CPS Lecture 1 PDF

Cyber Physical systems CPS Lecture 1  (CPS) are networked systems in which the computational (cyber) part is tightly integrated with the physical components. That is, the computational components sense the state of the system and environment and then provid...

Cyber Physical systems CPS Lecture 1  (CPS) are networked systems in which the computational (cyber) part is tightly integrated with the physical components. That is, the computational components sense the state of the system and environment and then provide continuous feedback for controlling the system and actuating on the environment.  Cyber-physical systems are built from, and depend upon, the seamless integration of computational algorithms and physical components. These systems combine digital and analog devices, interfaces, sensors, networks, actuators, and computers with the natural environment and with human-made objects and structures. Just as the Internet has transformed the way people interact with information, cyber-physical systems are transforming the way people interact with the physical world.  CPS will often, therefore, include hardware such as sensors, actuators and similar embedded systems that interact with the real world as well as with complex software elements. The network is a key component in cyber-physical systems as it provides the backplane that guarantees timely transmission of the information (from the physical to the computational world) and of the commands (from the computation to the physical world). Examples of CPSs can be found in: agriculture transport home automation healthcare energy management, and many other socially important domains.  Sensors Actuators Embedded systems Communication networks........  Purpose: Gather information about the physical world Types examples: Temperature sensors Pressure sensors Accelerometers Cameras LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging),....... and more Examples: Smart home sensors (temperature, humidity, motion) Industrial sensors (pressure, flow rate) Automotive sensors (speed, distance, lane departure)  Purpose: Control physical processes based on sensor data Types: Motors Valves Solenoids Pumps Examples: Smart home actuators (thermostats, lights) Industrial actuators (robotic arms, conveyor belts) Automotive actuators (steering, brakes)  Purpose: Process data, make decisions, and control actuators Characteristics: Real-time processing Low power consumption Examples: Microcontrollers Microprocessors  Purpose: Connect sensors, actuators, embedded systems, and all system components. Types: Wired networks (copper wires, optical fibers) Wireless networks (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular, light systems,.....many techniques) Challenges: Reliability Security Latency  Early Industrial Automation: Simple control systems Limited connectivity Modern CPS: Complex networks Real-time data exchange Advanced algorithms  Smart Homes: ØAutomated appliances ØEnergy management Healthcare: ØRemote monitoring ØMedical devices Transportation: ØSelf-driving cars ØTraffic management Industrial Automation: ØRobotics ØManufacturing processes  Components: Sensors (cameras, LIDAR, radar), actuators (steering, brakes), AI algorithms Benefits: Improved safety, reduced traffic congestion Challenges: Ethical considerations, legal frameworks, technical limitations  Internet of Things (IoT): Massive interconnected devices Big data analytics Artificial Intelligence (AI): Advanced decision-making Selection of suitable Machine learning algorithms. Edge Computing: Processing data closer to the source Reduced latency 1. Monitor health of patients at home or at a hospital, through wearable sensors or monitors, to ensure that sub-optimal vital signs are recognized early and emergencies responded to immediately. 2. Deliver integrated public transport and safe, efficient road traffic systems. Time spent travelling can be reduced if travelers have simple, cost-effective ways to switch travel mode with integrated tickets that are accepted across independent transport providers and up-to-date, accurate information on where there are currently jams or backlogs, and where in the network there is spare capacity not being used. 3. Secure cost-effective, traceable food supplies. Distributed sensors, vehicles and complex decision-making support software is needed in agriculture to allow farmers to achieve the best possible yield in return for their investments and to react to conditions on the ground, 4. Provide secure and energy-optimized buildings. Going beyond simple temperature and humidity sensors, smart homes and offices of the future will use varied data inputs such as weather forecasts and knowledge about the time of day, season and building usage to provide comfortable environments with the minimum energy consumption. 5. Produce reliable, sustainable energy. Delivering sufficient energy with the minimum possible wastage is a key challenge over the next few decades. CPSs provide key technologies to support the transition from power generation by a few large suppliers to large numbers of producers-consumers (e.g., homes and businesses with solar panels or wind turbines). CPS technologies support smart grids, which can allow power consumers to implement intelligent, efficient energy usage policies.