Plant Science Exam 2 PDF

[PLANT SCIENCE EXAM 2(100+)] What are some plant uses for water? Seed Germination Transplant Establishment Turgor Pressure in Cells Transportation Movement of Dissolved minerals and carbohydrates Photosynthesis (STTTMP) How do plants conduct water? Acropetal up through xylem, and basipetal...

[PLANT SCIENCE EXAM 2(100+)] What are some plant uses for water? Seed Germination Transplant Establishment Turgor Pressure in Cells Transportation Movement of Dissolved minerals and carbohydrates Photosynthesis (STTTMP) How do plants conduct water? Acropetal up through xylem, and basipetal down through phloem? What is transpiration? The movement of water through plants What are important physics for water? What are two theories of water movement? Cohesion Tension- continuous water flow Pressure Flow- water from the roots What are some important facts about stomates? 1% of leaf area, tiny, underside of the leaf, thicken cell walls on one side, How much water is in the plant? 95% What factors affect transpiration? Temperature, Humidity,wind, light Intensity, and leaf area What are some plants\' responses to loss of water? Wilting, loss of turgor pressure,Roll/Curling up How do plants avoid drought? Dormancy, Modified roots, Xeromorphic features(leaf size, thickness..) Escape through annual leaves What does ET mean? Evapotranspiration: measures evaporation and transpiration How can water loss be managed? Plant selection, shading, anti-transpiration, irrigation Why are healthy roots essential? Aerification, Increase o2, relieved compaction, drainage How do we do good water management? Water deeply and infrequently, water at night or early in the morning when evaporation is low, don\'t over water. What are the effects of over or under watering? What is hydroponics? Hydroponics are for urban farming and being able to grow in local areas. What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydroponics? Advantages: no soil, larger plants,more productivity, easier harvest,fewer pest Disadvantage:cost, no soil buffer, labor, knowledge What are the different types of hydroponics systems? - - - - - - - What is the equation for photosynthesis? co2+h20-light-\>\.....c6 h12 o6 + o2 What is organic Chem? Study of carbon and its bonds What are the two reactions? Light and Dark Reaction What are some ingredients for photosynthesis? Light, Oxygen, and Carbon and water What are the resulting affects light absorption? Orientation of leaves, shading, size of leaves, leaf area, nature of surface. When is CO2 the highest? What is the light reaction? CO2 is the highest in the winter at night time. light reaction- Goes through 3 phases; Photosystem \|\|- Captures light and takes electrons Redox Chain- loses energy Photosystem \|- restores electron energy All of this produces NADPH and ATPs to help with photosynthesis. What is the Dark Reaction? The dark reaction only happens during the day and results in carbohydrates and sugars. What happens when co2 runs out? Photosynthesis becomes harder to start without co2 What is the difference between c3 and c4 plants? C3- House plants and weeds, common plants normally , operate best in cool, wet, and shady conditions, and can\'t survive high temps. C4- mostly tropical plants, Kranz Anatomy, Corn, Sugar, Cane What is the importance of bundle sheath? Keeps ribesco in place. Are carbohydrates only structural? Carbohydrates can be structural and unstructured. When are carbohydrates reserves highest? Carbohydrates reserves are higher when conditions are unsuitable for vegetative growth What is the importance of fertility? Its best to fertilize when growth grows slowly, so like in the fall What different environment factors affect photosynthesis? - - - - - What are some factors we can control? - - - - - What makes c4 plants specials? They don\'t do well in the shade What is respiration vs. photosynthesis? Respiration: Releases energy Photosynthesis: Stores energy What are secondary compounds? Things that plants provide like smell, taste, poison, medical use How are anaerobic respiration helpful? - - - What factors affect respiration? - - - - - - What are some ideal conditions for respiration? - - - What are carbohydrates reserves used for and when are they important? They are used for rapid growth, and are important for growth recovery What are some fall advantages? Lower transpiration rates, fewer pest, good time to see fall colors or flowers What is floriculture? The study of floral production along with the science of how to grow and use these plants. What are 2 things floral production driven by? - - What are flowers? An organ of sexual reproduction in higher plants Angiosperm vs. Gymnosperm? Angiosperm- Flower Gymnosperm- no flowers Why are petals important? Petals are used to protect the insides of the plants...usaully bright and showy. What are sepals? Sepals are the leaves looking things under the flower. What are bracts and how are they different from petals? Bracts are essentially specialized leaves that can be colored What is the difference between complete, incomplete, and perfect flowers? Complete- contains petals, sepals,stamen, and pistil Incomplete- missing one of the 4 Perfect- contain g both male and female parts Imperfect- only one sex What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious flowers? Monoecious- unisex, complete flowers Dioecious- one sex, reliant on each other How do sterile flowers come to be? This happen to be much larger and show plats with no sexual parts What is a stamen? Aids with the help of getting pollen What are the flower types? Compound and simple What are awns? The hair looking things on grass What are glumes? The things that hold seed on grass What are the parts of a legume\'s flowers? Wing, keel, banner What is meiosis? Very similar to mitosis, is responsible for cell division/ What is pollination? Pollination is when through different means, pollen gets into the plant which helps with growth and can lead to fertilization. What are the important parts of pollination? Self pollination, cross pollination What are some things that help pollinating? Wind, insects, birds, bats How can flowers attract pollination? Size, shape, color, smell What are stamens and pistils? Stamens are the male parts of the flower and pistils are the female parts. What are some problems with pollination? Weather, habitat, pesticides, pest What is thermoperiodism? Most plants need a 10 degree change daily What is photoperiod? Long day, short day plants What is vernalization ? Some plants need a time being chilled before planting, without this they wont grow. What happens to plants after fertilization? Ovules produces seeds, zygote divides by mitosis and grows,Antipodals and synergize disintegrates Why might plants not flower? Thermoperiodism, photoperiodism, vernation, pollination, frost What parthenocarpy vs. Apomixis ? Parthenocarpy- fruit without fertilization Apomixis- seed without fertilization What Aggregate vs. Multiple fruits? Aggregate- Derived from a single flower with multiple pistils(ex. Blackberry, strawberry) Multiple- Derived from 7+ flowers in single inflorescences (ex. Figs, pineapple) What are some dry fruits? Grains\ Achene\ Nuts Samaras Legumes Follicles Capsules Siliques Silicle What are fleshy fruits? Drupe, True Berries-Pepos, Hedriums, Pomes What is Indehiscent vs. dehiscent? Indehiscent- not split over Dehiscent- Split over What are the parts of the seed? Pericarp,Germ, Tip Cap, Endosperm, Embryo What are some external seed parts? Seed Coats- protection Hilum- point of attachment to ovary What are the first distinguishable parts? - - What are some ways seeds get dispersed? Water, wind, man, animal,ejection What are invasive seeds like? - - - How long do seeds last? They can last for decades What is the importance of crop rotation? Crop rotation can prevent weed growth. What is the seed production cycle? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What are on seed labels? - - - - - - - - What is the difference between seed mixtures and blends? Seed mixture- combining different species Seed Blends- combine cultivar within a species What is the difference between dormancy, scarification, and quiescence? Dormancy- growth will not resume even if certain conditions are meet Scarification - scar, cracking , and seed coat Quiescence- growth, resume when right condition present themself What is seeding? New establishment, bare ground What is overseeding? Seeding into an existing turf, usually a cool season grass grass into warm season turf. What is interseeding? Seeding into an existing crop What are some seed treatments? Mechanical enhancement, treatments- fungicide or insecticide, Inoculation- nitrogen fixing and bacteria, coating/pelletizing, priming- per germination What are some important things to remember when planting seeds? Timing, seed depth, no deeper than 4 times the seed diameter, good seed/soil contact is essential What are some factors that affect germination? - - - - - What are some ways seeds start to emerge? Epipogenous- below the ground Hypogynous- above the ground What is the difference between selection, domestication, cultigen, and landrace? Selection- the intentional collection of plants with desirable traits Domestication - plants when through the process of selection became accustomed to plant provision and control Cultigen- plants originally selected by humans Landrace- local varieties developed by natural processes What are some ways to store seeds? Store seed in a cool dry place, to protect from rodents. What is the genetic ratio, give an example? Maternal vs. Paternal, this shows cross pollination Example B b --- ---- ---- B BB Bb b bB bb What is genotype vs phenotype? Genotype- The genetic makeup of an organism. Phenotype- the physical characteristics of an organism. What is DNA? Stacks of amino acids with codes What is ploidy? Number of chromosomes. What are alleles? Pairs of genes What is homozygous vs heterozygous? Homozygous- same Heterozygous- Different What are the two important parts of plant breeding? Sexual compatible germplasm vs sexual incompatible germplasm What is hybrid vigor? Mating of two distinctly homozygous individuals resulting in hybrid vigor. What are pros and cons of GMOs? Pro- pest resistance, superior plants Cons- pollen transfer, food allergies, domination of markets by Chem companies What are some advantages and disadvantages of Seed propagation? Advantages: cheapest, most affordable, new hybrids possible, easy to store, ship, less disease, especially viruses Disadvantages:variability, long time to maturity, some seeds need treatments, and a favorable environment. What are some asexual methods of propagation? - - - - - - - - What are some types of cuttings? - - - - - What are some reasons for grafting? Uniformity, Production, Allows growers to sweden to newer and popular varieties, allows growers to pick superior root system,results- grafting plants produce flower and fruits earlier than seeded Grafting Terms: Scion- budsticks or budwood Grafting Union Root Stock- What is budding? A special form of grafting performed in late summer. What is guttation? Sometimes can be confused with morning dew, coming out of the nodes on the leaf margin. **Anatomy** Legume Flowers Wing Banner Keel Flower types Compound and Singular Grain of Pollen  - - - - - - - - Inflorescence Types Spike Umbly Head Racume Panicial Standard Blossom  - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kranz Anatomy (c4 plants) - - - - - - - - Chloroplast Anatomy  - - - - - - - - **Essay Review** 1. Pollen comes in from the anther and gets moved to the stigma. Fertilization comes from pollen grains that grow into a pollen tube and reaches ovaries and connects with the sperm cells on the pollen tube. 2. This process happens in the grana, in a N like formation. There is 3 parts of the cycle being Photosystem\|\|, Redox Chain, Photosystem\|. In Photo\|\|, it captures light and takes electrons, in Redox chain, the electrons power down, and in Photo\| the electrons power back up. That results in NADPH and ATP 3. 4. Photoperiodism- is it a long or short day plant , Vernation- has it been chilled or gone through a cold season before planted , Theroperidsm- most plants need a 10 degree daily change, and Lack of Pollination