Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships PDF

Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships Chapter 6 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.  Learning Objective 1 Explain how changes in activity affect contribution margin and net operating...

Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships Chapter 6 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.  Learning Objective 1 Explain how changes in activity affect contribution margin and net operating income. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 2  Basics of Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis The contribution income statement is helpful to managers in judging the impact on profits of changes in selling price, cost, or volume. The emphasis is on cost behavior. Racing Bicycle Company Contribution Income Statement For the Month of June Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 Less: Variable expenses 150,000 Contribution margin 100,000 Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 Contribution Margin (CM) is the amount remaining from sales revenue after variable expenses have been deducted. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 3  Basics of Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Racing Bicycle Company Contribution Income Statement For the Month of June Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 Less: Variable expenses 150,000 Contribution margin 100,000 Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 CM is used first to cover fixed expenses. Any remaining CM contributes to net operating income. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 4  The Contribution Approach Sales, variable expenses, and contribution margin can also be expressed on a per unit basis. If Racing sells an additional bicycle, $200 additional CM will be generated to cover fixed expenses and profit. Racing Bicycle Company Contribution Income Statement For the Month of June Total Per Unit Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 $ 500 Less: Variable expenses 150,000 300 Contribution margin 100,000 $ 200 Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 5  The Contribution Approach Each month, RBC must generate at least $80,000 in total contribution margin to break-even (which is the level of sales at which profit is zero). Racing Bicycle Company Contribution Income Statement For the Month of June Total Per Unit Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 $ 500 Less: Variable expenses 150,000 300 Contribution margin 100,000 $ 200 Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 6  The Contribution Approach If RBC sells 400 units in a month, it will be operating at the break-even point. Racing Bicycle Company Contribution Income Statement For the Month of June Total Per Unit Sales (400 bicycles) $ 200,000 $ 500 Less: Variable expenses 120,000 300 Contribution margin 80,000 $ 200 Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ - McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 7  The Contribution Approach If RBC sells one more bike (401 bikes), net operating income will increase by $200. Racing Bicycle Company Contribution Income Statement For the Month of June Total Per Unit Sales (401 bicycles) $ 200,500 $ 500 Less: Variable expenses 120,300 300 Contribution margin 80,200 $ 200 Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ 200 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 8  The Contribution Approach We do not need to prepare an income statement to estimate profits at a particular sales volume. Simply multiply the number of units sold above break-even by the contribution margin per unit. If Racing sells 430 bikes, its net operating income will be $6,000. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 9  CVP Relationships in Equation Form The contribution format income statement can be expressed in the following equation: Profit = (Sales – Variable expenses) – Fixed expenses Racing Bicycle Company Contribution Income Statement For the Month of June Total Per Unit Sales (401 bicycles) $ 200,500 $ 500 Less: Variable expenses 120,300 300 Contribution margin 80,200 $ 200 Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ 200 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 10  CVP Relationships in Equation Form This equation can be used to show the profit RBC earns if it sells 401. Notice, the answer of $200 mirrors our earlier solution. Profit = (Sales – Variable expenses) – Fixed expenses 401 units × $500 $80,000 401 units × $300 $200 = ($200,500 – $120,300) Profit – $80,000 Variable expenses) – Fixed Fixed expenses McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 11  CVP Relationships in Equation Form When a company has only one product we can further refine this equation as shown on this slide. Profit = (Sales – Variable expenses) – Fixed expenses Quantity sold (Q) Quantity sold (Q) × Selling price per unit (P) × Variable expenses per unit (V) = Sales (Q × P) = Variable expenses (Q × V) Profit = (P × Q – V × Q) – Fixed expenses McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 12  CVP Relationships in Equation Form This equation can also be used to show the $200 profit RBC earns if it sells 401 bikes. Profit = (Sales – Variable expenses) – Fixed expenses Profit = (P × Q – V × Q) – Fixed expenses $200 = ($500 × 401 – $300 × 401) – $80,000 Profit McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 13  CVP Relationships in Equation Form It is often useful to express the simple profit equation in terms of the unit contribution margin (Unit CM) as follows: Unit CM = Selling price per unit – Variable expenses per unit Unit CM = P – V Profit = (P × Q – V × Q) – Fixed expenses Profit = (P – V) × Q – Fixed expenses Profit = Unit CM × Q – Fixed expenses McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 14  CVP Relationships in Equation Form Profit = (P × Q – V × Q) – Fixed expenses Profit = (P – V) × Q – Fixed expenses Profit = Unit CM × Q – Fixed expenses Profit = ($500 – $300) × 401 – $80,000 Profit = $200 × 401 – $80,000 This equation Profit = $80,200 – $80,000 can also be Profit = $200 used to compute RBC’s $200 profit if it sells 401 bikes. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 15  Learning Objective 2 Prepare and interpret a cost-volume-profit (CVP) graph and a profit graph. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 16  CVP Relationships in Graphic Form The relationships among revenue, cost, profit and volume can be expressed graphically by preparing a CVP graph. Racing Bicycle developed contribution margin income statements at 0, 200, 400, and 600 units sold. We will use this information to prepare the CVP graph. Units Sold 0 200 400 600 Sales $ - $ 100,000 $ 200,000 $ 300,000 Total variable expenses - 60,000 120,000 180,000 Contribution margin - 40,000 80,000 120,000 Fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 Net operating income (loss) $ (80,000) $ (40,000) $ - $ 40,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 17  Preparing the CVP Graph $350,000 $300,000 $250,000 $200,000 $150,000 $100,000 In a CVP graph, unit volume is usually $50,000 represented on the horizontal (X) axis and dollars on the vertical (Y) axis. $0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Units McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 18  Preparing the CVP Graph $350,000  Draw a line parallel to the volume axis $300,000 to represent total fixed expenses. $250,000 $200,000 Fixed expenses $150,000 $100,000 $50,000 $0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Units McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 19  Preparing the CVP Graph $350,000  Choose some sales volume, say 400 units, and plot the point representing total expenses $300,000 (fixed and variable). Draw a line through the data point back to where the fixed expenses line intersects the dollar axis. $250,000 $200,000 Total expenses Fixed expenses $150,000 $100,000 $50,000 $0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Units McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 20  Preparing the CVP Graph $350,000  Choose some sales volume, say 400 units, and plot the point representing total sales. $300,000 Draw a line through the data point back to the point of origin. $250,000 $200,000 Sales Total expenses $150,000 Fixed expenses $100,000 $50,000 $0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Units McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 21  Preparing the CVP Graph $350,000 Break-even point (400 units or $200,000 in sales) Profit Area $300,000 $250,000 $200,000 Sales Total expenses $150,000 Fixed expenses $100,000 $50,000 $0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Loss Area Units McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 22  Preparing the CVP Graph Profit = Unit CM × Q – Fixed Costs $ 60,000 $ 40,000 $ 20,000 Profit $0 -$20,000 An even simpler form of -$40,000 the CVP graph is called the profit graph. -$60,000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Number of bicycles sold McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 23  Preparing the CVP Graph $ 60,000 Break-even point, where profit is zero , is 400 $ 40,000 units sold. $ 20,000 Profit $0 -$20,000 -$40,000 -$60,000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Number of bicycles sold McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 24  Learning Objective 3 Use the contribution margin ratio (CM ratio) to compute changes in contribution margin and net operating income resulting from changes in sales volume. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 25  Contribution Margin Ratio (CM Ratio) The CM ratio is calculated by dividing the total contribution margin by total sales. Racing Bicycle Company Contribution Income Statement For the Month of June Total Per Unit CM Ratio Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 $ 500 100% Less: Variable expenses 150,000 300 60% Contribution margin 100,000 $ 200 40% Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 $100,000 ÷ $250,000 = 40% McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 26  Contribution Margin Ratio (CM Ratio) The contribution margin ratio at Racing Bicycle is: CM per unit $200 CM Ratio = = = 40% SP per unit $500 The CM ratio can also be calculated by dividing the contribution margin per unit by the selling price per unit. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 27  Contribution Margin Ratio (CM Ratio) If Racing Bicycle increases sales by $50,000, contribution margin will increase by $20,000 ($50,000 × 40%). Here is the proof: 400 Units 500 Units Sales $ 200,000 $ 250,000 Less: variable expenses 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 80,000 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 Net operating income $ - $ 20,000 A $50,000 increase in sales revenue results in a $20,000 increase in CM. ($50,000 × 40% = $20,000) McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 28  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the CM Ratio for Coffee Klatch? a. 1.319 b. 0.758 c. 0.242 d. 4.139 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 29  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the CM Ratio for Coffee Klatch? a. 1.319 Unit contribution margin CM Ratio = b. 0.758 Unit selling price c. 0.242 ($1.49-$0.36) = d. 4.139 $1.49 $1.13 = = 0.758 $1.49 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 30  Contribution Margin Ratio (CM Ratio) The relationship between profit and the CM ratio can be expressed using the following equation: Profit = CM ratio × Sales – Fixed expenses If Racing Bicycle increased its sales volume to 500 bikes, what would management expect profit or net operating income to be? Profit = 40% × $250,000 – $80,000 Profit = $100,000 – $80,000 Profit = $20,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 31  Learning Objective 4 Show the effects on contribution margin of changes in variable costs, fixed costs, selling price, and volume. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 32  The Variable Expense Ratio The variable expense ratio is the ratio of variable expenses to sales. It can be computed by dividing the total variable expenses by the total sales, or in a single product analysis, it can be computed by dividing the variable expenses per unit by the unit selling price. Racing Bicycle Company Contribution Income Statement For the Month of June Total Per Unit CM Ratio Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 $ 500 100% Less: Variable expenses 150,000 300 60% Contribution margin 100,000 $ 200 40% Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 33  Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales Volume What is the profit impact if Racing Bicycle can increase unit sales from 500 to 540 by increasing the monthly advertising budget by $10,000? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 34  Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales Volume $80,000 + $10,000 advertising = $90,000 500 units 540 units Sales $ 250,000 $ 270,000 Less: Variable expenses 150,000 162,000 Contribution margin 100,000 108,000 Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 90,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 $ 18,000 Sales increased by $20,000, but net operating income decreased by $2,000. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 35  Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales Volume A shortcut solution using incremental analysis Increase in CM (40 units X $200) $ 8,000 Increase in advertising expenses 10,000 Decrease in net operating income $ (2,000) McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 36  Change in Variable Costs and Sales Volume What is the profit impact if Racing Bicycle can use higher quality raw materials, thus increasing variable costs per unit by $10, to generate an increase in unit sales from 500 to 580? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 37  Change in Variable Costs and Sales Volume 580 units × $310 variable cost/unit = $179,800 500 units 580 units Sales $ 250,000 $ 290,000 Less: Variable expenses 150,000 179,800 Contribution margin 100,000 110,200 Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 $ 30,200 Sales increase by $40,000, and net operating income increases by $10,200. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 38  Change in Fixed Cost, Sales Price and Volume What is the profit impact if RBC: (1) cuts its selling price $20 per unit, (2) increases its advertising budget by $15,000 per month, and (3) increases sales from 500 to 650 units per month? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 39  Change in Fixed Cost, Sales Price and Volume 650 units × $480 = $312,000 500 units 650 units Sales $ 250,000 $ 312,000 Less: Variable expenses 150,000 195,000 Contribution margin 100,000 117,000 Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 95,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 $ 22,000 Sales increase by $62,000, fixed costs increase by $15,000, and net operating income increases by $2,000. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 40  Change in Variable Cost, Fixed Cost and Sales Volume What is the profit impact if RBC: (1) pays a $15 sales commission per bike sold instead of paying salespersons flat salaries that currently total $6,000 per month, and (2) increases unit sales from 500 to 575 bikes? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 41  Change in Variable Cost, Fixed Cost and Sales Volume 575 units × $315 = $181,125 500 units 575 units Sales $ 250,000 $ 287,500 Less: Variable expenses 150,000 181,125 Contribution margin 100,000 106,375 Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 74,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 $ 32,375 Sales increase by $37,500, fixed expenses decrease by $6,000. Net operating income increases by $12,375. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 42  Change in Regular Sales Price If RBC has an opportunity to sell 150 bikes to a wholesaler without disturbing sales to other customers or fixed expenses, what price would it quote to the wholesaler if it wants to increase monthly profits by $3,000? McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 43  Change in Regular Sales Price $ 3,000 ÷ 150 bikes = $ 20 per bike Variable cost per bike = 300 per bike Selling price required = $ 320 per bike 150 bikes × $320 per bike = $ 48,000 Total variable costs = 45,000 Increase in net operating income = $ 3,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 44  Learning Objective 5 Determine the level of sales needed to attain a target profit. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 45  Target Profit Analysis We can compute the number of units that must be sold to attain a target profit using either: 1. Equation method 2. Formula method. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 46  Equation Method Profit = Unit CM × Q – Fixed expenses Our goal is to solve for the unknown “Q” which represents the quantity of units that must be sold to attain the target profit. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 47  Target Profit Analysis Suppose Racing Bicycle management wants to know how many bikes must be sold to earn a target profit of $100,000. Profit = Unit CM × Q – Fixed expenses $100,000 = $200 × Q – $80,000 $200 × Q = $100,000 – $80,000 Q = ($100,000 + $80,000) ÷ $200 Q = 900 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 48  The Formula Method The formula uses the following equation. Unit sales to attain Target profit + Fixed expenses = the target profit CM per unit McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 49  Target Profit Analysis in Terms of Unit Sales Suppose Racing Bicycle Company wants to know how many bikes must be sold to earn a profit of $100,000. Unit sales to attain Target profit + Fixed expenses = the target profit CM per unit $100,000 + $80,000 Unit sales = $200 Unit sales = 900 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 50  Target Profit Analysis We can also compute the target profit in terms of sales dollars using either the equation method or the formula method. Equation OR Formula Method Method McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 51  Equation Method Profit = CM ratio × Sales – Fixed expenses Our goal is to solve for the unknown “Sales” which represents the dollar amount of sales that must be sold to attain the target profit. Suppose RBC management wants to know the sales volume that must be generated to earn a target profit of $100,000. $100,000 = 40% × Sales – $80,000 40% × Sales = $100,000 + $80,000 Sales = ($100,000 + $80,000) ÷ 40% Sales = $450,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 52  Formula Method We can calculate the dollar sales needed to attain a target profit (net operating profit) of $100,000 at Racing Bicycle. Dollar sales to attain Target profit + Fixed expenses = the target profit CM ratio $100,000 + $80,000 Dollar sales = 40% Dollar sales = $450,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 53  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. Use the formula method to determine how many cups of coffee would have to be sold to attain target profits of $2,500 per month. a. 3,363 cups b. 2,212 cups c. 1,150 cups d. 4,200 cups McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 54  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The Unit salesfixed expense per month is $1,300. average Target profit + Fixed expenses to attain Use the formula method= to determineUnithowCM many cups of target coffee would profit have to be sold to attain target profits of $2,500 per month. $2,500 + $1,300 = $1.49 - $0.36 a. 3,363 cups b. 2,212 cups $3,800 = c. 1,150 cups $1.13 d. 4,200 cups = 3,363 cups McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 55  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. Use the formula method to determine the sales dollars that must be generated to attain target profits of $2,500 per month. a. $2,550 b. $5,011 c. $8,458 d. $10,555 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 56  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. Use the formula method Sales $ to determine the sales dollars Target profit + Fixed expenses that must be to generated attain = to attain target profits of $2,500 CM ratio per month. target profit a. $2,550 $2,500 + $1,300 = b. $5,011 ($1.49 – 0.36) ÷ $1.49 c. $8,458 $3,800 = d. $10,555 0.758 = $5,011 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 57  Learning Objective 6 Determine the break-even point. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 58  Break-even Analysis The equation and formula methods can be used to determine the unit sales and dollar sales needed to achieve a target profit of zero. Let’s use the RBC information to complete the break-even analysis. Racing Bicycle Company Contribution Income Statement For the Month of June Total Per Unit CM Ratio Sales (500 bicycles) $ 250,000 $ 500 100% Less: Variable expenses 150,000 300 60% Contribution margin 100,000 $ 200 40% Less: Fixed expenses 80,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 59  Break-even in Unit Sales: Equation Method Profits = Unit CM × Q – Fixed expenses Suppose RBC wants to know how many bikes must be sold to break-even (earn a target profit of $0). $0 = $200 × Q + $80,000 Profits are zero at the break-even point. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 60  Break-even in Unit Sales: Equation Method Profits = Unit CM × Q – Fixed expenses $0 = $200 × Q + $80,000 $200 × Q = $80,000 Q = 400 bikes McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 61  Break-even in Unit Sales: Formula Method Let’s apply the formula method to solve for the break-even point. Unit sales to Fixed expenses = break even CM per unit $80,000 Unit sales = $200 Unit sales = 400 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 62  Break-even in Dollar Sales: Equation Method Suppose Racing Bicycle wants to compute the sales dollars required to break-even (earn a target profit of $0). Let’s use the equation method to solve this problem. Profit = CM ratio × Sales – Fixed expenses Solve for the unknown “Sales.” McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 63  Break-even in Dollar Sales: Equation Method Profit = CM ratio × Sales – Fixed expenses $ 0 = 40% × Sales – $80,000 40% × Sales = $80,000 Sales = $80,000 ÷ 40% Sales = $200,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 64  Break-even in Dollar Sales: Formula Method Now, let’s use the formula method to calculate the dollar sales at the break-even point. Dollar sales to Fixed expenses = break even CM ratio $80,000 Dollar sales = 40% Dollar sales = $200,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 65  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the break-even sales dollars? a. $1,300 b. $1,715 c. $1,788 d. $3,129 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 66  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the break-even sales dollars? a. $1,300 Break-even Fixed expenses b. $1,715 = sales CM Ratio c. $1,788 $1,300 = 0.758 d. $3,129 = $1,715 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 67  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the break-even sales in units? a. 872 cups b. 3,611 cups c. 1,200 cups d. 1,150 cups McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 68  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each Fixedonexpenses month average. Break-even = What is the break-even sales in units? CM per Unit a. 872 cups $1,300 = $1.49/cup - $0.36/cup b. 3,611 cups c. 1,200 cups $1,300 = $1.13/cup d. 1,150 cups = 1,150 cups McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 69  Learning Objective 7 Compute the margin of safety and explain its significance. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 70  The Margin of Safety in Dollars The margin of safety in dollars is the excess of budgeted (or actual) sales over the break-even volume of sales. Margin of safety in dollars = Total sales - Break-even sales Let’s look at Racing Bicycle Company and determine the margin of safety. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 71  The Margin of Safety in Dollars If we assume that RBC has actual sales of $250,000, given that we have already determined the break-even sales to be $200,000, the margin of safety is $50,000 as shown. Break-even sales Actual sales 400 units 500 units Sales $ 200,000 $ 250,000 Less: variable expenses 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 80,000 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 Net operating income $ - $ 20,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 72  The Margin of Safety Percentage RBC’s margin of safety can be expressed as 20% of sales. ($50,000 ÷ $250,000) Break-even sales Actual sales 400 units 500 units Sales $ 200,000 $ 250,000 Less: variable expenses 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 80,000 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 Net operating income $ - $ 20,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 73  The Margin of Safety The margin of safety can be expressed in terms of the number of units sold. The margin of safety at RBC is $50,000, and each bike sells for $500; hence, RBC’s margin of safety is 100 bikes. Margin of $50,000 = = 100 bikes Safety in units $500 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 74  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the margin of safety expressed in cups? a. 3,250 cups b. 950 cups c. 1,150 cups d. 2,100 cups McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 75  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the margin of safety expressed in cups? a. 3,250 cups b. 950 cups c. 1,150 cups Margin of safety = Total sales – Break-even sales d. 2,100 cups = 2,100 cups – 1,150 cups = 950 cups McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 76  Cost Structure and Profit Stability Cost structure refers to the relative proportion of fixed and variable costs in an organization. Managers often have some latitude in determining their organization’s cost structure. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 77  Cost Structure and Profit Stability There are advantages and disadvantages to high fixed cost (or low variable cost) and low fixed cost (or high variable cost) structures. An advantage of a high fixed cost structure is that income A disadvantage of a high fixed will be higher in good years cost structure is that income compared to companies will be lower in bad years with lower proportion of compared to companies fixed costs. with lower proportion of fixed costs. Companies with low fixed cost structures enjoy greater stability in income across good and bad years. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 78  Learning Objective 8 Compute the degree of operating leverage at a particular level of sales and explain how it can be used to predict changes in net operating income. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 79  Operating Leverage Operating leverage is a measure of how sensitive net operating income is to percentage changes in sales. It is a measure, at any given level of sales, of how a percentage change in sales volume will affect profits. Degree of Contribution margin operating leverage = Net operating income McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 80  Operating Leverage To illustrate, let’s revisit the contribution margin income statement for RBC. Actual sales 500 Bikes Sales $ 250,000 Less: variable expenses 150,000 Contribution margin 100,000 Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net income $ 20,000 Degree of Operating $100,000 = $20,000 = 5 Leverage McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 81  Operating Leverage With an operating leverage of 5, if RBC increases its sales by 10%, net operating income would increase by 50%. Percent increase in sales 10% Degree of operating leverage × 5 Percent increase in profits 50% Here’s the verification! McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 82  Operating Leverage Actual sales Increased (500) sales (550) Sales $ 250,000 $ 275,000 Less variable expenses 150,000 165,000 Contribution margin 100,000 110,000 Less fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 Net operating income $ 20,000 $ 30,000 10% increase in sales from $250,000 to $275,000...... results in a 50% increase in income from $20,000 to $30,000. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 83  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a downtown office building. The average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49 and the average variable expense per cup is $0.36. The average fixed expense per month is $1,300. 2,100 cups are sold each month on average. What is the operating leverage? a. 2.21 b. 0.45 c. 0.34 d. 2.92 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 84  Quick Check ✓ Coffee Klatch is an espresso stand in a Actual sales 2,100 cups downtown office building. The average selling Sales $ 3,129 price of a cup of coffeeLess: is $1.49 and the average756 Variable expenses variable expense per cup is $0.36. Contribution The average2,373 margin fixed expense per month isFixed Less: $1,300. 2,100 cups1,300 expenses are sold each month on Netaverage. operating What incomeis the $ 1,073 operating leverage? a. 2.21 b. 0.45 Operating Contribution margin c. 0.34 leverage = Net operating income d. 2.92 $2,373 = $1,073 = 2.21 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 85  Quick Check ✓ At Coffee Klatch the average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49, the average variable expense per cup is $0.36, the average fixed expense per month is $1,300 and an average of 2,100 cups are sold each month. If sales increase by 20%, by how much should net operating income increase? a. 30.0% b. 20.0% c. 22.1% d. 44.2% McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 86  Quick Check ✓ At Coffee Klatch the average selling price of a cup of coffee is $1.49, the average variable expense per cup is $0.36, the average fixed expense per month is $1,300 and an average of 2,100 cups are sold each month. If sales increase by 20%, by how much should net operating income increase? a. 30.0% Percent increase in sales 20.0% b. 20.0% × Degree of operating leverage 2.21 c. 22.1% Percent increase in profit 44.20% d. 44.2% McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 87  Verify Increase in Profit Actual Increased sales sales 2,100 cups 2,520 cups Sales $ 3,129 $ 3,755 Less: Variable expenses 756 907 Contribution margin 2,373 2,848 Less: Fixed expenses 1,300 1,300 Net operating income $ 1,073 $ 1,548 % change in sales 20.0% % change in net operating income 44.2% McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 88  Structuring Sales Commissions Companies generally compensate salespeople by paying them either a commission based on sales or a salary plus a sales commission. Commissions based on sales dollars can lead to lower profits in a company. Let’s look at an example. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 89  Structuring Sales Commissions Pipeline Unlimited produces two types of surfboards, the XR7 and the Turbo. The XR7 sells for $100 and generates a contribution margin per unit of $25. The Turbo sells for $150 and earns a contribution margin per unit of $18. The sales force at Pipeline Unlimited is compensated based on sales commissions. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 90  Structuring Sales Commissions If you were on the sales force at Pipeline, you would push hard to sell the Turbo even though the XR7 earns a higher contribution margin per unit. To eliminate this type of conflict, commissions can be based on contribution margin rather than on selling price alone. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 91  Learning Objective 9 Compute the break-even point for a multiproduct company and explain the effects of shifts in the sales mix on contribution margin and the break-even point. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 92  The Concept of Sales Mix  Sales mix is the relative proportion in which a company’s products are sold.  Different products have different selling prices, cost structures, and contribution margins.  When a company sells more than one product, break-even analysis becomes more complex as the following example illustrates. Let’s assume Racing Bicycle Company sells bikes and carts and that the sales mix between the two products remains the same. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 93  Multi-Product Break-Even Analysis Bikes comprise 45% of RBC’s total sales revenue and the carts comprise the remaining 55%. RBC provides the following information: Bicycle Carts Total Sales $ 250,000 100% $ 300,000 100% $ 550,000 100.0% Variable expenses 150,000 60% 135,000 45% 285,000 51.8% Contribution margin 100,000 40.0% 165,000 55% 265,000 48.2% Fixed expenses 170,000 Net operating income $ 95,000 Sales mix $ 250,000 45% $ 300,000 55% $ 550,000 100% $265,000 = 48.2% (rounded) $550,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 94  Multi-Product Break-Even Analysis Dollar sales to Fixed expenses = break even CM ratio Dollar sales to $170,000 = $352,697 = break even 48.2% Bicycle Carts Total Sales $ 158,714 100% $ 193,983 100% $ 352,697 100.0% Variable expenses 95,228 60% 87,293 45% 182,521 51.8% Contribution margin 63,485 40% 106,691 55% 170,176 48.2% Fixed expenses 170,000 Net operating income Rounding error $ 176 Sales mix $ 158,714 45% $ 193,983 55% $ 352,697 100.0% McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 95  Key Assumptions of CVP Analysis  Selling price is constant.  Costs are linear and can be accurately divided into variable (constant per unit) and fixed (constant in total) elements.  In multiproduct companies, the sales mix is constant.  In manufacturing companies, inventories do not change (units produced = units sold). McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 96  End of Chapter 6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 97