Social Science 6 Reviewer PDF

PAHAM: The Pahiram Initiative Social Science 6 Reviewer By: Magtibay, R., Maramo, J., & Ofreneo, A. Checked by: Disclaimer: These reviewers are made by the Student Alliance officers 2023-2024 and the members of the SEEK Organization. Users of this material are advised...

PAHAM: The Pahiram Initiative Social Science 6 Reviewer By: Magtibay, R., Maramo, J., & Ofreneo, A. Checked by: Disclaimer: These reviewers are made by the Student Alliance officers 2023-2024 and the members of the SEEK Organization. Users of this material are advised to cross-check the data in this reviewer, refer to a wide range of study resources, and not depend solely on this reviewer. Any form of plagiarism or tampering is punishable. Table of Contents Civil Engagement and Leadership Week 4: Becoming A Member of Society Week 5: The Self and Theories of Socialization Week 6: The Social Self and Theories of Socialization Week 7: Conformity and Deviance Explanation of Central Diagram 1 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes Individual, Society, and Culture Framework Week 4: Becoming A Member of Society What is the role of society to the individual? Society shapes the individual Shapes individuals through the process of enculturation and socialization Society instills mores, taboos, norms, morals, and values into a person’s psyche, thus playing a large role in the development of the individual. What is the role of the individual in society? The individual has the capacity to participate in social life An individual participates in social life through the processes of conformity and deviance Individuals are necessary to maintain the existence of a culture and/or society, thus having the power to maintain these cultures/societies through conformity or change them through deviance. Note: Further reflect on these questions as the answers are not limited to those written above Enculturation and Socialization Interchangeable terms with each other The process by which an individual learns about society and culture A process that occurs from birth to death (womb-tomb experience) A particular outcome of socialization is the creation of individuality (the self) Conformity and Deviance Conformity occurs when members in a group choose the course of action that favors the majority Deviance occurs when an individual violates the established standards in a particular society ○ Acts of deviance are not necessarily “bad” The individual has the agency to either conform or deviate from the set standards of society 2 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes Synthesis: Enculturation, socialization, conformity, and deviance are the social processes that facilitate the integration of the individual into a particular society and culture. Enculturation and socialization help in learning the ways of society and culture. Conformity and deviance refer to the exercise of one’s agency over societal influence. 3 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes Week 5: The Self (Theories of Socialization) The self is both individually and socially constructed: The Self The Social Self An individual’s psychological traits Refers to the ascribed and acquired social statuses Highlights the individuality and rationality of the human person Highlights how the self is an outcome of socialization Freud’s Theory of Personality The Id The Ego The Superego The id operates on the pleasure The ego serves as an The superego operates on the principle (desires) intermediary between the two ideal principle (conscience) other parts and operates on The Id is found in the the reality principle (second The superego is found mostly unconscious mind thought process) in the unconscious mind The ego is found mostly in the conscious mind The mental patterns created based on the interrelationship of these three components make up one’s personality According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the three components. An imbalance among the three may lead to a maladaptive personality Criticisms towards Freud’s Theory The theory fails to be completely scientific as it is not falsifiable, thus making it difficult to validate his propositions 4 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development According to Jean Piaget, the reasoning/operational skills of an individual develop in four stages: Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete operational Formal operational stage stage Coordination of Ability to express Ability to attach Ability to think senses with concepts concepts to theoretically motor responses through relevant Strategy and Sensory curiosity language situations planning about the world Ability to Time, space, and Ability to Object imagine quantity are apply any permanence is Complex understood and concepts to developed abstract thought can be applied any situations is still difficult As we develop our operational skills we become less egocentric Our cognitive functions develop from sensorimotor skills, language, logic, to abstract reasoning skills Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory ○ Limited to the early life stages of an individual ○ This does not apply to gifted children ○ Limited to neutral mental processes 5 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Moral reasoning refers to one’s judgment of right and wrong and the respective thought processes behind it According to Kohlberg, one’s moral reasoning goes through different developmental stages as we age: Pre-conventional morality Conventional morality Post-conventional morality Focused on the concept Focused on external Focused on personal of rewards and ethics ethics punishment Ex: A boy not stealing Ex: A girl not gossiping Inherently motivated by because he knows it is, about other people as self-interest by law, wrong. she knows it is Ex: a toddler eating their inherently wrong vegetables out of fear of punishment Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs According to Maslow, human needs were arranged in the form of a rigid hierarchy with physiological (survival) needs at the bottom, and the more creative and intellectually oriented self-actualization needs at the top The highest need of an individual is self-actualization. Realization of a person’s potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, and peak experiences. Criticisms towards Maslow’s theory ○ It is argued that one can reach self-actualization even without ideal material conditions 6 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes Week 6: The Social Self (Theories of Socialization) The theories to be discussed explore “the self” as constructed by society. They look into social processes that facilitate the identity formation of the individual. Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Individual development is psychosocial Individual must develop ego strength by overcoming psychosocial crises in different life stages en Identity vs Role Confusion ○ Happens during adolescence, 12-19 years old ○ Psychosocial crisis: internalization of social roles ○ freedom to explore roles → strong sense of identity ○ coercion to conform to society’s expectations → role confusion Criticisms towards Erikson’s Psychosocial Development ○ rigid and linear developmental stages ○ simplistic explanation of psychosocial crises Mead’s Social Self Theory ”I” ”Me” one’s self-concept internalized social roles self-construction social construction response to ”Me” Others play a role in the formation of our self-concept ○ significant others play a more influential role than generalized others 7 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes  Criticisms towards Mead’s Social Self Theory ○ overly emphasized the role of others in the formation of self-concept and downplayed the role of the individual in the process Cooley’s Looking-glass Self looking-glass self - perception of an individual on other people’s perceptions of who they are perception determines worldview three aspects ○ imagination of our appearance to other people ○ imagination of the other’s judgment of that appearance ○ how the individual responds individual has agency to evaluate judgements/perceptions that matter the most in their identity formation Criticisms towards Cooley’s Looking-glass Self ○ relies heavily on the assumption that people pay close attention to other people’s perceptions of them → it is argued that this is not necessarily true all the time Goffman’s Dramaturgical Theory social interaction can be likened to a performance individuals are actors/actresses who play a role in everyday social interactions/performances we perform as part of impression management sign vehicles/elements in a social scenario are illustrated below: 8 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes  Criticisms towards Goffman’s Dramaturgical Theory ○ assumes that people consciously present a “front” when they interact with other people ○ what is considered the genuine self was not clearly discussed Week 7: Conformity and Deviance 9 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes  How does an individual participate in social life? ○ The processes of conformity and deviance In tackling the topic of conformity and deviance, it is best to define the difference between Agency and Structure Agency Structure This refers to the capacity of an individual Refers to the coercion of individuals to decide whether to conform or deviate the set standards of society from the standards of society Society controls and labels what is deviant and not. Excessive “deviance” in a society would be detrimental, since it would lead to the disruption of social order; Since a purpose of the structure is to lay down rules and regulations that helps to keep the society in order Excessive “conformity” on the other hand would result in a stagnant society; Deviance is required in a society to instill social change such as the modernization of society. Kelman’s Levels of Conformity Highlights how the individual’s conformity occurs at levels. These levels are known specifically as compliance, identification, and internalization. ○ Compliance is considered the lowest level of conformity while internalization is considered the highest level. Belief and behavioral changes are taken into account when determining levels of conformity; Thus, the theory is connected to the field of psychology (agency) 10 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes  Is there a change in Is there a change in Is the change public behavior? private beliefs? short-term / long-term? COMPLIANCE Yes No Short-termE Usually short-term, IDENTIFICATION Yes Yes while in presence of a group; CONDITIONAL Long-term, semi-permanent INTERNALISATION Yes Yes change; continues without the presence of a group In the Internalization level of conformity, it is semi-permanent due to the fact that there are no permanent beliefs for as long as one socializes. Criticism towards Kelman’s Levels of Conformity ○ The theory explains how conformity occurs but fails to further explain on the motivations behind conformity. Becker’s Labeling Theory Follows the reactivist definition of deviance ○ Reactivist definition: based on social reactions ○ Statistic definition: what deviates from the average expected behavior Emphasizes “stigma” / labels attached to people/behavior with unfavorable characteristics (based on social expectations). Deviance as a relative concept There is no inherent deviant act The theory, due to taking into account society’s negative labels, leans towards the field of sociology (structure). Criticism towards Becker’s Labeling Theory ○ The theory wasn’t able to explain what determines deviance if there are conflicting reactions from society Merton’s Strain Theory 11 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes  Conformity and deviance are determined by following or departing from socio-cultural goals and institutionalized means. ○ Socio-cultural goals: collective goals of the society ○ Institutionalized means: accepted and practiced by society Five ways of adaptation (agency) to structural strains (structure): (1) Conformity, (2)Innovation, (3) Ritualism, (4) Retreatism, and (5) Rebellion. Criticism of Merton’s Strain Theory: ○ Structures can be problematic as deviant acts occur even if they follow cultural goals and institutionalized means 12 of Total| Terms | Details | Names | Questions | Answers | Quotes