COWORLD 1st Sem 2nd Year PDF

COWORLD - 1ST SEM -2ND YEAR Thursday, 15 August 2024 9:08 am Introduction Interaction and connection results to GLOBALIZATION The Globalization of Religion Ec...

COWORLD - 1ST SEM -2ND YEAR Thursday, 15 August 2024 9:08 am Introduction Interaction and connection results to GLOBALIZATION The Globalization of Religion Economic Globalization Global Cities - Increasing interdependence of world economies - popularized by Saskia Sassen in the 1990 Globalization Globalization of Religion - Because of the growing scale of cross-border trade - has shaped the concepts and methods that other theorist have - It is the growing interdependence of the world's economy - Today, most religions are not relegated to the countries where they began. used to analyze role of cities - it is generally defined as the increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging - Religions, have in fact, spread and scattered on a global scale. Protectionism - also known as alpha cities or world center economic, political and cultural activities. - Globalization provided and fertile milieu to spread and thrive. - A policy of systematic government intervention in foreign trade - focuses on the economy - Shalmali Guttal (2007) define "as the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, - Globalization has allowed religion or faith to gain considerable significance with the objective of encouraging domestic productions - active influence and participation in international global affairs and governments worldwide." and importance as non-territorial touchstone of identity. - a major international airport that serves as an established hub - Ohmae (1992) stated that "globalization means onset of the borderless world" - inclusive - It has been always promoted by practitioners so that it could reach the level Trade Barriers Protectionism for several international airlines - Robert Cox "the characteristics of globalization trend include internationalizing of production, the new of globality. 1. High Custom duty - tax levied by a government on imports and exports - an advance transportation system that includes several free way international division of labor, new migratory movements from South North…." - exclusive and narrow 2. Limit import products - limits the number of product imported from other countries and a large mass transit network - Ritzer (2015) "globalization is a transplanetary process of a set of process involving increasingly liquidity Turner(2007) 3. Ban import products -forbid product on import goods - several international cultures and communities and growing multidirectional flows of people, places and information……" - Globalization transforms the generic "religion" into a world-system of competing - international financial institution, law firms, corporate headquarters, and conflicting religions. Trade liberalization and stock exchange Economic Globalization - This process of institutional specialization has transformed local, diverse and - Or free trade - and advance communication infrastructure on which modern - refers to the expanding interdependence of world economics fragmented cultural practices into recognizable systems of religion. - Means goods and services move around the world more easily tans-national corporations rely - Is the growing scale of cross-border trade commodities and services - Globalization has therefore had the paradoxical effect of making religions more - Is the removal of reduction or restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods - NY, London, Tokyo self-conscious of themselves as being "world religions". between nations Political Globalization - Such conflicts among world religions exhibit a solid proof confirming the erosion Mega cities - covers national policies that brings countries together politically , economically and culturally and the failure of hybridization. Fair Trade - focuses on how big the population of the city - Concern for the social, economic and environmental well-being of marginalize Cultural Globalization Scholte(2005) producers Global Stratification - focuses in large part on technological and societal factors that are causing cultures to converge - In this respect maintained, "At the same time as being pursued through global channels, - aims for more moral and equitable global economic system that is concerned with - the uneven distribution of wealth, power, prestige assertions of religious identity have, nationalists, strivings, often also been partly protection of workers and producers, establishments and etc.. - explains the reasons why some parts of the world develop faster Cultural Relativism defensive reaction to globalization" economically compared to other countries - this is to understand diverse culture and uniqueness of the ones culture without prejudice and biases - it had been difficult for religions to cope with values that accompany globalization Institution of Globalization like liberalism, consumerism, and rationalism. Such phenomena advocate scientism Modernization Theory Metaphors of Globalization and secularism. Post-world war II - IMF - WB - GATT - frames global stratification as a function of technical and cultural - describes as the process of globalization and how these phenomena can be best articulated. In general, - it pushed Scholte to speak of the anti-rationalist faiths,. 1. International Monetary Fund differences between nations It is described in two opposing poles - the solid and liquid, and how it flows. - accelerated globalization of recent times has enabled co-religionist across the planet to - provides short term loans - the advancement of technology/change have greater direct contact with one another. - is defined as set of general rules, legal norms, instruments and institution - argues that if you invest capital in a better technologies, they will Solidity shaping payment conditions in foreign trade. eventually raise production that there will be more wealth to go - it refers to the barriers that may prevent free movement and it can be natural or manmade. Ex - Origins and History of Globalization 2. World Bank around and over-all being will go up borders in different state - founded by Bretton Woods - rich countries can help growing countries Hardwired - eradicate poverty ; to give proper education; healthcare et - rich countries are the solution for growing Liquidity - Chanda(2007), it is because of our basic human needs to make lives better that made 3. General agreements of Tariffs and Trade - it refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the global globalization possible. - world trade organization 5 stages of modernization age. - One can trace the beginning of globalization from ancestors in Africa, who walked out - is to ensure that trade flows smoothly, predictably and free as possible, with 1. traditional state - this stage is characterized by a subsistent, - Is a phenomena that change quickly and their aspects spatial and temporal, are in continuous from the said continent in the late Ice Age. a level playing field for all of its members agricultural based economy, with intensive labor and low levels fluctuations. Space and time are crucial elements of globalization Ex- info, transport, business. - This long journey finally led them to all-known continents today, roughly after 50,000 of trading, and population that does not have scientific perspective years ago. Sustainable Development 2. preconditions to take-off - the society begins to develop manufacturing, Flow - Commerce, religion, politics and warfare are the "urgers" of people toward a better life - defined as development of our world today using the earth's resources and the and a more national/international, as opposed to regional outlook - refers to the free movement of people, things, ideas and culture across the globe due to the advances - These connected to the four aspects of globalization which is trade, missionary work, preservation of such resources for the future 3. take-off - this stage as a short period of intensive growth, in which of technology, economic, and political integration, and establishment of global policies that lessens and adventures and conquest - aims to maintain the economic advancements and maintaining its resources industrialization begins to occur, and workers and institutions eliminates the existing borders. Ex food, currency, technology. become concentrated around a new industry Cycle Global Food Security 4. drive to maturity - this stage takes place over a long period of time, Globalization Theories - For some Globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus finding its origin will be a - means delivering food to the entire world population as the standards of living rise, use of technology increases, and daunting task. the national economy grows and diversifies Homogeneity - Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have Environmental Degradation 5. age of high mass consumption - this is where economy flourishes - increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, political orientations of societies appeared. - is the disintegration of the earth deterioration of the environment through in a capitalist system, characterized by production and consumerism expand to create common practices, some economies, and similar form of government. - There is also the notion to suspect that this point of globalization will soon disappear and the consumption of assets reappear. - ex. air, water, and soil Dependency theory McDonaldization - was a product of colonial experiences - It is the process by which Western societies are dominated by the principles of fast food restaurants, Epoch Efficiency - dependency is a condition in which the development of the nation - It involves the global spread of rational systems such as efficiency, calculability, predictability and - Ritzer(2015) cited Therborn(2000) great epochs of globalization. - means finding the quickest possible way of producing large amounts of a states of the South contributed to a decline in their independence control - These are also called "waves" and each has Its own origin. particular product and to an increase in economic development of the countries in the - Following is the sequential occurrence of the epoch - this process made buying goods easier to the people north Heterogeneity 1. Globalization of religion (4th-7th centuries) - Cardoso and Felato (1979) believe that Latin American economies were - Increasing sameness in the world as cultural hybridization the merge of globalization and localization - 2. European colonial conquest (late 15th century) Neoliberals the result of capitalist expansion in US and Europe this happened when people from various areas moves from different area with different cultures, or 3. Intra-European wars (late 18th to early 19th centuries) - focuses on the economic issues - the richer country is the problem for poverty also known as mixing of cultures 4. Hayday of European Imperialism (mid-19th century to 1918) 5. Post-World War II Period Environmentalists Modern World System Glocalization 6. Post-Cold War Period - focuses on the environmental issues - was proposed by American sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein - Coined by Ronald Robertson(1992) - he describes that high-income nations as the "core" of the - It is explained that as global forces interact with local factors or a specific geographical area the glocal Events Kyoto Protocol world economy is being produced. - specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of - aimed at a reduction of global carbon emissions, but failed to take off - this core is the manufacturing base of the planet recourses funnel globalization. largely because it was not ratified by the United States into become the technology and wealth enjoyed by Western Dynamics of global and local culture - several points can be texted as the start of globalization. world today - Gibbon(1998), argued that Roman Conquest centuries before Christ where its origin. 17 Sustainable Development Goals - periphery - poor countries , that lacks strong central government Cultural Differentialism - Rosenthal(2007), gave premium to the voyages of discovery - Christopher Columbus - the world economic forum addressed the issue through new vision for agriculture and controlled by other states - emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially affected by global discovery of America in 1492, Vasco De Gama in Cap of Good Hope on 1498 and - aims to transform the world for the better - semi-periphery - countries that lies in 2 extremes, serves as buffers flows Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe in 1522. Recent years could be also either exploiting or exploited - The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the potential for "catastrophic collision" regarded as the beginnings of globalization with reference to specific technological Multiplier Effect - core - powerful wealthy and highly independent advances in transportation and communication. - means an increase in one economic activity can lead to an increase in Cultural Hybridization other economic activities - approach emphasis in the integration of local and global culture Broader, More Recent Changes - it helps people to lessen the extreme poverty - Globalization is considered to be a creative process which gives rise to hybrid entities - These broad changes happened in the last 20th century - Scholars today point to these 3 notable changes Outsourcing of jobs Cultural Convergence 1. The emergence of the United States as the global power (post-World War II) - opponents of economic globalization - Stresses homogeneity introduce by globalization 2. The emergence of multi-national corporations (MNCs) - increasing similarities between cultures, which is not limited to beliefs, consumer, brands and media. 3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War 2 Types of Economic inequality Deterritorialization Global Demography 1. Wealth Inequality - Which means that it is much difficult to tie culture to a specific geographic point of origin - speaks about the distribution of assets. Demographic transition - to measure global economic inequality, economists look at income using GDP Scapes - is a singular historical period during which mortality and fertility rates declines from - measured by ownership - Arjun Appadurai (1996) high to low levels in a particular country or region 2. Income Inequality - Where global flows involve people, technology, finance, political image, and media and the disjuncture - the broad outlines of the transition are similar in countries around the world, but the - measured by earnings between them, which led to the creation of cultural hybrids. place and timing of the transaction have varied considerably. - refers to the extent to which income distributed in an uneven manner among - the transition started in mid or late 1700 in Europe. During that time, death rates population Ethnoscapes and fertility rates began to decline. - Refers to the shifting of landscape of people across culture and borders such as tourist, immigrants - High to low fertility happened 200 years in France and 100 years in United States. Lorenz Curve refugees, exiles and guest workers. - In other parts of the world transition began later. - to measure the income and wealth on once economy Technoscapes Global Migration Global North - Are the transmission of cultures through the flow of technology. New types of cultural interactions and - Bauman(1998) Migration is one key factors of globalization. The nuances of the movements of - developed countries exchanges are brought about technology particularly the internet. people around the world can be seen through the categories of migrants - "'vagabonds" and - industrialized "tourists" - good quality of life Financescapes - Vagabonds are on the move "because they have to be", they are not faring well on their - Refers to the global movement of money, including currency, trade and commodity. home countries and are forced to move in hope that circumstances will improve. Global South - Vagabonds are refugees forced to flee their home countries due to safety concerns - unstable government Mediascapes - Tourist on the other hand are on the move because they want to be and because they - poverty - Refers to the electronic capabilities of production and dissemination of information through media. can afford it. - less advancements - Asylum seekers are refugees who seek to remain in the country to which they flee - low GDP Ideoscapes - Kritz(2008) Labor migration, those who migrate to find work - low quality of life - Are the global flows of ideologies - Labor migration is driven by push factors as well as pull factors, it mainly involves the - Ideoscapes have a close relationship with mediascapes as they usually work upon the reliance of the the flow of less-skilled and unskilled workers, as well as illegal immigrants who live on Brandt line other scape. the margins of host society - splits the developing, developed countries - push factors such as political persecution, economic depression, war and famine in the home country - pull factors such as favorable immigration policy, labor shortage, and similarity of language and culture - Diaspora has been increasingly used to describe migrants communities - Virtual Diasporas which utilizes technology to maintain the community network REVIEWER-1S-2Y Page 1