HOSA Slide 1 Notes PDF

THE MIND (SLIDE 1) The CNS There are two types of nerves system CNS:brain and spin, the nervous is inceast in bone. The spin: only makes up 2% of the weight of the CNS, carre’s the signal from the brain to the part it needs to go to, can make its own signal when prompted (i.e knee je...

THE MIND (SLIDE 1) The CNS There are two types of nerves system CNS:brain and spin, the nervous is inceast in bone. The spin: only makes up 2% of the weight of the CNS, carre’s the signal from the brain to the part it needs to go to, can make its own signal when prompted (i.e knee jerk.) The brainstem: holds, Midbrain-between the pons and the cerebral hemispheres; involved in movement, sensory and pain. Pons- relay center in between the medulla and the midbrain; management of sleep, arousal and face expression contents the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. Medulla- sits just above the spinal cord, holds big bundles of nerve fibers that go to and from higher brain levels; manages functions like breathing, heart rate and blood pressure because of this damage often leads to a quick death. Subcortical structures, below the cortex. Thalamus-learning, memory and sensory. Basal ganglia- a collection of subcortical structures that control voluntary movement. Hypothalamus- regulates motivation, homeostasis (the things that regulates a stable internal state), thirst, sexual beaher, hunger, aggravation. Hippocampus- foundation for long term memories Cingulate cortex- above the corpus callosum, participates in decision making same with memory and visual processing. Amygdala- in the temporal lobe, believed to participate in emotional processing (particlary fere and ager) Nucleus accumbens- participates in reward and addiction is active when eating, sex, gambling, etc. Cerebral cortex, corpus callosum- big band of nerves fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres Cerebral cortex- thin layer of neurons that covers the outer surface of the brain localized functions. frontal, parietal, temporal occipital Frontal lobe; the most froward lobe, location of the primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and broca’s area, responsible for cognitive processes (decision making, speech, higher level cognition) Parietal lobe: lies at the top of the head between the frontal and occipital lobes, location of the primary somatosensory cortex (sensory processing)  Occipital lobe; Back of brain location of primary visual cortex (processing vision) Temporal lobe; the lobe that curves around the side of both hemispheres holds the the primary auditory cortex (hearing) and Wernicke's area. Mirror neurons In the 1990s there was a study done by Giacomo Rizzolatti that discovers that when monkeys rech for food certan neurons were active the same neurons were active when they saw humans eating then they applied to humans and were proven right, yes humans have mirror neurons so my understanding of this topic i like when you see food or something on someone's face and you don't want to tell them but you start scratching that aira on your face. Left and Right brian The left and right brian are the certerl hemashers; they take part in something known as localization or lateralization. The left brain- controls the right side of the body. The right brain- controls the left side of the body. Contrary to popular belief, the side of the brian that you rely on more has nothing to do with how creative or the work ethic the person posesis. Lateralization Lateralization is what makes multitasking possible, it may also be the thing that makes language possible, it may also account for vulnerabilities for schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Part 1 DONE!: CNS summary Congrats you finished the first part here are the important things to remember: Spinal cord: reflexes, large white pathways, continuous with the brain Brainstem and cerebellum: large white matter pathways, arousal, reflexes and body functions i.e heart rate The different parts and what they do i.e Midbrain-between the pons and…blah blah blah Subcortical structures Embedded in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres The different parts and what they do i.e Basal ganglia- a collection of…blah blah Cerebral cortex  The thin layer of gray matter enveloping the hemispheres Divided into four lobes Areas with sensory, motor, association functions, Some localized and lateralized functions The Peripheral Nervous (PNS) A dirvion from the CNS Somatic nervous system: briggs sensory info to the CNS and transmits signals to the muscles Autonomic nervous system: Directs the activity from glands, organs and sooth muscles to where they need to go in the body. The autonomic nervous system can also further be broken down into three different parts: Sympathetic nervous system; Coordinates arousal and the stress response (activates the fight or flight response.) Parasympathetic nervous system; Coordinates rest, repair and energy storage (activates rest and digest response) Enteric nervous system; a division of the autonomic nervous system cells that embedded in the lining of the GI tract Endocrine system: reposabal the release of hormones from the glans to the bloodstream Important glans are but limited to : the pineal, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, islets of langerhans and the ovaries/testes Responses to input from the nervous systems the hypothalamus in particular Especially involved with arousal, metabolism, growth and sex The glans Pineal- important in the maintenance of sleep-wake cycles releases melatonin Pituitary- many of its hormones activates other glands Thyroid- controls metabolism/the chemical process to stasan life - low levels can mimic symptoms of depression Adrenal- activated by pituitary glands during times of stress ressles cortisol to wake you up islets of langerhans- located in the pancreas, essential to digestion including insulin  THIS PICTURE IS FROM HOSA PART:2 DONE: The Peripheral Nervous (PNS) YAY good job were getting somewhere here's important things to remember The nervous system: sensation and movement, 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic nervous system; arousal & fight or flight Parasympathetic nervous system; rest and repair Enteric nervous system; corntrol of the gastrointestinal system Endocrine nervous system; Metabolism, arousal, growth, sex Glans Hormons Neural communication Neural Anatomy Neuron: A cell that is made for sending and receiving Cell body: Large central mass containing the nucleus Axon: branch of neurons usually responsible for sending info to other neurons Dendrite: branch of neurons that receives the info from other neurons Myelin: material that covers the axons that allows rapid conduction Glia Cell in the nervous system that provides structure for matrix nerves forms tight connections with blood vessels to blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from entering the brain some glia also have the role of myelinating neurons Neural communication Neural communication is a two step process: the first step occurs in the signaling neuron's axon, an electrical signal called an action potential is generated, this signal travels down the axon until it reaches the axon terminal In step 2 the action potential triggers the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters (chemical signaling) these act on the receiving neuron to produce an effect Electrical signaling The first type is called Resting potential: which is the charge of a neuron that is not currently processing info (so basically, it's idol) The second type is is called Action potential: which is the opposite, it's the charge when the neuron is processing info arising from the neuron's axon, it’s generated when the membrane potential reaches a threshold value (at the hillock region) Chemical signaling Synapse: A point of communication between two neurons Neurotransmitter: a chemical messenger that communicates across synapses Receptor: special channel in the membrane that interacts with neurotransmitters released by other neurons. Reuptake: a process where molecules of neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap returned to the axon terminal from which they were released. Steps on how it happens 1. Action potential reaches the axon terminal 2. Synaptic vesicles (carrying neurotransmitters) are released from protein anchors wich is triggered by an influx of calcium 3. Vesicles fuse with the axon membrane releases on release sites 4. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft 5. Vesicle material is recycled for future use 6. Vesicle are re-filled with neurotransmitter PART 3!!!!! Nero summary Neuron: cell body, contains the nucleus and doses housekeeping functions. Axon used to send info. Dendrite, used to receive info Glia: holds neurons in place. Clean up debris. From myelin. Blood-brian barrier. Action potential: propagated down the axon to the terminal. Action potential occurs when it hits threshold. Resting action, no incoming signal. Refractory period, follows action potential. Synapse: point of communication between to neurons Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (ACh): Functions at the neuromuscular junction, controlling muscle movement (critical for survival). Serves as a key neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system. Plays a role in learning and memory and is linked to Alzheimer's disease. Norepinephrine: Involved in arousal and vigilance, released in the brain and by the sympathetic nervous system. Associated with bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Dopamine: Involved with systems that govern movement, planning, reword, imparted in parkinson’s disease , schizophrenia and ADHD Serotonin: Involved with systems regulating sleep, appetite, planning and mood the three behaviours are tightly linked Endorphins: Modify our natural response to pain PART 4 DONE Neurotransmitter summary ACh; movement, memory, autonomic nervous system functions Epinephrine (adrenaline), arousal Norepinephrine (Noradrenalin) arousal, vigilance Serotonin mood, appetite, sleep Dopamine movement, planning, rewards Glutamate excitation of brain activity GABA inhibition of brain activity Endorphins pain OMG YOU FINISHED, GOOD JOB!!! GO GET YOURSELF A SWEET TREAT