Contemporary Art PDF

CPAR REVIEWER (FIRST QUARTER) LESSON 1: DEFINING CONTEMPORARY It is the art that springs out of the present- ART day events and passion of the society. What is art? This art functions in a glob...

CPAR REVIEWER (FIRST QUARTER) LESSON 1: DEFINING CONTEMPORARY It is the art that springs out of the present- ART day events and passion of the society. What is art? This art functions in a global society that is culturally diverse and technology-oriented. Art or “Sining” is defined as the different manners of expressing human skills and It has become a collaborative process and imagination in the creation of aesthetic the audience plays an active role in reacting conditions, objects and presentations. and constructing meaning about the work of art. Art is not confined only to what is seen. It involves the use of all the physical senses in CONTEMPORARY ART IN THE order to appreciate it. PHILIPPINES It is a form of creative activity such as Contemporary Arts in the Philippines painting, music, literature, dance and etc. emerged at the end of the Martial Law period. The return of democracy, improved SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF ART political and economic conditions, and Arts play a significant role in the abundant advent of new technologies and free access cultural identity of the Philippines. It reflects to media contributed to the emergence of the people, history, and traditions of the contemporary Philippine art. Philippines as a whole. CONTEMPORARY ARTS AS A “Spoliarium” is among the notable art BREAKING OF NORMS pieces of Filipino painter Juan Luna. It Contemporary art is characterized by a features the bloody gladiator matches of transgression of established norms and Romans but is also an allegory to the rules, and the rejection of established despair and abuses Filipinos suffered from institutions, traditions, and history. It during the Spanish reign in the country. emphasizes the new, modern, and An interpretation of the first documented progressive. Christian mass in the Philippines in 1521, CONTEMPORARY ARTS AND LOCAL “First Mass at Limasawa” is one of Carlos HERITAGE Modesto “Botong” Villaluz Francisco’s most important paintings. Contemporary art professes an awareness of local heritage. Heritage is something that Anita Magsaysay-Ho’s artworks show her can be passed from one generation to the high regard for women in Filipino culture. next, can be conserved or inherited, and This is true in all of her paintings including has historic or cultural value. These are “Three Women with Baskets, Fish, and physical objects and places of heritage and Crab” where she pictured female basket the various practices of heritage unique to weavers enamored with their daily lives. the region or locality that are conserved or CONTEMPORARY ART handed down from one generation to the next. Generally, refers to the art being created now, “The art of today.”  REVERENCE FOR THOSE WHO HAVE GONE BEFORE US. CONTEMPORARY ARTS AS A CRITIQUE OF SOCIETY CONTEMPORARY ART FOR PERSUASION - MANY ART FORMS HAVE Contemporary art poses questions and PERSUASIVE AND IDEOLOGICAL critiques of society, everyday life, and FUNCTION. ART IS USED TO SPUR concerns of the day. The social nature of art POLITICAL CHANGE OR MODIFY THE is underscored as many contemporary BEHAVIOR AND THINKING OF LARGE artworks utilize public spaces and GROUPS OF PEOPLE HAVE POLITICAL emphasize the participation of the audience. AND PERSUASIVE FUNCTIONS. FUNCTIONS OF CONTEMPORARY ARTS CONTEMPORARY ART AS SELF- CONTEMPORARY ART FOR PLEASURE EXPRESSION - ART FULFILS AN - ART CAN PROVIDE ESCAPE FROM EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION WHEN AN EVERYDAY CONCERNS AND SATISFY ARTIST CONVEYS INFORMATION THE YEARNING FOR PLEASURABLE ABOUT HIS OR HER PERSONALITY, EXPERIENCES. FEELINGS, OR WORLDVIEW. SUCH ART BECOMES A MEETING SITE BETWEEN A CONTEMPORARY ART FOR ARTIST AND VIEWER, WHERE THE PROFESSION - ARTISTS EARN A LIVING VIEWER FEELS EMPATHY FOR THE THROUGH THEIR ART. ART HAS CREATOR AND GAINS ECONOMIC VALUE AND GAINS UNDERSTANDING OF HIS OR HER CURRENCY IN A NETWORK OF PERSONALITY. EXCHANGE. ART AND CREATIVE IDEAS ARE NEVER FREE. WHY STUDY CONTEMPORARY ARTS? CONTEMPORARY ART AS Contemporary art is essential to you not COMMENTARY - ART HAS OFTEN USED only because it belongs to your time but it TO ANSWER OUR NEED FOR also serves a form of expression of the INFORMATION. ARTISTS’ people’s present feelings and longings. COMMENTARIES OFTEN INCLUDE Contemporary works of art are the means PERSONAL JUDGEMENTS ON through which the artists of today CONDITIONS, FACTS, OR POLITICS. communicate their sentiments. CONTEMPORARY ART IN SPIRITUALITY - ARTISTS MAY CREATE ART TO EXPRESS SPIRITUAL BELIEFS ABOUT LESSON 2 THE DESTINY OF LIFE CONTROLLED BY CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY ART THE FORCE OF A HIGHER POWER. Context refers to factors that surround a CONTEMPORARY ART AS work of art. It includes a host of conditions REMEMBRANCE - REMEMBRANCE IS such as historical events, economic trends, SOMETHING DONE AS AN AID TO contemporary cultural developments, MEMORY. WE ALL HAVE PROFOUND religious attitudes, social norms, and other NEED TO COMMEMORATE IMPORTANT EVENTS AND PEOPLE THAT HAVE artworks of the time, among others. SHAPED OUR HISTORY AND SHOW The following are inquiries about the context of an artwork: 1. What key historical events occurred at Culture involves how people in society the time the work was created? make sense of the world around them by making meanings and sharing these 2. What scientific discoveries or meanings with others in the context of technological innovations may have common but oftentimes contradictory and influenced the artist? changing fields of exchange. 3. What were the other artistic influences on Cultural Context is more subjective; it the work? allows students to examine the influences 4. What were the philosophical ideas of the on the artist’s work as a result of their time that informed the artwork? environment. 5. What were the cultural influences? History is the process by which society and culture are created by people, because they 6. Who was the intended audience? are active human agents, transform nature 7. Is the artist identified with a particular into form in the constant remaking of movement, school, or style? everyday life. 8. What was the original purpose of the Historical Context is factual in nature as it work? refers to a specific movement or moment in history. Context of art may be classified into 2 (two): Art as an instance of human practices gains Primary context pertains to the artist: his or specific value and social relevance. A thing her attitudes, beliefs, interests, and values; becomes art when it is charged with education and training; and biography meaning and value based on the following (including psychology). This includes the criteria. artist’s intentions and purposes for making his or her art. Aesthetic experience Secondary context is that which addresses Are our responses towards phenomena like the external conditions in which the work enchantment, fear, awe, terror, or guilt all was produced: the apparent function of the that it takes to name something as art, or work; religious and philosophical consider something as artistic? convictions; socio-political and economic Consensus of the art world structures; and even climate geography. The art world is a network of institutions To fully grasp the complexity of this process (schools, museums, galleries, commercial of definition; art must not be viewed as market systems, and professions) which product, but as product and its processes: exercises the power to set the terms with that is, how it is produced in society, culture, which the public is made to perceive art. and history. Cultural practice and shared meaning Society refers not only to systems of regulation and control, but also to social Every culture creates art, and each has its relations based on class, gender, race, own standards of representation, its own sexuality, ethnicity, spiritual persuasion, cultural context, and own aesthetic political commitment, and moral norm. conventions. Along with these factors, the production of art is also highly dependent on the material condition of the society that made the art individual experiences are accumulated and possible. collective memories are commemorated. Material conditions refer to human labor The region is social system that reflects power and means of production (e.g. tools, relations between different human beings equipment, buildings, technologies, and groups that are bound by shared and knowledge, materials, and other resources), distinct identity, language, culture, and the social and technical relations of tradition. The region is viewed as a key production (e.g., property, power, and identity marker. control relations governing society’s productive assets), and the relations between social classes. LESSON 3 Art is framed by various contexts and Forms, Styles, and Practices in criteria of judging art that we should be Contemporary Art aware of. The value that an art object possesses is not inherently natural but In this contemporary world, we are bestowed upon it by individual aesthetic bombarded by images and visual objects. experience, institutional judgment, and They surround us in galleries and social consensus. The contexts set the museums, and everywhere, in public conditions for art making. spaces, shopping malls, tourist districts, mass media, and cyberspace. The implications of the study of contemporary art context: Some forms are considered fine art, but others are called popular culture. Crafts 1. That these contexts are arbitrarily created sometimes are distinguished from art and and therefore dependent on a point of view, relegated as part of long-standing tradition. a perspective, a framework; The following section includes some of the groupings made to classify the broad range 2. That these contexts establish of forms that exist today. conventions, rules, norms, hierarchies, classifications, assumptions, presumptions, CATEGORIES OF ART and notions regarding art; FINE ART - Believed to transcend average 3. That these contexts establish the value human works and may be produced by only and the criteria of valuation in which labor the best artists with unique sensibilities and and capital are invested in works academic training. It includes painting, designated as art; and sculpture, and architecture in the early and mid-19th century in Western industrialized 4. That all of these are not a natural given nations. It was heavily influenced by Greek, nor should remain unchanged. It should be Roman, and Italian Renaissance art. questioned in light of critical thinking. With the emergence of new ideas and The Study of Art in the Regional Context technology at the beginning of the 20th The study of art must begin in one’s locality, century, there was a shift in the category in the regional sense. It is within this and fine arts and it has expanded to include regional location that the idea of homeland film, photography, prints, and most recently, is anchored. It is the place where personal installation, performance, video, and digital and group identities are nurtured as art. POPULAR ART - A product of popular Architecture refers to man-made culture which appeals to a broad mass environments created as a space for human audience. It is a category widely circulated habitation and as a setting for rituals. in magazines, comics, television shows, Architecture is more than just the art and advertising, folk art, tattoos, fashion, science of erecting buildings for it strives to furniture, graffiti, street art, video games, create the ideal environment for any human posters, websites, calendars, greeting activity. cards, dolls, souvenirs, toys, movies, pop Together with its sub-disciplines such as songs and snapshots and commercial interior design, landscape architecture, and photography. urban design, architecture is collectively Art produced via popular culture is more referred to as designed environment. accessible, inexpensive, entertaining, All these practices manipulate and modify commercial, political, naïve or colorful than spaces to become meaningful and fine art. This, however, has given rise to the memorable places to inhabit. notion that popular art is lowly, pang-masa, bakya, or jologs (a Filipino slang for a c. Music – folk, indigenous, popular, person with no class, someone who is crass conservatory, independent. and tack) Music is sound and silence organized CRAFT - Refers to specific media including based on time. The common elements of ceramics, glass, jewellery, weaving, and music are pitch (which governs melody and woodworking. Craft usually involves, making harmony), rhythm (and its associated objects rather than images, although craft concepts of tempo, meter, and articulation), may involve surface decoration. dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (also Medium-Based Classification of Art referred to as the “color” of a musical Forms sound). a. Visual arts - art works created primarily At the formal level, music may be folk, for visual perception. indigenous, classical, popular, or Classified according to dimension such as: independent. Two dimensional art - art refers to any d. Dance – ballet, folk, indigenous, street, form of visual art that exists in two modern, popular. dimensions. 2D artforms can include Dance is an art form consisting of drawings, paintings, prints, and purposefully selected sequences of human photographs. movement. This movement has aesthetic Three-dimensional arts - is defined as art and symbolic value, and is acknowledged with all the dimensions of height, width, and as dance by performers and observers depth. 3D artists use various materials within a particular culture. manipulated into objects, characters, and Dance can be categorized and described by scenes to produce these artworks. its choreography, its repertoire of Examples are sculpture, jewellery, furniture, movements, or its historical period or place monuments. of origin. Dance forms include ballet, folk, b. Architecture – religious, residential, indigenous, street, modern, hip-hop, or industrial, commercial. popular. e. Theatre - street, school, ritual, sectoral, photographs shot in sequence to give the travelling, puppet. illusion of movement. Theatre is a collaborative form of art that A film is a sequence of still photographs uses live performers to present something shot in rapid succession on a strip of film. about the human condition or an experience When projected onto a screen, the of a real or imagined event before a live progression of the still images gives an audience in a specific place. illusion of movement. The performers may communicate this Older video recorded both image and sound experience to the audience through on magnetic videotape, which was combinations of gesture, acting, speech, displayed on television monitors. song, music, and dance. It may take the h. Broadcast and televisual – radio, form of street or protest theater, school television, video-8, videoke, MTV, YouTube plays, ritual performance, sarsuwela, puppetry, or stand-up comedy. Broadcast art is the distribution of audio and/or video content or other messages to a f. Photography - art, glamour, commercial, dispersed audience via any electronic mass itinerant, instamatic, Instagram, Flickr. communications medium such as television, Photography is the technique of capturing radio, and the internet. optical images on light-sensitive surfaces. A video camera converts a moving image Photography is about framing a scene, into electronic signals. The signals are then composition and lighting, and recording that transmitted to a monitor, which decodes moment with the use of a camera. them and reconstitutes the image for Photography can be classified into fine arts display. photography, photojournalism, and i. Digital arts and computer-mediated commercial photography. Fine art works – pixilated designs, virtual reality, photography imbues photos with an artistic animation, game art statement and selective vision of reality. Digital art is a comprehensive term for any Photojournalism provides a documentary pieces of art created using a computer or visual account of specific subjects and digital technology. To be more precise, the events, literally re-presenting objective art work must be generated in digital form, reality rather than the subjective intent of which can be described electronically as a the photographer. combination of ones and zeros. Commercial photography is focused on The root of digital art can be traced to creating idealized images of products and mathematics and computer science and is services for the purpose of advertising, placed under the larger category of new including food and fashion photography. media art. g. Cinema/Film – mainstream, short film in j. Installation – site specific works feature, experimental, documentary, indie Installation is an art piece usually of mixed Cinema is aesthetic communication through media (mixing of art materials and forms in the design of time and three-dimensional creating an artwork) that is organized for space into two-dimensional images with and placed in a specific space for a sound. Film and video are essentially temporary period. Installation art is designed to transform the perception of a space as it occupies an Banga - Banga literally means pots. The entire room or outdoor space in which the Banga or pot dance is a performance of spectator should walk through to engage Kalinga of the Mountain Province of the fully with the work of art to create a unified Philippines. This dance shows the elegant experience in the given environment. grace of Igorot tribe and the skill and strength of women. LESSON 4 SPANISH COLONIAL TRADITION - The Spaniards came who tend to replace ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES indigenous arts with western arts. Development of the Philippine Arts CHARACTERISTICS / FEATURES The development of the Philippine arts Art forms were primarily influenced by comes in three major traditions. These are religion and secularization. In this time, the Ethnic Tradition, Spanish Colonial Spaniards used arts to propagate the Tradition, American Colonial and Catholic faith. Contemporary Arts Traditions. St. Paul Metropolitan Cathedral - It is ETHNIC TRADITION - Even before the located in Burgos, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. colonization, the Philippines already has its The original structure was built in 1574 and indigenous arts. In this era, art forms were replaced as a church in 1641. The cathedral primarily influenced by the area where our follows a Baroque architectural design. ancestors prosper. “Langit, lupa at Impyerno”- This wall CHARACTERISTICS / FEATURES painting by Josef Luciano Dans will be Art forms are primarily influenced by the found in St. James the Apostle Church in geographical location and the experiences Paete, Laguna. This painting was dated of the Filipinos (Luzviminda & Sayseng, 1850 and depicts the heaven, crucifixion of 2016). In this time, the purpose of arts is Christ; earth, Adan and Eve; and hell, integral to life. Arts reflected the pagan sinners with different transgressions. beliefs and practices, everyday activity such AMERICAN COLONIAL & as fishing and farming, and specific CONTEMPORARY ART TRADITION - decorative art pattern to the community. During American rule, development of Angono-Binagonan Petroglyphs - It is Philippine art forms was mainly influenced situated in Binangonan, Rizal. It was by education and governance. discovered by the National Artist, Carlos Subsequently, concept of modern art was “Botong” Francisco, in 1965. There are 127 introduced and practiced by many artists. It human and animal figures engraved on the is in this time wherein urbanization, rock wall and dated back to circa late consumerism, changes in the political Neolithic. system, and rise of new technology influence the development of art. Due to the Manunggul Jar - Manunggul jar is found in technological advances, new forms of Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan in expression came in the field of arts and the early 1960s. Manunggul jar is a burial modern art continuously developed which jar which signifies the belief of early Filipino led to the contemporary arts nowadays in life after death. (Luzviminda & Sayseng, 2016).  knowledge to describe these art forms based on its details and elements, in CHARACTERISTICS / FEATURES relation to our country’s culture and Modern Art. It refers to the practice of art tradition, that makes it an artistic piece. from 1860s to 1960s. The main theme of art In the field of arts, knowing the elements works in this time is national identity. and principles of arts is important, not just The Making of the Philippines Flag - This to the artist but also to the viewer, to have a painting was made by Fernando deeper understanding of an artwork. Amorsolo, “Grand Old Man of Philippine Elements of Arts Art” and born in Manila. It shows a reminder of the traditions and customs of the Filipino. SPACE - In visual arts, space as a basic art element refers to the distance between the “Bayanihan” - Carlos “Botong” Francisco area around and within shapes, forms, was born in Angono, Rizal. This painting by colors, and lines. Space can be positive or him was dated in 1962. This mural painting negative. It includes the background, of Carlos “Botong” Francisco shows the foreground, and middle ground. Filipino’s bayanihan tradition. This also shows the distinctive style of Francisco’s Positive space is the actual objects or painting that showcased his mastery in arts. shapes within an artwork, and negative space is the space around and between CHARACTERISTICS / FEATURES those objects. Contemporary Arts. It refers to the practice LINE - In visual arts, a line is a series of of art from 1970s to the present. connected points. It may come in two Contemporary arts mirror contemporary characteristics: form – curved, dotted, or culture and society. Diverse and emerging broken lines; and direction – vertical, art practices were being introduced in this horizontal, or diagonal lines. era. Different types of lines may convey different Cinco Marias (Tres Marias Series) - meanings. For example, a horizontal line Federico Aguilas Alcuaz was born in usually suggests calmness, vertical lines Santa Cruz, Manila. Cinco Marias (Tres may convey strength, diagonal lines create Marias Series) depicts the variety of an impression of action, zigzag convey a domestic activities (Guillermo, 2007). sense of tension or pain, curved lines Art Installation in Sand Dunes of Paoay - create an expression of gradual change of Leeroy New is one of the Philippines direction, and circular line may pertain an contemporary artists. He is born in General abrupt change of direction. Santos City. This art installation of Leeroy SHAPE AND FORM New was made for the La Milagrosa Festival in Ilocos Norte. According to Leeroy Shape is an area that is enclosed by a line New, the art installation symbolizes the or lines. Shapes are two dimensional figures great festivals, feasts and celebrations with height and width. (Lape𝑛a, 2012). There are different kinds of shapes and These art forms from various regions or these are geometric shapes (triangle, from various artists contributed to the squares, rectangle, etc.), organic shapes picture of Philippine’s identity as a country. (shapes found in nature, e.g. shape of a leaf And as a Filipino, it’s important that we have or cloud), abstract shapes (asymmetrical and free flowing shapes). Meanwhile, forms and/or colours in a work of art. This means are three dimensional figures. Its adding multiple, different elements to break dimensions are height, width, and the monotony of an artwork and make it volume. Unlike shapes, it has more depth. more interesting. COLOR - In visual arts, color is associated MOVEMENT - A principle of design used to with the natural phenomenon in our create the look and feeling of action and to environment. An element of art made up of guide the viewer’s eye throughout the work three properties: hue, value, and intensity. of art. In arts, movement is the illusion of Scientifically, when a light passes through a motion in a painting, sculpture design, or in prism, it will produce different hues of a piece of art. Lines, edges, shapes, and different wavelengths. colours can be utilized by the artist to point the way through an artwork as a map for our Hue: name of color (primary, secondary, eyes to follow. tertiary colors) RHYTHM - A principle of design that Intensity: quality of brightness and purity indicates movement, created by the careful (high intensity - color is strong and bright; placement of repeated elements in a work low intensity - color is faint and dull) of art to cause a visual tempo or beat. It Value: hue’s lightness and darkness (a suggests movement or action. It is usually color’s value changes when white or black achieved through repetition of lines, shapes, is added) colours, and more. It produces a pattern in artworks and provides a path for the TEXTURE - In visual arts, it is an element viewer’s eye to follow. of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched. It BALANCE - It refers to the even and equal appeals to our sense of feel on things such distribution of elements. A way of combining as, rough, smooth, bumpy, or slippery. It elements to add a feeling of equilibrium or pertains to the surface of an art piece. stability to a work of art. Major types are Surface is the outside part symmetrical and asymmetrical. or uppermost layer of something. Symmetrical balance (or Symmetry) Principles of Arts means that the work of art is the same on one side as the other, a mirror image of PROPORTION - A principle of design that itself, on both sides of a centre line. refers to the relationship of certain elements to the whole and to each other. It refers to Asymmetrical balance (or the relativity of size within the composition. Asymmetry) means that the two halves of the work of art are different, however, try to HARMONY - In visual arts, harmony is the create balance. In other words, although the unity of the artwork, specifically about the sides may not be exactly the same, there arrangement of the related elements. A way will be elements that interact in a way that of combining similar elements in an artwork makes each side equally important. to accent their similarities (achieved through use of repetitions and subtle gradual EMPHASIS - It refers to the area of an changes) artwork that dominates attention or draws interest. It is often the place a viewer looks VARIETY - A principle of design concerned first. Artists create emphasis by contrasting with diversity or contrast. Variety is the elements of art, such as colour or achieved by using different shapes, sizes, shape. A way of combining elements to stress the differences between those beyond the application of mechanical elements. technique. Creativity and imagination must be taken into account. Creativity, the generation of new ideas, LESSON 5 insights, and previously unimagined images ART: MEANING and artifacts, is usually thought of as central to the making of art. Fundamental Components of Art Imagination, is a faculty that allows us to Contemporary art-making is a creative and generate mental pictures, ideas, and transformative process. The source of all art sensations that do not exist in the world and is human imagination or creative thinking. in some cases cannot exist. This process begins with an idea or concept, which is given physical form Language is a medium by which cultural through the imaginative use of materials or meanings are formed and communicated. It media. is the primary means by which we form knowledge about ourselves and the social Creativity is the ability to bring forth world through the interpretation of something new that has value. Mere novelty meanings. Art as a language is about is not enough; the new thing must have meaning-making beyond textual and verbal some relevance, or unlock some new way means. The language of art interprets reality of thinking. and does not simply reflect it like a mirror. Art is akin to a language or a text which can Language is the content or the mass of be read by anyone, establishing a dialogue ideas communicated through: between the artist and the viewer. The image it creates. Contemporary art or any artwork is made up of three fundamental components and their The icons and their symbols corresponding processes of analysis. meanings FORM - Form allows the work to be The environment where it used, perceived by the senses and its ideas to be displayed, performed communicated through the arrangement of The traditions beliefs, and values of elements as a whole. the culture that produced it and FORM IS MADE UP OF: utilizes it Formal elements such as line, shape, Writings and intellectual’s ideas that color, texture, mass, volume, and space, help explain the work among others. The language of art is analysed Overall composition (which is the through interpretation. arrangement of those formal elements) Interpretation is concerned with the search refers to its size, proportion, and so on. for meaning. To interpret is to establish Materials and technique from which the meaningful connection between what we artwork is made. see and what we feel in a particular work of art. For every artwork there is a concept of To appreciate the form of art, one should multiple interpretations. look into the transformation of raw materials Political Economy is concerned with power 2. Art Criticism and the distribution of economic resources Involves learning other criteria for judgment in the context of art production. It explores beyond our personal likes and dislikes. It the questions of who owns and controls the means describing, analyzing, interpreting, institutions of economy, society, and culture. and evaluating works of art for the purpose It interrogates how corporate institutions of understanding and appreciating art. and government apparatuses control creative industries and how they shape Through art criticism, one is engaged in a ideology or belief systems central to politics. process of comparing and contrasting works considering the social and cultural contexts Political economy is concerned with in which the works were produced and production in relation to the following: circulated. Capital and labor Art criticism is informed talk or writing about Institutions of control art. It is a four-step process that seeks to address the following questions: Art as propaganda and persuasive medium A. What do you see? (Description) In analyzing the political economy of art, During this step, you will collect information ideology is unearthed and revealed from about the subject of the artwork. (List all the the surface of the form. The ideological information from the credit line, What is the nature of art questions how images serve subject of this work? Describe the sensory the interest of some, but not all, individuals properties (line, color, shape, texture etc.) in society. This point of view tries to B. How is the work organized? (Analysis) establish a link between art and political processes of domination. This step deals with the work’s compositional qualities. Note the art Disciplines of Art elements used as well as the art principles The four foundational art disciplines are art that organize them. (How are the elements production, art criticism, art history, and of art arranged in this work? Describe the aesthetics. formal properties (i.e., balance, emphasis, movement, rhythm, etc.) 1. Art Production C. What message does this artwork It is the process of responding to communicate? (Interpretation) observations, concepts, emotions, and other experiences that we encounter in the world This step deals with the content of the work. and interpreting these responses by Assumptions and guesses are made about creating artworks that employ human skill, the possible meaning of the work. (What is intuition, and imagination to raw materials or the meaning of the work? What mood (i.e., medium with the appropriate tools and playful, sad, joyful, mysterious, peaceful, techniques of execution. terrifying), idea (i.e., truth, pride, honor, courage, wisdom, authority, compassion), Art production is the presentation of ideas dynamic state (i.e., calmness, excitement, and feelings by creating expressive images power, conflict, suspense, tension, through the application of tools and mastery relaxation) does it express? Describe the of techniques to a material. symbols used in the work in relation to the cultural and historical contexts. D. Is this a successful work of art? h. Connoisseurship – How does the (Judgement) intensive study of the work reveal or help resolve the problems of authorship, In this step, one expresses the success or ownership or physical conditions? failure of the artwork and establishes its value in society. Judging a work of art 4. Aesthetics means making a decision about its success Refers to the nature, beauty and value of or lack of success. (Do you think this is a work of art. People naturally engage in successful work of art? Why or why not? aesthetic inquiry when they consider the What is the value or relevance of the meaning and value of piece of art. artwork in contemporary society? Aesthetic inquiry deals with questions such 3. Art History as: The primary purpose of art history is to What is art? establish the timeline and sustain the systematic sequence of events in the Are all people creative? development of cultures and traditions of art. Does every piece of art deserve praise? Historical inquiry into a work of art may take a wide range of forms: Can something be art in one culture and not art in another? a. Attribution – Where, when, why, and by whom was the work made? The three aesthetic theories of art criticism are Imitationalism, Formalism, and b. Authenticity – What scholarly Emotionalism. These theories may be verification is made to document and affirm used in combination and, at best, all three the attribution of the work? may be employed to discover as much as possible about the piece of art being c. Iconography – What are the meanings evaluated. of the objects, symbols, and motifs in the work? Imitationalism and Literal Qualities d. Provenance – What is the history of the This establishes that art imitates life. There ownership of the work? Who were the is a one to one correspondence between art previous owners? What were the and the subject it seeks to represent. circumstances behind the transfer of People with this point of view feel that an ownership across generations? artwork should imitate life – that it should look life-like-before it can be considered e. Function – What was the original successful. This aesthetic theory, called function of the work? Why was it created? Imitationalism, focuses on realistic f. Style – What are the remarkable representation. Example: Works of characteristics or qualities that identify the Fernando Amorsolo’s portraiture – depict work? How is the work related to a body of human faces and their identity by brush work in particular period? stroke. g. Psychology – What personal factors Formalism and Formal Qualities help relate the artist to his or her time and Other critics think that composition is the the work to a particular social or cultural most important factor in a work of art. This condition? aesthetic theory, called Formalism, places (i) public – national, regional, emphasis on the formal qualities and the metropolitan; commercial; arrangement of the elements of art using (ii) temporary – public or private; the principles of art. How do the elements heritage houses, heritage sites, and come together to create the balance? How culture parks. do certain elements and motifs emphasize the relative importance of a subject in a 2. Collateral activities painting? Facilitation of production and exhibition Emotionalism and Expressive Qualities – arts boards, arts councils, charitable funding bodies; art schools and other This theory focuses on the content of the educational institutions; auction houses; art work of art. Some critics claim that no object societies and civic organizations; art can be considered art if it fails to arouse an managers, art agencies and promotional emotional reaction from the viewer. The agents (including consultants, advertising expressive qualities are most important to and public relations agencies) art services them. Their theory called Emotionalism, (insurance, accounting and legal advice; requires that a work of art must arouse the conservation, manufacturers, transportation; feelings, mood or emotion of the viewer. photographers, printers; packers and What feelings are aroused by the work? Do shippers); you find the art disturbing? Why does a certain musical piece make you sad? Dissemination of art and art discourse – competition; fairs, biennales and festivals; The Art World commercial and academic publishers; art The artworld is composed of all the people libraries, art magazines; specialist art involved in the production, commission, journals (general and academic); internet; presentation, promotion, chronicling, film and television production. criticism, sale, or consumption of art. The contemporary art world is a socio- economic network, a structure that overlaps with the social economic professional worlds involved in the marketing, distribution, and consumption of art in the public sphere. The art world as an organizational structure can be defined in terms of the core activities of art production and exhibition, and the collateral activities of facilitating production or exhibition and aiding the dissemination of art and art discourse. 1. Core activities: Production of art – artists and their PREPARED BY: studios, collectives and workshops, associations, clubs, and societies; and JEFFERSON D. NARRA, LPT Exhibition of art galleries SUBJECT TEACHER, CPAR