journey to Jerusalem by sea. The TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 5 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence crusader force in Iberia was successful in helping King Alfonso Henriques of Portugal to capture the city of Lisbon. While the crusade against the Moors was seen as a success of the Second Crusade, it was overshadowed by the failure of the crusaders in the East and the victory of the Muslims. This failure would ultimately have a key influence on the fall of Jerusalem which gave rise to the Third Crusade at the end of the twelfth century. Who are the key figures that led the Second Crusade? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ What is a Charter? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Who were the Moors? Where is Iberia located in the present-day world? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Why did the Crusaders lose the Second Crusade? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 6 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ The Third Crusade (1189-1192) The Third Crusade, also known as The Kings’ Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. The campaign was largely successful, capturing the important cities of Acre and Jaffa, and reversing most of Saladin’s conquests, but it failed to capture Jerusalem. Who was Saladin? Saladin was born Yusuf ibn Ayyub in 1137 in Tikrit, Iraq. His father was an officer in the army of the Seljuk leader Zangi. Saladin began his military career around the age of 14 when he went to work for his uncle Shirkuh. Shirkuh was a high ranking officer in the army of the Muslim leader Nur al-Din. In 1169, Shirkuh and Saladin took their army to Egypt to help fight off the Crusaders from Europe. They were victorious. When Shirkuh died, Saladin took control of the army and soon became the Emir of Egypt. When Saladin's leader, Nur al-Din, died in 1174, this left a gap in power in the Middle East. Many different Islamic groups began to fight for power. Saladin took his army to Damascus and claimed Nur al-Din's position. He spent the next 12 years battling other Islamic factions in order to unify the region. By 1186, Saladin was in control of the Muslim Empire. The Egyptian and Syrian forces unified under Saladin, who employed them to reduce the Christian states and recapture Jerusalem in 1187. Spurred by religious zeal, King Henry II of England and King Philip II of France ended their conflict with each other to lead a new crusade. After the death of Henry in 1189, the English contingent came under the command of his successor, King Richard I of England (known as Richard the Lionheart). The elderly Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa also responded to the call to arms, leading a massive army across Anatolia. Who are the key figures who led the Crusaders during the Third Crusade? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 7 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence Seige of Acre The Siege of Acre was one of the first confrontations of the Third Crusade, and a key victory for the Crusaders but a serious defeat for Saladin, who had hoped to destroy the whole of the Crusader kingdom. Battle of Arsuf After the capture of Acre, Richard decided to march to the city of Jaffa. Control of Jaffa was necessary before an attack on Jerusalem could be attempted. On September 7, 1191, however, Saladin attacked Richard’s army at Arsuf, thirty miles north of Jaffa. Richard then ordered a general counterattack, which won the battle. Arsuf was an important victory. The Muslim army was not destroyed, despite the considerable casualties it suffered, but it was scattered; this boosted the morale of the Crusaders. Richard was able to take, defend, and hold Jaffa, a strategically crucial move toward securing Jerusalem. By depriving Saladin of the coast, Richard seriously threatened his hold on Jerusalem. TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 8 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence Source: https://www.medievalchronicles.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/third-crusade-map.jpg Advances on Jerusalem In November 1191, the Crusader army advanced inland toward Jerusalem. Muslim morale in Jerusalem was so low that the arrival of the Crusaders would probably have caused the city to fall quickly. Appallingly bad weather—cold with heavy rain and hailstorms—combined with fear that if the Crusader army besieged Jerusalem it might be trapped by a relieving force, led to the decision to retreat back to the TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 9 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence coast. In July 1192, Saladin’s army suddenly attacked and captured Jaffa with thousands of men. Richard was intending to return to England when he heard the news that Saladin and his army had captured Jaffa. Richard and a small force of little more than 2,000 men went to Jaffa by sea in a surprise attack. They stormed Jaffa from their ships and the Ayyubids, who had been unprepared for a naval attack, were driven from the city. On September 2, 1192, following his defeat at Jaffa, Saladin was forced to finalize a treaty with Richard providing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to visit the city. Richard departed the Holy Land on October 9, 1192. Aftermath Neither side was entirely satisfied with the results of the war. Though Richard’s victories had deprived the Muslims of important coastal territories, many Christians in the Latin West felt disappointed that Richard had elected not to pursue the recapture of Jerusalem. Many historians contend that the motivations for the Third Crusade were more political than religious, thereby giving rise to the disagreements between the German, French, and English armies throughout the crusade. By the end, only Richard of England was left, and his small force was unable to finally overtake Saladin, despite successes at Acre and Jaffa. This infighting severely weakened the power of the European forces. In conclusion, the Third Crusade resulted in a treaty that left Jerusalem under Muslim dominion but allowed Christians access for trading and pilgrimage. In the past two crusades, the result had been to conquer and massacre or retreat. Despite the agreement in the Third Crusade, the failure to overtake Jerusalem led to still another crusade soon after. Why did Richard the Lionheart decide to retreat from Jerusalem even after he defeated Saladin’s army at Jaffa and Acre? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 10 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence  Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) Pope Innocent III called for the Fourth Crusade in 1202. He sought to reclaim the Holy Land by way of Egypt. Pope Urban II also wanted to unify Christian lands in Western Europe and Asia Minor (Byzantine Empire) under the control of the papacy. The Venetian city-state cooperated with the Church to build ships and provide sailors for the proposed crusade. However, the Crusaders travelled instead to the capital of Byzantium (Eastern Christian Empire) culminating in the sacking of Constantinople in 1204. Their conquest of that city led to the partitioning of the Byzantine Empire and crusader rule for almost six decades. It was not until 1261 that the crusaders were expelled, and the Byzantine Empire was restored. Despite this restoration, the Fourth Crusade considerably weakened Byzantium, leading to its downfall in 1453 due to the Ottoman (Turkish) invasion. TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 11 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence Conquest of Constantinople. A medieval painting of the Conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204 Source: https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Book%3A_Western_Civilization_(Lumen)/Ch. _08_The_Middle_Ages_in_Europe/09.26%3A_The_Fourth_Crusade Who announced the Fourth Crusade? _____________________________________________________________ Which Italian city-state actively participated in the Fourth Crusade? _____________________________________________________________ What was the result of the Fourth Crusade? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ The Final Crusades (1208-1271) Throughout the remainder of the 13th century, a variety of Crusades aimed not so much to topple Muslim forces in the Holy Land but to combat any and all groups seen as enemies of the Christian faith. The Albigensian Crusade (1208-29) aimed to root out the heretical Cathari or Albigensian sect of Christianity in France, while the Baltic Crusades (1211-25) sought to subdue pagans in Transylvania. Who were considered as heretics? ________________________________________________________ TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 12 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence ________________________________________________________ In the Fifth Crusade, put in motion by Pope Innocent III before his death in 1216, the Crusaders attacked Egypt from both land and sea but were forced to surrender to Muslim defenders led by Saladin’s nephew, Al-Malik al-Kamil, in 1221. In 1229, in what became known as the Sixth Crusade, Emperor Frederick II achieved the peaceful transfer of Jerusalem to Crusader control through negotiation with al-Kamil. The peace treaty expired a decade later, and Muslims easily regained control of Jerusalem. From 1248 to 1254, Louis IX of France organized a crusade against Egypt. This battle, known as the Seventh Crusade, was a failure for Louis. As the Crusaders struggled, a new dynasty, known as the Mamluks, descended from former slaves of the Islamic Empire, took power in Egypt. In 1291, one of the only remaining Crusader cities, Acre, fell to the Muslim Mamluks. Many historians believe this defeat marked the end of the Crusader States and the Crusades themselves. Who were the Mamluks? __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ What marked the end of the Crusades? __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ IMPACT OF THE CRUSADES European contact with the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean grew during the Crusades. Crusaders brought back Asian goods, resulting in increased trade. Increased trade across the Mediterranean helped European towns to grow and made the role of urban merchants more important. Another effect was the rising Christian hostility toward Jews. More and more Christians believed that all non-Christian were their enemy. On their way to Palestine, some crusaders massacred European Jews and continued the killing in Palestine. After the Crusades, Jews were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306 and 1394. Many of the Jews moved to eastern TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 13 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence Europe. Muslims allowed Jews and Christians to live in peace. Many Crusaders who stayed in Palestine came to respect Muslims, but Christian intolerance toward Jews continued. Sources: https://www.twinkl.co.in/teaching-wiki/the-first-crusade https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/the-crusades-map.htm https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#the-first-crusade-1096-1099 http://lukensocialstudies.weebly.com/ https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#the-third-crusade-1187-1192 https://www.wsfcs.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001395/Centricity/Domain/6742/Crusades% 20powerpoint.pdf TSRS Moulsari/AL/History/Factsheet Crusades/ July 2024 Page 14 Integrity Sensitivity Pride In One’s Heritage Pursuit Of Excellence