CPE 415 Embedded Systems Lecture 1 PDF

CPE 415 Embedded Systems Lecture 1 S ADIQ ABUBAKAR MOHAMMED S A D I Q. A B U B A K A R @ N I L E U N I V E R S I T Y. E D U. N G C O M P U T E R E N G I N E E R I N G D E PA RT M E N T Course Structure Lecture and Lab 3 Ho...

CPE 415 Embedded Systems Lecture 1 S ADIQ ABUBAKAR MOHAMMED S A D I Q. A B U B A K A R @ N I L E U N I V E R S I T Y. E D U. N G C O M P U T E R E N G I N E E R I N G D E PA RT M E N T Course Structure Lecture and Lab 3 Hours (Tue 2pm – 5pm) 70% compulsory attendance Assessment: Attendance, class participation, Assignment, Mid-semester test, Project, Final exams Learning Outcome: the main objective is to understand the characteristics, applications, architecture of embedded systems. Course outline Embedded Systems Introduction Embedded System Architecture Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors Communication Protocols Real-Time Operating System Sensors and Actuators Embedded Systems Security Embedded Systems Optimization Power Management  Embedded Systems Introduction Learning outcome: Understand what an embedded system is, the types and characteristics. Identify the diverse applications and uses of embedded systems. What is an Embedded System? System: is a set of interrelated parts/components which are designed/developed to perform common tasks or to do some specific work for which it has been created. Embedded: existing or firmly attached within something or under a surface. Simply we can say something which is integrated or attached to another thing. An embedded system is a specialized computing system that is designed to perform specific functions or tasks within a larger system or product. Unlike general-purpose computers, which are capable of running a wide range of software applications, embedded systems are dedicated to executing a particular set of tasks or functions, often with real-time constraints and specific hardware requirements. We can say an embedded system is a dedicated system developed for a specific reason which may work independently or attached to a larger system to work on a few specific functions. Every embedded system is unique, the hardware as well as the software is highly specialized to the application domain. Embedded systems are becoming an inevitable part of any product or equipment in all fields including household appliances, telecommunications medical equipment, industrial control, consumer products etc. Embedded Systems vs General Purpose Systems Specificati Embedded System General Purpose System ons 1 Size Typically very compact No size constraint 2 Processing Optimized for power efficiency More powerful ∴ have higher Power and processing speed. speed 3 Application Dedicated function Wide variety of tasks 4 Operating Real-Time Operating systems Full- featured OS eg: MacOS, System (RTOS) or specialized Windows, Linux etc. embedded OS. 5 User Minimal to no user interface Advanced interface, including Interface GUIs and support for input devices. 6 Cost Less expensive Relatively more expensive 7 Capacity Usually have smaller stoarage Have large amounts of and memory. memory and/or storage.  Embedded Systems Charactaristics Dedicated Functionality: Embedded systems are built for a specific purpose or function. Real-time Operation: Many embedded systems must operate in real-time, meaning they must respond to inputs and produce outputs within strict time constraints. Hardware and Software Integration: Embedded systems typically consist of a combination of hardware and software components that work together to perform their designated tasks. Compact Size: Embedded systems are often compact and have a small physical footprint to fit within the constraints of the products or devices they are embedded in. Efficiency: Embedded systems prioritize efficiency in terms of power consumption, processing speed, and memory usage. They aim to achieve the desired functionality with minimal resources to extend the product's battery life, reduce heat generation, or meet other constraints. Reliability and Safety: In safety-critical applications such as medical devices and automotive systems, embedded systems are designed with a focus on reliability, fault tolerance, and safety. They must adhere to rigorous standards and undergo thorough testing and validation.  Application Areas of Embedded Systems Consumer Electronics: Automotive: Industrial Automation: Smartphones, Smart TVs ECU, ABS, Infortainment system, TPMSPLCs, PCS Healthcare: Aerospace and Defense: Home Automation: Medical devices, Medical Imaging Avionics, Military Drones Security cameras, smart switches Systems and plugs Telecommunication: IoT: Transportation: Network routers and switches, Smart sensors, automation devices Traffic Light Controllers, Ticketing Base stations Systems.  Systems Functionality Performance  Stand Alone Embedded Systems  Small-Scale Embedded Systems  Real-Time Embedded System:  Medium-Scale Embedded Systems Soft real-time embedded systems  Large-Scale Embedded Systems Hard real-time embedded systems  Networked Embedded Systems  Mobile Embedded Systems Embedded Systems based on Functionality Standalone Embedded systems: This type of embedded systems, as the name suggests, does not require a host system like a computer or a processor as it works by itself and displays data on the connected device or make necessary changes on the device. These systems offer flexibility and efficiency even though they work alone. Examples: Washing machines, microwave ovens, mp3 players, calculators, digital cameras etc. Real-Time Embedded Systems: Real-time embedded systems must provide results or outputs promptly. Priority is assigned to output generation speed, as real-time embedded systems are often used in mission-critical sectors, such as defence and aerospace, that need important data. Examples of real-time embedded systems include: Avionics, Industrial control systems, Missile defence systems, Autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicle controls etc. In accounting for the importance of output generation speed, Real-time  Soft real-time embedded systems: have lenient output timeframes or deadlines. If outputs are not provided in a specified timeframe, performance decline may ensue, but the consequences of this decline are relatively insignificant, do not constitute a system or application failure, and are unlikely to result in a harmful outcome. The system's outputs are also still considered valuable, despite their tardiness. Examples: home automation, web servers, game consoles etc.  Hard real-time embedded systems: These systems must consistently meet their assigned output deadlines, as not doing so is considered a system or application failure, which, in many cases, could have catastrophic outcomes. Examples: medical devices, avionics, Airbag system, ABS, spacecraft guidance and navigation. Networked Embedded Systems: these systems rely on wired or wireless networks and communication with web servers for output generation. Overall, if embedded systems are part of or rely on networks of other devices to function, they're classified as network or networked embedded systems. Networked embedded systems play a crucial role in the Internet of Things (IoT) and various applications where connectivity is essential. Mobile Embedded Systems: All embedded system devices that are portable are mobile embedded system. Though there is a limitation of memory and functionality, its portability and handiness is of utmost importance. All mobile embedded systems are standalone embedded systems, but not all standalone embedded systems are mobile embedded systems. For example, although you can certainly move a washing machine, microwave oven, or dishwasher, you probably don't consider any of these small or portable as you would a mobile phone, calculator, or other mobile embedded system. Examples: AR glasses, e-readers, action cameras etc. Embedded Systems based on Performance Small-Scale Embedded system: Small-scale embedded systems are used in simple and cost-sensitive applications. They are well-suited for tasks that don't require significant computational power or memory, such as controlling basic home appliances, simple sensor monitoring, or small-scale robotics. Small-scale embedded systems typically use microcontrollers with limited processing power and resources. These microcontrollers are often 8-bit or 16- bit and have lower clock speeds. Medium Scale Embedded Systems: Medium-scale systems are capable of handling more complex tasks. They are found in applications such as industrial automation, consumer electronics, and some automotive control units. These systems offer a balance between performance and resource efficiency. They can support graphical interfaces, moderate data processing, and communication with external devices. Energy efficiency remains important, but they are more versatile than small-scale systems. These systems make use of 16-bit to 32-bit microcontrollers. Large Scale Embedded Systems: Large-scale systems are employed in applications that demand substantial processing power and capabilities. These include high-performance automotive ECUs, medical imaging systems, sophisticated robotics, and advanced networking equipment. Large-scale embedded systems often use microprocessors or advanced microcontrollers with 32-bit or 64-bit architectures, higher clock speeds, ample memory, and advanced features. These systems prioritize performance and often include real-time operating systems (RTOS) or full-fledged operating systems. They can handle demanding computational tasks, extensive connectivity, and support complex algorithms. Power efficiency is still important, but performance is the primary focus. Purpose of Embedded Systems As mentioned previously, embedded systems are used in various domains like consumer electronics, home automation, telecomunications, automotive industry, healthcare etc. within the domain itself, according to the application usage context, they may have different functionalities. Each embedded system is designed to serve the purpose of any one or a combination of the following tasks: 1. Data Collection/Storage/Representation 2. Data Communication 3. Data (Signal) Processing 4. Monitoring 5. Control 6. Application Specific User Interface Data collection: Embedded systems are often used to collect data from sensors and other devices. For example, an embedded system in a car might collect data from the engine, transmission, and brakes to monitor the car's performance. Data communication: Embedded systems enable devices to communicate with each other through wired (e.g. Ethernet) or wireless connections (e.g. Wi-fi). They handle data transmission, allowing devices to share information, connect to the internet, and communicate over local or global networks. This is fundamental for networking, IoT, and telecommunications applications. Data Processing: Embedded systems are responsible for local data processing, which can include signal processing, image recognition, and data analysis, without the need for external computing resources. By processing data on the device itself, they reduce the need for data transmission, enhance response times, and lower power consumption in applications like remote sensing and monitoring. Monitoring: Embedded systems can also be used to monitor the status of other systems or devices. For example, the embedded system in a medical device may monitor the patient's heart rate and blood pressure. The data is critical for applications such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, and industrial quality control. Control: Embedded systems are often employed to control and automate the operation of machines, processes, and systems. They regulate specific functions, such as temperature control, motor movement, and timing, in industrial, automotive, and consumer devices. User Interface: Embedded systems provide user interfaces for interacting with devices, systems, and machines. These interfaces can include touchscreens, displays, buttons, and voice recognition systems. User interfaces enhance the user experience and enable users to control and monitor devices easily. Embedded systems in smartphones, smart appliances, and industrial control panels offer user-friendly interactions.  Quiz Give one example of an embedded system, explaining the application domain/area and its purpose.