Photosynthesis & Respiration Review - Midterms

**[PHOTOSYNTHESIS ]** **CHEMICAL EQUATION:**[\$\\mathbf{\\ }\\mathbf{Carbon\\ dioxide\\ + oxygen\\ }\\frac{\\mathbf{\\text{Sunlight\\ }}}{\\mathbf{\\text{Chlorophyll}}}\\mathbf{+ Glucose + O}\\mathbf{\\text{xygen}}\$]{.math.inline} \ [**6**CO**2** **+** **6H2O** **→** **C6H12O6** **+** **6O2.** ]{...

**[PHOTOSYNTHESIS ]** **CHEMICAL EQUATION:**[\$\\mathbf{\\ }\\mathbf{Carbon\\ dioxide\\ + oxygen\\ }\\frac{\\mathbf{\\text{Sunlight\\ }}}{\\mathbf{\\text{Chlorophyll}}}\\mathbf{+ Glucose + O}\\mathbf{\\text{xygen}}\$]{.math.inline} \ [**6**CO**2** **+** **6H2O** **→** **C6H12O6** **+** **6O2.** ]{.math.display}\ - The process in which green plants manufacture food using carbon dioxide, water, and chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight to make glucose and oxygen - Uses sunlight that absorbs energy - [XYLEM] water up the plant (moves water from roots to the rest of the plant) - [PHLOEM] food around the plant (uses tubes from leaves to the rest of the plant) - [PHLOEM VESSELS] in charge for transport and distribution of organic nutrients (glucose/energy) - [NUCLEUS] it holds the cell's DNA that gives instructions for making proteins and other important molecule - [CHLOROPLAST] where photosynthesis happens. Captures sunlight and turn into food for plant. This is where chlorophyll is stored - [CHLOROPHYLL] absorbs light - [STOMATA] pore found in epidemys of leaves, stems and other organs. It also contols the gas exchange between internal air spaces. Realising of oxygen - [GLUCOSE] are made in from carbon dioxide and water - [ATP (SPECIAL MOLECULE)] breakdown of glucose and oxygen (use for activity of plants). Storage of energy as it provides energy to plants - [REACTANTS]= Water and Carbon Dioxide - [CO2 FIXATION THREE PATHWAYS] - [CALVIN BENSON CYCLE (**C3**)] -Broad, flat has more complex vain. -Taken CO2 during day (cooler, wetter areas) open stomata -Wheat, rice, soybean, spinach, etc. - HATCH AND SLACK PATHWAY (C4) -Narrow and efficient in hot weather. -Maize, sugarcane - CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM) -Thich, store water and may have waxy coat to minimize water loss. Open stomata -Aloe vera, Pineapple **[RESPIRATION]** **CHEMICAL EQUATION:** [**Glucose** **+** **Oxygen**  **≫** **Carbon** **dioxide** **+** **water** **+** **ATP**]{.math.inline} \ [**C6H12O6** **+** **6O2** **→** **6**CO**2** **+** **6H2O**]{.math.display}\ - Involves using sugar produced during photosynthesis plus ovygen to produce energy for plant growth and other process - Takes place in chloroplast - [AEROBIC RESPIRATION:] -Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly -Supplies energy needed for growth and maintenance of plants -Provides skeletons for synthesis -Amino acids for proteins -Nucleotides for nucleic acid - [ANAROBIC RESPIRATION] -occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly. **[3 STAGES ]** - [GLYCOLYSIS] takes place in cytoplasm and does not require oxygen and considered anaerobic. Glucose is converted into pyruvate [-NADH] is the co-enzyme and has ability to transfer electrons useful for making more ATP -electron carrier - [THYLAKOID] a membrane bound structure in chloroplast where light dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur that contains chlorophyll are arranged in stacks called grand - [OXYGEN final electron acceptor] - [ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS] -Located in inner mitochondrial -Require oxygen for aerobic step -Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pump protons into the intermembrane space, creating more ATP - **[TRANSLOCATION]** is the movement of substances from one part of plant to the next - [2 TRANSPORT TISSUE: ] - [Xylem] upward and no end walls (one direction only) - [Phloem] upward and downward and has cell wall made of glucose - [**TRANSPIRATON**] evaporation of water from leaves of plant via stomata - [STOMATA] small opening on plant leaf that allows oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out - **[TRANSLOCATION AND PARTITIONING]** - [TRANSLOCATION] refers to the movement of substances, like protons or electrons, across membranes to help generate energy, especially ATP. It occurs at special tissue called phloem - [PARTITIONING --] In respiration, partitioning means dividing or separating different substances in a cell to help with energy production. - **[MINERAL NUTRITION]** - 2 GROUPS: - [MACRONUTRIENTS] need in larger quantities (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.) They are essential for growth and development. - [MICRONUTRIENTS] needed in smaller amounts but are still crucial for plant health ( iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, boron, and chlorine.) They help with processes like enzyme function and photosynthesis. - ABSORTION: Nutrients up by roots from soil through root. Nutrients can be influenced by soil PH, moisture level and other ions - 3 DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS: - NITROGEN DEFICIENCY is the yellowing of older leaves - PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY is stunted growth (didn't reach height/size) dark green, or purplish leaves - POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY leaf edges may scorch and turn yellow - [FERTILIZATION] supply necessary nutrients from soil - **[GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT]** process needs for physical increase in size - GROWTH increase of size or mass of a plant -PRIMARY GROWTH stems and roots allowing to grow taller and deeper -SECONDARY GROWTH thickening of stems and roots/ woody plants - MEASUREMENT can be measured the height, leaf area, etc. - FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH -ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS light, temperature, water, and soil nutrients -HORMONES plays crucial role in regulating growth process - GROWTH increasing size, mass, while development encompasses the complete life cycle and progression thorugh dif. Stages - **[PLANT MOVEMENT ]** - 2 TYPES OF PLANT MOVEMENT: - TROPICAL MOVEMENT: Directional movement -PHOTOTROPISM growth toward like (sunflower) turns to maximize light exposure -GRAVITROPISM growth response to gravity -ROOT grow downward (POSITIVE) because roots grow toward gravity. This helps them anchor the plant and access water and nutrients in the soil. -STEMS upward (NEGATIVE) because stems grow away from gravity. This allows them to reach for sunlight, which is essential for photosynthesis. -THIGMOTROPISM response to touch. Climbing plants like veins, wrap around support and makahiya - NASTIC MOVEMENT :non-directional movement -NYCRINASTY day-night cycle (some flowers close at night and open in day) -TIGMONASTRY response to touch/ physical stimulation EXAMPLE: Mimosa pudica (makahiya) - **[MECHANISM MOVEMENT ]** -GROWTH MOVEMENT some parts of plant grow faster than others causing bendings -TURGOR PRESSURE can cause rapid movement (leaf folding/flower closing) - CROP ADAPTATION refers to changes and strategies that crops undergo to survive and thrive in dif. environment condition - PEST AND DISEASE RESISTANCE crops are bred for resistance to pest and disease - MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES adjustment to growth patterns (height) - PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES timing adjustment such as early flowering - IMPORTANCE: -FOOD SECURITY ensures crop yields under varying conditions -SUSTAINABILITY ensures resources efficiency and reduces environmentsl impact -RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE maintains agriculture productivity despite changing weather patterns