U.S. History Midterm Study Guide PDF (2024-2025)

Midterm Assessment Study Guide, U.S. History (2024-2025) Format: 200 points total = 30 Multiple Choice (60 points) + 30 True/False (60 points) + 15 Matching (30 points) + 3 Short Answer/Free Response (30 points) + 1 Essay (20 points) Key Materials: PPTs 1-3 GML Chapters 1-15 All CAP...

Midterm Assessment Study Guide, U.S. History (2024-2025) Format: 200 points total = 30 Multiple Choice (60 points) + 30 True/False (60 points) + 15 Matching (30 points) + 3 Short Answer/Free Response (30 points) + 1 Essay (20 points) Key Materials: PPTs 1-3 GML Chapters 1-15 All CAP readings from Units 1-3 All videos from Units 1-3, including Harriet Key Content: Brief overview of the development of humanity in the universe - Broad historical and scientific overview of human origins, evolution, and migration across continents, beginning with hominids in Africa to the spread of Homo sapiens globally. Original peopling of the Americas--routes and evidence - Migration theories, such as the Bering Land Bridge (15-60 kya) and coastal routes. Evidence includes archaeological finds like Fossils, Houses, and stone Tools of indigenous peoples. Important Mesoamerican and South American Pre-Columbian Civilizations (especially Maya, Aztec, Inca) - Maya (Hieroglyphics): Human sacrifices, Hieroglyphics, decentralized, ball game - Aztec (Mexica): lived in Mexico, a shiny central capital, ball game, called themselves “Mexica”. - Inca (Largest Pre-Columbian Empire): Lived in Peru, capital is machu picchu, largest Pre- Columbian Empire Motivations for Eurasian sea exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries, specifically in England - Highly variable populations, but many commonalities regarding gender, spirituality, and connection to the environment. - Cahokia, Mississippi River Valley was the largest Pre-Columbian Settlement in North America - New Arrivals Order: Vikings, Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Dutch, and British - Mostly wanted God, God, and Glory Columbian Exchange (items exchanged and effects) - Global exchange of animals, plants, and pathogens and ideas that occurred due to travel between world zones. - Old to New World: coffee, rice, oranges, sugar, cinnamon, wheat, rye, cattle, pigs, goats, horses, sheep, smallpox, measles, mumps, typhus, malaria - New to Old World (slaves): potatoes, tomatoes, corn, manioc, squashes, avocado, chilies, cocoa, Tobacco (big one), Syphilis (disease) Protestant Reformation - Started the protestant reformation in England, King Henry VIII (1509), had 6 wives, killed all of them and goal was to divorce - Divorced Catherine of Aragon which was the daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen (isabella of Spain Key European monarchs: Ferdinand and Isabella, Henry VIII, Mary 1, Elizabeth 1 (consider their religious standpoints and roles in colonizing the New World) Spanish/indigenous interactions (“Black Legend,” Pueblo Revolt), vs. French, Dutch, and British  - The Black Legend criticized Spanish brutality toward Native peoples (e.g., forced labor, massacres). - The Pueblo Revolt (1680) , led by the Pope, was a successful uprising against Spanish rule. Roanoke, settlement and demise - Everyone vanished in Roanoke and brought lots of people but ended up leaving - They probably integrated with the Natives - Maybe some conflicts - North Carolina Jamestown, challenges and successes (including interactions with the Powatan) - John Rolfe married Pocahauntes - John Rolfe impacted Tobacco - Struggled with disease, starvation, and conflicts with the Powhatan Confederacy, but succeeded through tobacco cultivation and the establishment of the House of Burgesses. Plymouth, the Mayflower, interactions with the Wampanoag, and the first Thanksgiving - Founded by Pilgrims seeking religious freedom, and had peaceful relations with the Wampanoag, leading to the first Thanksgiving and got along pretty well British colonies, colonial lifeways, hierarchies, and conflicts (Bacon’s Rebellion, slavery) 1. Virginia - Colony 2. Massachusetts - Colony 3. New Hampshire - Colony 4. Maryland - Colony 5. Connecticut - Colony 6. Rhode Island - Colony 7. Delaware - Colony 8. North Carolina - Colony - Imported African 9. South Carolina - Colony - Slaves, firstones (1610) 10. New York - Colony 11. New Jersey - Colony 12. Pennsylvania - Colony - established by the quakers 13. Georgia - Colony Salem Witch Trials - A series of trials and executions in 1692 driven by hysteria, religious fanaticism, and social tensions in Puritan Massachusetts. Seven Years War/French and Indian War--rivals, causes, outcomes, and impacts - Rivals: Britain vs. France (and their respective Native American allies) - Causes: Competition for control of North America Pontiac’s Rebellion - Native American uprising against British rule - Led by Ottawa chief Pontiac - Result: British issued Proclamation of 1763 Colonial discontent (Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Writs of Assistance, Intolerable Acts) - Proclamation of 1763: Prohibited colonial settlement west of Appalachians - Sugar Act (1764): Taxed sugar and other goods - Stamp Act (1765): Required stamps on legal documents and printed materials - Writs of Assistance: General search warrants - Intolerable Acts (1774): Punitive laws against Massachusetts after Boston Tea Party - Continental Congress Boston Massacre  - 5 people died - 1770: British soldiers killed five colonists, including Crispus Attucks - 1773: Colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor - 1774: Colonies united to respond to Intolerable Acts Boston Tea Party - Dressed as native americans because it was to make a statement as how they are identified - Made the British mad Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty - Sons of Liberty: Secret society opposing British taxation - Daughters of Liberty: Women's group supporting boycotts of British goods - Paul Revere - Sam Adams - Patrick Henry - Abigail Adams Revolutionary War--rivals, causes, major battles/turning points, outcomes, and impacts - Rivals: 13 American colonies vs. Great Britain - Causes: Taxation without representation, British attempts to assert control - Germany paid Missionary soldiers and helped Britain Major Battles/Turning Points: 1. Lexington and Concord (1775) 2. Battle of Bunker Hill (1775) 3. Battle of Trenton (1776) 4. Battle of Saratoga (1777) - Turning point, brought French alliance 5. Valley Forge (1777-1778) - Washington's army survived harsh winter 6. Battle of Yorktown (1781) - Final major battle 7. Treaty of Paris (1783) - US gets their Independence and Spain gets Florida War involvement and postwar developments for African Americans and women 1. African Americans: - Fought on both sides (Patriots and Loyalists) - Many gained freedom through service - Northern states began gradual emancipation 2. Women: - Supported war effort (nursing, supplying troops) - Concept of "Republican Motherhood" emerged Shays’ Rebellion - Uprising of farmers in Massachusetts - Highlighted weaknesses of Articles of Confederation - Didn’t want pay the taxes after the war - They tax the soldiers that just fought Federalists vs. Anti-federalists - Federalists: passed the constitution - Anti-Federalists: afraid about it - Hamilton was Federalist - Washington was Federalist - Jefferson and Madison were Anti-Federalists Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans Federalists: - Led by Alexander Hamilton  - Favored strong central government, national bank, tariffs, loose interpretation of Constitution - Britain Democratic-Republicans: - Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison - Favored states' rights, strict interpretation of Constitution - France Whiskey Rebellion - Taxing whiskey - Farmers were making the whiskey - Uprising against whiskey tax - Suppressed by George Washington, demonstrating federal power Louisiana Purchase - Made by Jefferson - Seek to get money - Dealt with major conflicts (1803) - A lot of property was sold to him - Bought from the Napoleon and the French, wanted this land for the farmers - Bought it for 15 million dollars Oregon Trail and Santa Fe Trail - Oregon Trail: it was mostly families struggling to get food and jobs and dying due to diseases like measles. Lots of people will die and even the moms that had babies and gave up everything. - Santa Fe Trail: a key trade route between United States and Mexico in the 19th Century. Not as long as the Oregon Trail and not many deaths. Were mostly Traitors that knew what to do. Motivations for Westward Expansion - Manifest Destiny: the god right to go the out west - Gold Rush: seeking to get lots of gold - Homestead Act: promised 40 acres of land Trail of Tears and Long Walk of the Navajo - Trail of Tears (1830s): Cherokee was mostly the group that was part of that trail. Fourth of the people died. They went during the winter and 18,000 Americans died. Andrew Jackson was the most responsible for that movement. Deadly. - Long Walk of the Navajo (1860s): forest removal of Native Americans, forced to move from Arizona to New Mexico, not as deadly. War of 1812--sides, synopsis, ending, and significance - USA vs. England, started because of British impressment and it supports both sides, Britain had Canada on their side also, Native Americans were on both sides but mostly on the British Side. Lead to the decline of the Federalist Party (Whigs), Democratic Party (Andrew Jackson). Ends with the Treaty of Ghent and shows that no land will be taken nor sold, then the White House got on fire. Texas Revolution and Mexican-American War--sides, synopsis, outcomes - Texas revolution(1835 - 1836): Texians (Americans) vs. Tejanos (Mexicans and Empresarios), Battle of the Alamo where Davy Crockett died, Goliad Massacre, and the Battle of San Jacinto, then Texas declared its Independence, Big loss for the Americans. Nobody wanted to annex Texas until James Polk. - Mexican-American War(1846 - 1848): The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the War which got a huge land exchange, 15 million dollars for everything that the USA  conquered. Gadsden Purchase happened later after the war which bought a small piece of land for 10 million dollars. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo and Gadsden Purchase - Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848): huge land exchange, 15 million dollars for all the territories USA conquered, end of the war. -Gadsden Purchase: 10 million dollars (USA), Polk’s land gains intensity slavery debate, disagreement over war lasting resentment. Market Revolution and impact on different areas of the country, as well as relation to race and gender - New England women in Northern factories, followed by Irish immigrants. Were producing lots of cotton which were in Louisiana, Arkansas, Alabama, and Mississippi California Gold Rush - Lots of chinese and dutch, canada, and from south america, Gold has been just discovered and people around the world go crazy about it because they want it. Slavery--its beginnings and role within the US, as well as slave culture and resistance - Started in the US for the spanish colonies in early 1500s then it happened for the Britain in Jamestown, wanted to produce Tobacco, then it was spreading throughout the US, then the Second Middle Passage happened because lots of slaves were coming to every state, they maintained their identity and showed resistance by Songs, Br’er rabbit stories, “Weapons of the weak”, families, also stealing arson, poisoning, and assaults. Minstrel Shows and “Jim Crow” - Minstrel Shows: were dressed in blackface, were a popular form of entertainment and oral traditions(early 1800s) - Jim Crow: native Americans could not go to the same places or work at the job as white people. Nat Turner’s Rebellion - Said slaves were either content with their lot or too servile to mount an armed revolt. 19th century reform movements: Utopian societies, temperance, abolition, women’s rights - Utopian societies: Shakers and the Oneida Community showed a group that shared everything together and did everything the same way, promoted collective egalitarianism (socialist/communist), resisting the idea of women’s property. - Temperance Society: thought alcohol was destroying the society, Carrie Nation (aka “Hatchet Granny”) very religious, lessening alcohol consumption - Abolition Society: Frederick Douglass, John Brown, against slavery, big activist; african americans and women’s rights. -Women’s rights: Seneca Falls Convention (1848), Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony- women's suffrage Seneca Falls Convention - Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, It fought for the social, civil and religious rights of women “Bleeding Kansas” - It increased slavery tensions which led to violence and the Civil War. Civil War--dates, sides, motivations, gender/race, key battles, beginning and end, outcome, significance Reconstruction--new policies and practices, as well as resistance (KKK) Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments - 13th Amendment: abolished slavery - 14th Amendment: grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. - 15th Amendment: gives african americans right to vote except women, Key People:  Abigail Adams Connecticut, Benjamin Franklin - Wife of John got executed - Diplomat, and was a big Adams, scientist, effect for the advocate for slaves, helped secure women's rights believing French alliance John Quincy Adams violence is the George III - Signed only way to - King of Great Adams-Onis end slavery. Britain and Ireland Treaty, son of Aaron Burr Ulysses S. Grant John Admas - Murdered - Civil War John Adams Hamilton general for the - Key founding Bartolomé de Las Casas North, battle father, second style was very - Spanish missionary gory. President who advocated for Native American Alexander Hamilton Susan B. Anthony - First Treasury rights and - Women’s suffrage condemned the Secretary, author of Crispus Attucks encomienda system. Federalist Papers - First Meriwether Lewis and John Hancock Native-Americ William Clark - Signed the an to die - Explored Declaration of during the Louisiana Independence Boston Sally Hemings Henry Clay Massacre - enslaved woman Benjamin Banneker - Compromise owned by Founding of 1850 and Father Thomas - Free black man Missouri Jefferson and wrote Compromise Patrick Henry letters commenting (1820) - Orator famous for "Give me his feelings, Davy Crockett liberty or give me death" - Known for Anne Hutchinson math-matician wearing his - A Puritan dissenter Daniel Boone kuneskin hat, who challenged - Folk hero, only one in the religious authority Texians in Massachusetts found a (americans) and was exiled for passage called representatives her beliefs. “The against the Cumberland Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Gap”, founded Act, then dies in - Movement of a town called Alamo. Trail of Tears “Bansbero” Jefferson Davis (1830s): 80,000 and got caught americans, - President of Battle of New by the Shanens and escaped the Orleans (1815) John Wilkes Booth Confederacy Thomas Jefferson Rachel Donelson - Author of - Assassinated - Wife on Andrew Declaration of Abraham Jackson, signed Lincoln on Kansas-Nebrask Independence, April 14, 1865) a Act third President at Ford’s Fredrick Douglass Robert E. Lee Theater in - was president 11 - General for Washington times, Tejanos Confederacy, one D.C. (mexians) Texians that ended the John Brown didn't like him Civil War - Abolitionist, Key Terms: Abraham Lincoln From - President, signs the  Emancipation - Pueblo religious - Union General, Proclamation, leader who led March through signed the the Pueblo Georgia Homestead Act Samuel Slater Revolt against John Locke Spanish rule. - Brought industrialization to the James Madison Chief Powhatan US and brought the steam engine to the US, - "Father of the - Leader of the the Battle of San Constitution," Jacinto, was Britain, Powhatan people started fourth President smuggling stuff in the Confederacy, Massasoit initially helped ships, and established the first factory in the - Leader of the the Jamestown US. (called him “Traitor-Slater)” Wampanoag, settlers. allied with the John Smith Sir Walter Raleigh - Leader of Plymouth settlers. - Sponsored the Jamestown who failed Roanoke established trade Carrie Nation with Powhatan Colony. - (aka “Hatchet and enforced Granny”) Paul Revere discipline in the lessening - One of the sons of colony. alcohol liberty drew a picture consumption showing that the Squanto - Native American Thomas Paine British killed the who helped the - Author of Native Americans and Plymouth settlers everyone was mad at with farming and influential him and it showed acted as a pamphlet propaganda. translator. "Common John Rolfe Elizabeth Cady Stanton Sense" - Introduced - Women’s Metacomet (aka King tobacco to suffrage, wrote Philip) Virginia and the Declaration - Wampanoag married of Sentiments leader who led a war against Pocahontas. Sojourner Truth English settlers Sacajawea - Intersectional in New England - Explored feminists (King Philip's Louisiana, Harriet Tubman War). Translator for - Underground Lewis and Pocahontas Railroad, big Clark - Powhatan part for the woman who Eliza Schuyler slaves played a role in - John Adams’ George Washington mediating Wife - Commander of between her tribe Dred Scott Continental and Jamestown - Ruled that a Army, first settlers. slave must President James K. Polk remain enslaved in a free state Phillis Wheatley - made Texas a and could not be - First published state considered a African Popé citizen. American poet, William T. Sherman Slave Adams-Onis Treaty Carpetbaggers arguing for - People from the independence Articles of Confederation North who moved to Compromise of 1850 Bicameral legislature the South after the Civil War to make Confederate States of - Two part money. Common Sense America Legislature - The Southern states - Pamphlet by Bill of Rights Thomas Paine that broke away from the U.S. during the Civil War.  Constitution the 18th century that emphasized Coverture personal faith - Legal doctrine and emotional whereby a experience. woman’s legal Homestead Act rights were - A law that gave free subsumed by land to settlers who her husband farmed it for five upon marriage. years. Creolization Homogenization - The blending of - The process of African, making things European, and uniform or Native similar, often American in the context cultures in of culture. colonial societies. Indentured servants Cult of Domesticity - Workers who contracted to Declaration of work for a Independence certain number of years in - The idea that exchange for women should stay home and passage to the take care of the New World. family. Kansas-Nebraska Act Declaration of Sentiments Manifest Destiny - A document calling for Mason-Dixon Line women’s rights, Mercantilism based on the Declaration of Missouri Compromise Independence. Monroe Doctrine Democrats - A political party Olive Branch Petition that supported Pilgrims states' rights in the 1800s. Puritans Electoral College Republican Motherhood - System for Republicans electing Sachem President indirectly Scalawags Emancipation Sharecropping Proclamation The Federalist Papers - An order by Three-Fifths Compromise Abraham Lincoln that Transcendentalism freed slaves in Underground Railroad Confederate states. Whigs Eurocentrism - Viewing the world from a European perspective, often at the expense of other cultures. Great (Puritan) Migration - Movement of English Puritans to New England during the early 17th century. Great Awakening (1st,2nd) - Religious revival movement in