Copy of TFN SEM1 NOTES.pdf

treat everyone with utmost dignity, viewing your qualities of a person - the characteristics, patient as a person attributes, or personality traits that make up and reflect who you are Excellence -...

treat everyone with utmost dignity, viewing your qualities of a person - the characteristics, patient as a person attributes, or personality traits that make up and reflect who you are Excellence - continuously commit to achieve a higher level of quality performance Justice Leadership - guiding and influencing others towards quality of being correct, righteous, fair and a common vision or goal, it is the art of motivating a impartial group of people to act toward achieving w common honesty is important and is close to justice, objective it is not absolute loyalty Innovation - introducing new ideas; original and tolerance, also called as acceptance, ability creative in thinking, research to understand the patient and to provide the patient the nursing care they deserve no Compassion - a feeling of sympathy or pity for matter what their situation. others, especially one that makes you want to help, we are sensitive for the needs of others Prudence Spirituality - involves the recognition of a feeling or the basis for the exercise of sound judgment sense of belief that there is something greater than in practical matters myself, something more to being human than thinking first before doing any actions, don’t sensory experience and the greater whole of which be impulsive we are port is cosmic or divine in nature. every decision must have a rationale deal with all the problems of your patients -------------------------------------------------------------------- reliability is closely related to trust St. Elizabeth of Hungary (Patroness of Nurses) Fortitude Feast Day: Nov17 courage; the control of responses made to born in 1207, the daughter of Alexander difficulties and dangers II/king of Hungary. to motivate yourself, to rise above the age of 4, she was sent of education to the situation court of the landgraves of Thuringia courage is what moves us (Germany), to whose infant son she was resourcefulness betrothed. As she grew in age, her piety we are autonomous also increased by leaps and bound. Piety: prayerful, pure, compassionate Temperance in 1221, she married Ludwig IV of Thuringia and even with her position at court, she still rational control of life’s essential functions lead a austerely simple life, practiced and basic emotional drives penance, and devoted herself to works of putting the patients first charity. moderation Her husband was inclined to religion himself and encouraged her in her exemplary life. Thomasian Nurse Values She built a hospital at Wartburg, where she herself served the sick, bathing them, RELICS feeding them, dressing their wounds and Respect - due regard for the feelings ulcers. She was concerned with the plight of lepers and orphans.  had three children, tragedy struck and 1252, Thomas went to Paris for the Master's Ludwig was killed while fighting with the Degree, he obtained his Doctor of Theology crusaders. at the University of Paris After Ludwig's death, Elizabeth moved to Although Thomas lived less than 50 years, Marburg, made arrangements for the care he composed more than 60 works. Most of her children important is Summa Theologica in 1228, she renounced the world, 1274, the pope directed him to attend the becoming a tertiary of St. Francis. Council of Lyons and he undertook the died at the young age of 24 on Nov17 1231, journey, although he was far from well. four years later her canonization happened OTW he stopped at the castle of a niece and there became seriously ill. he wished to St. Thomas Aquinas (Patron of Catholic end his days in a monastery and not being Universities, Colleges and School) Feast Day: able to reach a house of the Dominicans, he Jan28 was carried to the Cistercian Fossanova. Died on March 7 1274, canonized by Pope was an Italian Catholic Philosopher and John XXII on July 18 1323 theologian in the scholastic tradition. He is considered by the Catholic church to be the St. Martin de Porres (Patron of Public Health) greatest theologian Feast Day: Nov3 known as Doctor Angelicus and Doctor Universalis. He is one of the 33 doctors of born at Lima Peru, in 1579. His father was a the churhc Spanish gentleman and his mother a He defended the catholic faith colored freed-woman from panama. He is born on 1225 at his father's castle near an illegitimate son home. His father was Landulf, Count of at 15, he became a lay brother at the Aquinas, and his mother was Countess Dominican Friary at Lima and spent his Theodora, of Noble Norman Descent. whole life there - as a barber, farm laborer, In his 5th year, he was sent for his almoner and infirmaries among other things education to the monastery Martin had a great desire to go off to some 1243, he was determined to enter the foreign mission and thus earn the palm of Dominican order. But on the way to Rome, martyrdom. He devote himself to ceaseless he was seized by his brothers and brought and severe penances. back to his parents at the castle of San He has shown love equally to humans and Giovanni. animals, including vermin. He was held captive for nearly 2 years. With He possessed spiritual wisdom and helped pleas, threats and even sensual temptation, solved his sister's marriage problems his family tried to make him give up his He died on Nov3 1639 and was canonized vocation. on May 6 1962 With the intervention of Pope Innocent IV, the family yielded. Thomas immediately -------------------------------------------------------------------- pronounced his vows. The order sent Thomas to Cologne to study under Albertus Concepts of Theory Magnus, the most renowned professor of Concept - An idea, thought or notion conceived in the order. In the school, Thomas' humility the mind and silence were misinterpreted as signs of dullness. He was called a dumb ox. > may also be called phenomenon or a group of His association with Albertus Magnus was phenomena the most important influence in his comprehensive scholar. > may be empirical or abstract Phenomenon - An aspect of reality that can be -------------------------------------------------------------------- consciously sensed or experienced Paradigm - A pattern of shared understandings > an idea about an event, a situation, a process, a and assumptions about reality and the world. group of events or a group of situations - Meleis, > also known as conceptual framework Afaf Ibrahim Metaparadigm - Most abstract level of knowledge > The subject matter of a disipline > Global concepts specific to a discipline > Global propositions that define and relate the Theory Evolution of Man concepts > nursing metaparadigm is related to nursing care, Darwin's theory of evolution, also known as health care, illnesses, it is universal to everyone natural selection, proposes that species studying nursing evolve over time through a process of gradual change. This change is driven by Nursing Metaparadigm the survival and reproduction of individuals Person with traits that are better suited for the Environment environment. Health Theory - A supposition or system of ideas that is Nursing proposed to explain a given phenomenon. Global nursing concepts that organize nursing knowledge in a systematic structure. > used to describe, predict and control phenomena Person - the recipient of nursing care (an Freud's theory of the unconscious individual, family, community or all mankind) > we refer to as patient or client Einstein's theory of relativity Environment - the internal and external Nursing Theory - useful in describing, explaining surroundings that affect the person or predicting a phenomenon that is focused on nursing care Health - the degree of wellness or well-being that the person experiences > Cause and effect of the phenomenon > A tool in nursing practice Nursing - the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of, or Examples of phenomena and relationships in in conjunction with the person. nursing theories Examples of Nursing propositions in the Nursing A nurse’s patient is a bio-psychosocial and cultural being. Process of being a patient is paradigm a phenomena Health - Person - Environment Communication is a tool for recognizing the Person-Environment interactions are the patient’s needs and identifying appropriate focus of nursing care nursing actions. Health and illness behavior is product of Nursing care includes the patient’s self care person-environment interactions needs only if the patient or the significant The focus of intervention is the patient’s other is not capable of providing self care environment Environment is a composite of energy fields -------------------------------------------------------------------- > Knowledge development for Nursing Philosophy The problem of Nursing as a practice discipline - concerned with the values and beliefs held Nursing involves processes of dynamic by a discipline and its members interactions - A framework for asking on values, Nurses in practice know more than they can assumptions, concepts, propositions, and communicate to others actions in a discipline - Meleis Historically what nurses know has not been - “Health is a fundamental right of every communicated well human” Empirical knowledge only partially reflects - “The family is the essential unit in a nursing knowledge democratic society” This can be improved when all forms of - “Public health nursing s based on the worth knowing are integrated and valued and dignity of man” Why develop patterns of knowing? The use of philosophy in Nursing The aim of Carper’s theory was to: Significant to the development of nursing - Formally express nursing knowledge theories - Provide a professional and discipline Enables the nurse practitioner and identity researcher to select theories that are - Convey to others what nursing contributes philosophically the same with their own to the healthcare perspective on nursing - Peterson and - Create expert and effective nursing practice bredow Knowing and Knowledge Science > Knowing refers to the way of perceiving and A unified body of knowledge about a understanding self and the world phenomenon that is supported by > Knowledge refers to knowing that is expressed in agreed-on evidence a form that can be shared and communicated to Includes disciplinary questions others Provides answers to questions that pertain to the subject matter Patterns of Knowing Different designs and methodological 1. Empirics: The science of nursing approaches - Based on the assumption - Empirical knowing: Expressed in practice as Knowledge scientific competence An understanding acquired through learning - Competence action grounded in or investigation of what is known about a scientific knowledge including discipline’s subject matter theories and formal description Knowledge may be based on a fact or it - Involves conscious problem solving may be theoretical and logical reasoning - Knowledge is systematically organized into general laws and theories - Source of this knowledge: Research and Theory 2. Personal Knowing: acceptance of self that -------------------------------------------------------------------- is in self knowledge and confidence - Concerned with becoming self aware Four Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing (by Barbara Carper, 1978)  > Self awareness that grows over time Guides and directs how nurses conduct though interactions with others their practice - Used when nurses engage in the Reasoning on what is right and wrong therapeutic use of self in practice Requires: > Scientific competence, moral/ethical ○ Experiential knowledge of social practice, insight and experience of personal values knowing ○ Ethical reasoning - Personal reflection > Informed by the response of others Ethical code of Nursing - Openness to experience 1. Autonomy - Personal Knowing: - patient’s right to self determination and - Needs to be integrated or reconciled with decision making responsibilities 2. Beneficence - Personal knowing is the basis of the - acting for the good and welfare of others, therapeutic use of self in the nurse patient guided by compassion relationship 3. Justice - an element of fairness in all medical and 3. Aesthetic Knowing: art of nursing nursing decisions and care - Expressed through: 4. Non-maleficence - Actions bearing, conduct, attitude, - to do no harm narrative and interactions - Knowing what to do without Sources of Ethical Knowing conscious deliberation Nursing;s ethical codes and professional - Involves: standards - Deep appreciation of the meaning of An understanding of different philosophical a situation positions - Moves beyond the surface of a ○ Consequentialism (Result) situation ○ Deontology (Laws or principles) - Often shared without conscious ○ Duty exchange of words ○ Social Justice - Transformative arts/acts - Brings together all the elements of -------------------------------------------------------------------- nursing care situation to create a meaningful whole Purposes of Nursing Theory - Perceive the nature of a clinical situation - Explains why the theory was formulated and interpreting his information - Specifies the context and situations in which - To respond with skilled action it should be applied - It uses the nurses intuition and empathy - Is based on the skill of the nurse in a given Nursing theory contributes to the Nursing situation knowledge Nursing knowledge contributes to the education, research and practice of nursing Ethics: the component of moral knowledge in In education: nursing  - when nursing theory is being applied in Components of theory terms of human understanding, it enhances Concepts - A theory consists of interrelated the way we think concepts. - High levels of thinking, writing, speaking ○ Ex: Self Care, Nursing Care, Health ○ Theory: Self Care Deficit Theory of In clinical practice: Nursing - Facilitation of reflecting, questioning and Definitions - the general meaning of the thinking about what nurses do concepts in a manner that fits the theory. - Especially for practice theories ○ Ex: Self Care Deficit - Definition of self care: In research: - the practices of activities that - validates and modifies the theory a mature person initiates and - Theory stimulates the nurse scientist to performs within time. explore and find answers to problems in the Proposition field of nursing through research - statements that describe relationship of - Research improves patient care concepts or connect concepts that are factual or describe the real world Why did nursing theory started? - determines the nature of the concept, 1. Women were neither educated nor definitions, purpose, relationships and employed structure of the theory 2. Nightingale came in - established a school ○ Ex: Nursing is concerned with the of nursing principles and laws that govern the 3. Guide for the establishment of nursing life-process, well-being, and optimal schools in the US functioning of human being, sick or 4. Curriculums were standardized well 5. Research Era: Assumptions Increase of nurses seeking higher - statements that are taken to be true without education proof. Emergence of nursing theories - they are beliefs about the phenomenon that 6. Nursing as a science: Nursing became a one must accept as true to accept a theory profession - may be argued philosophically ○ Ex: human beings require Reasons for theory continuous, deliberate inputs to Theoretical knowledge increases the nurses themselves and their environments professional capacity and abilities to remain alive and function in Nurses will understand what they are doing accordance with natural Develops skills in critical thinking and endowments. analysis Clarify values and assumptions Phenomenon - an aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced > Students are able to choose theories or ○ Ex: a person responding to his: conceptual models they will use in their practice - environment > serves as their framework for nursing practice, - the environment affecting education and research man’s health - the nurse in action --------------------------------------------------------------------