Reconstruction Era Study Guide PDF

Reconstruction Terms - Reconstruction, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, Suffrage, Tenure of Office Act, Enforcement Acts, Radical Republicans, Freedmen's Bureau, Black codes, Sharecropping, Ku Klux Klan, Grantism, Panic of 1873, Civil Rights Cases, Ulysses S. Grant, and Slaughterhouse Cases. Summary The R...

Reconstruction Terms - Reconstruction, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, Suffrage, Tenure of Office Act, Enforcement Acts, Radical Republicans, Freedmen's Bureau, Black codes, Sharecropping, Ku Klux Klan, Grantism, Panic of 1873, Civil Rights Cases, Ulysses S. Grant, and Slaughterhouse Cases. Summary The Reconstruction era lasted from 1865 to 1877. During these years, biracial governments were established across the South. These governments expanded the rights and opportunities of formerly enslaved people. However, the South returned to "White man's rule" when Reconstruction ended. Reconstruction amendments During Reconstruction, three amendments were added to the Constitution. The Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment made formerly enslaved people citizens, and the Fifteenth Amendment gave African American men the right to vote. Presidential Reconstruction: In 1865, President Johnson allowed the Southern states to reconstruct themselves. Most enacted Black Codes that severely restricted the rights of Black people. Congressional Reconstruction: Congress took control of Reconstruction in 1867. Federal troops were sent to the South to oversee the establishment of state governments that were based on democratic principles. Reconstruction governments: The South's first biracial state governments established a public school system and outlawed racial segregation. But these governments were bitterly opposed by White terrorist groups like the Ku Klux Klan. Jim Crow laws Reconstruction ended as part of the Compromise of 1877. Once Democrats regained control of the state governments in the South, they passed Jim Crow laws that segregated Black people from White people in public life. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregation was constitutional under the doctrine of "separate but equal." Concepts 1. I. Introduction to Reconstruction A. Definition and Purpose B. Historical Context i. End of the Civil War ii. Challenges facing the nation 2. II. Major Reconstruction Plans A. Lincoln’s Percent Plan i. Requirements for Southern states to rejoin  B. Wade-Davis Bill ii. Key differences from Lincoln's plan C. Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan iii. Policies and limitations 3. III. Key Amendments and Legislation A. Thirteenth Amendment i. Abolition of slavery B. Fourteenth Amendment ii. Citizenship and equal protection C. Fifteenth Amendment iii. Voting rights for African American men D. Reconstruction Act of 1867 iv. Military Reconstruction and its impact 4. IV. Political Dynamics and Parties A. Radical Republicans i. Goals and actions B. Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment ii. Reasons and outcomes C. Election of 1868 iii. Ulysses S. Grant and “Grantism” 5. V. Social and Economic Changes A. Freedmen's Bureau i. Role in aiding newly freed slaves B. Black Codes and their implications C. Sharecropping system ii. Economic challenges for African Americans D. Rise of the Ku Klux Klan iii. Impact on African American communities 6. VI. End of Reconstruction and Legacy A. Panic of 1873 and its effects B. Civil Rights Cases and Slaughterhouse Cases C. The Compromise of 1877 and the 1876 Election i. Conclusion of Reconstruction D. Long-Term Impacts on African American Life ii. Black families, education, and churches Important Concepts to Study ○ Understand the contradictions in Reconstruction policies and their effects on various communities. ○ Analyze the political struggles between Congress and the Presidency during this period. ○ Assess the social ramifications of Reconstruction legislation on African American life. ○ Purpose of Reconstruction: Rebuilding the South after the Civil War and redefining African American rights and freedoms.  ○ Conflicts in Reconstruction: Tensions between the executive branch, Congress, and Southern states over the direction and enforcement of Reconstruction policies. ○ Political Struggles: The rise of Radical Republicans, opposition to Andrew Johnson’s policies, and the political compromises that shaped Reconstruction outcomes. ○ Political Struggles: The rise of Radical Republicans, opposition to Andrew Johnson’s policies, and the political compromises that shaped Reconstruction outcomes. ○ Economic Impact: Effects of sharecropping, the Panic of 1873, and shifts in labor and industry in the postwar South. ○ Judicial Decisions: Key Supreme Court cases like the Slaughterhouse Cases and Civil Rights Cases, which limited Reconstruction's reach. ○ Judicial Decisions: Key Supreme Court cases like the Slaughterhouse Cases and Civil Rights Cases, which limited Reconstruction's reach. 7. Study Tips a. Timeline Construction: Create a chronological timeline of key events and laws during Reconstruction. b. Compare and Contrast: Analyze different Reconstruction plans (Lincoln’s, Johnson’s, and Congress’s). c. Key Court Cases: Summarize decisions and their impact on African American rights. d. Thematic Summaries: Break down topics like politics, social changes, and economic challenges into clear, concise notes. e. Practice Terms: Create flashcards for key terms, figures, and laws. 8. Practice Questions a. What were the main differences between Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction plans? b. How did the Black Codes and Ku Klux Klan affect African Americans during Reconstruction? c. Why was the Compromise of 1877 significant, and how did it impact African Americans? d. Explain the significance of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments. e. How did the Panic of 1873 shift national priorities and affect Reconstruction efforts? American West Terms - Plains Indians, Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), Ghost Dance, Desert Land Act (1877), Dry Farming, Comstock Lode, Chisholm Trail, Cattle Drives, Frederick Jackson Turner, Board of Indian Commissioners, Mormons and Deseret, Dawes Act, Exoduster, Homestead Act, Populist Party, transcontinental railroad, reservations, Sand Creek Massacre, Battle of Little BigHorn, Wounded Knee, Land Grants, Grange, William Jennings Bryan, Spoils System, Fiat money, & Pendleton Civil Service Act. Summary Settlement of the West in the mid- to late 1800s brought opportunities for many Americans but also sparked conflict as settlers invaded Indigenous homelands. Mining: Gold-rush fever galvanized a rush of prospectors to move West. Although few fortunes were made, this migration helped populate California and other western regions. Ranching: Following the Chisholm Trail and other routes, cowboys herded cattle north to be shipped to meatpacking plants in cities like Chicago. Transcontinental railroad: Building the first rail line to California was a huge undertaking that relied on government support and immigrant labor. The spread of railroads across the West brought wealth to railroad barons and opened the region to settlement. Indian wars: The tribes on the Great Plains fought to preserve their way of life. To prevent conflict and open lands for settlement, the government moved tribes onto reservations. Through the Dawes Act, it also worked to assimilate Indigenous people into White culture. Homestead Act: The Homestead Act brought more farmers to the Great Plains, including African Americans who called themselves Exodusters. Farmers in the plains region faced such challenges as crop-eating insects and drought. Protests by farmers Burdened by falling crop prices and large debts, farmers formed political organizations such as the Grange. Their protest movements gave rise to the Populist Party. Concepts 1. Issues Affecting Native Americans a. Manifest destiny b. Threats to Indigenous land rights i. Key treaties and policies 1. Treaty of Fort Laramie 2. Dawes Severalty Act 3. Desert Land Act c. Government response to Indigenous peoples 2. Americanization Movement a. Indian Wars i. The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee b. Dawes General Allotment Act c. Assimilation of Indigenous peoples i. Reservations and Indian schools d. Cultural and social structure of Plains Indian tribes i. Impact of westward expansion on Plains Indians 3. Growth & Expansion of Railroads a. Roles played by the government and business in building the transcontinental railroad i. Influence of railroads on economic b. Human cost of building the transcontinental railroad i. Immigrants c. Effect of the transcontinental railroad 4. The Role of Agriculture and Settlement a. Effects of People on the Wests Physical Environment i. Women’s roles in settlement and suffrage movements ii. Impact of Homestead Act 1. grazing land; water supply; water rights; b. Ranchers and Cowboys c. Race & the Great Plains d. The Homestead Act and its implications e. Agricultural practices and innovations i. Dry farming techniques ii. Wheat farming and its growth 5. The Impact of Westward Expansion on Various Groups a. Native Americans and their resistance i. Cultural disruptions and adaptations ii. Effects of policies on tribal communities b. Farmers and settlers i. Conflicts with cattlemen ii. Economic challenges faced by farmers c. Mormons and the establishment of Deseret 6. Economic Opportunities in the West a. The mining boom and the Comstock Lode i. Mining and Ranching b. Development of the cattle industry i. Cattle drives and range wars ii. Role of cowboys and cattlemen growth c. Monetary Policy’s (Gold & Silver) i. What is meant by the gold standard ii. What is meant by a bimetallism, or gold and silver, standard 7. Growth of the Populist Party a. Farmers Rise to Populism b. Effect of the Populist Party 8. Study Tips a. Use Primary Sources: Review excerpts from treaties, speeches, or firsthand accounts to connect with the time period. b. Make Connections: Link economic developments (like mining and railroads) to their social impacts (displacement of Native Americans, creation of boomtowns).  c. Map It Out: Visualize westward expansion by reviewing maps of railroad growth, reservation lands, and settlement patterns. d. Group Discussions: Debate the effects of policies like the Dawes Act or the Homestead Act to deepen understanding. 9. Practice Questions & Techniques a. What was the significance of the Dawes Severalty Act in reshaping Native American land ownership? b. How did the Ghost Dance movement lead to conflict at Wounded Knee? c. In what ways did the railroads transform the economy and society of the West? d. Analyze the impact of the Homestead Act on settlers and Native Americans. e. How did Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis interpret the role of the West in American history? f. Focus on examining treaties, government documents, and first-hand accounts of settlers and Native Americans. g. Identify key consequences for different groups, such as the loss of Native lands and opportunities for settlers. h. Assess the economic, social, and cultural impacts on Native Americans, women, farmers, ranchers, and others. i. Use examples like the Dawes Act, Homestead Act, and railroad expansion to explore varied effects. Gilded Age - (The Age of Innovation and Industry) Terms - Bessemer process, horizontal integration, laissez-faire, Sherman Antitrust Act, Social Darwinism, vertical integration, entrepreneurs, protective tariffs, patent, Thomas Edison, Frederick Taylor, mass production, John D. Rockefeller, monopoly, trust, Andrew Carnegie, Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), Corporation, YMCA and YWCA, Salvation Army, Telegraph, and United States Steel.. Summary Innovations in technology and business boosted American industry in the late 1800s. Large steel, oil, and railroad corporations dominated the economy, with little governmental control. Industrial expansion produced greater access to goods and services, and it improved standards of living for many Americans, but not all. Innovations and inventions: Innovations, such as the electric lightbulb and kerosene, spurred the growth of new industries. The telegraph and telephone brought modern communications to homes and businesses. The Bessemer process lowered the cost of steel and encouraged new forms of construction. New business techniques: Business leaders formed corporations to attract capital from investors, who became owners by buying stock. They improved production methods to mass-produce more goods in less time. By promoting horizontal or vertical integration, some leaders gained control of major industries. They also sought to reduce competition by forming monopolies and trusts. Laissez-faire: The federal government generally adopted a laissez-faire policy toward business. This hands-off approach reflected a belief in social Darwinism. The Sherman Antitrust Act was only feebly enforced. The Gilded Age: While industrialists amassed great fortunes, society was tainted by political corruption and a great disparity between rich and poor. Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Vanderbilt used some of their wealth to promote the common good. Historians debate their overall impact, noting increased industrial productivity but also unfair business practices. Concepts 1. Effects of Technological Innovations a. Technological innovations i. Changes in communication ii. Bessemer process iii. Thomas Edison and innovations 1. Electricity b. Impact of Mass Production i. Mass production affected worker productivity. ii. How change in productivity benefited businesses. iii. Benefits of Mass production on consumers 2. Economic growth & expansion a. The New South i. Henry Grady and the New South Creed ii. Advocacy for industrial development in the South. iii. Challenges in transitioning from an agrarian to an industrial economy. iv. Cash crops b. Effect of new machinery on food production and farm laborers c. Free-enterprise system & benefits i. entrepreneurs d. Robber Barons vs Captains of Industry 3. Management Innovations a. Andrew Carnegie i. Horizontal integration vs Vertical integration (difference & process) b. John D. Rockefeller i. Oil industry and horizontal integration ii. Formation of Standard Oil c. Monopoly and Trusts d. Factors of Production 4. Social Changes a. Effects of Social Darwinism i. Theory Social Darwinism was loosely based? Theory's basic idea?  ii. Who developed Social Darwinism? Conditions was Social Darwinism used to justify? b. Changing Growth Patterns in Cities i. "New" immigrants differ from "Old" immigrants ii. Factors that contributed to the size of immigrant populations in cities iii. Growth of cities due to industrialization and immigration. iv. Challenges like overcrowding, poor sanitation, and poverty. v. Chinese Exclusion Act c. Issues Affecting Women i. Opportunities for women’s work ii. Difficulties women faced in urban areas iii. Role of women in the workforce iv. Rising standards of living & rising middle class 5. Government Regulations & Economic Policies a. Benefits and Costs of Sherman Antitrust Act i. Definition and objectives ii. Early enforcement and outcomes iii. intended benefits vs. unintended costs b. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) i. Purpose and significance ii. Impact on railroads and commerce 6. Reform and Organizations a. Immigrants and their contributions b. Efforts of settlement houses c. Efforts of fraternal orders (YMCA, YWCA, etc) d. Salvation Army: i. Focused on aiding the urban poor through charity and moral reform. e. Frances Willard and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU): i. Advocated for temperance and women’s suffrage. 7. Study Tips a. Visual Aids: Use charts or infographics to connect industries, technology, and labor movements. b. Primary Sources: Read speeches, excerpts, or documents like the Sherman Antitrust Act for context. c. Role Play Discussions: Take on the perspective of industrial leaders, workers, or government officials to explore diverse viewpoints. d. Timelines: Create a timeline of key events to visualize the rise of industrial America. 8. Practice Questions & Techniques a. How did Andrew Carnegie’s steel industry transform the economy and society? b. What role did the Knights of Labor play in advocating for worker rights? c. Explain the significance of the Sherman Antitrust Act and its initial uses. d. What were the challenges faced by Chinese immigrants during this era?  e. Compare and contrast the goals of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor. f. Be prepared to graph changes in industrial output, wages, or immigration statistics to visualize the growth of industrial America. g. Practice interpreting historical photographs, political cartoons, or advertisements. Consider: i. Depictions of working conditions. ii. Labor protests or strikes. iii. Representations of industrial leaders like Carnegie and Rockefeller. h. Be ready to discuss the positive and negative effects of industrialism, such as: i. Positive: Economic growth, technological advances, rise of consumer goods. ii. Negative: Exploitation of workers, environmental impact, rise of monopolies. Gilded Age - (Organized Labor & Labor's Response to Industrialism) Terms - Anthony Comstock, American Federation of Labor (AFL), child labor, Haymarket Affair, Homestead Strike, Pullman Strike, working class, company town, socialism, Terence V. Powderly, Samuel Gompers, Knights of Labor, collective bargaining, Nativism, tenements, Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Dog Contracts, Karl Marx & mass culture. Summary The efforts of industrial workers in the late 1800s helped boost the American economy. Yet factory owners often treated their workers poorly, imposing low wages, long hours, and poor working conditions. Many workers joined labor unions to fight for better treatment and to raise their standard of living. But hostility between unions and employers sometimes led to violence. Working-class conditions: The working class suffered greatly during the Gilded Age. Industrial workers accepted low pay and dangerous conditions because they could not afford to lose their jobs. Many working-class families occupied run-down tenements in impoverished areas in cities. Child labor: American industry relied on the labor of people of all ages, including children, who often worked longer hours than adults. Labor unions: Workers united to form labor unions and to negotiate better wages and working conditions. Union membership increased with the rise of national unions and labor federations, such as the American Federation of Labor. Strikes: Failed negotiations often led to strikes, and sometimes even to violence. The government generally took the side of business and industry and often helped to end strikes. Losses and gains for workers: Periodic depressions shrank union membership, while violent incidents like the Haymarket Affair, Homestead Strike, and Pullman Strike helped turn public opinion against unions. However, unions gained wage increases and reductions in work hours. Concepts 1. Working & Living conditions of the working class a. Growth of cities due to industrialization and immigration. i. Tenements and living conditions ii. Ethnic neighborhoods b. Challenges like overcrowding, poor sanitation, and poverty. c. Saloons as centers of community and recreation. d. Growth of leisure activities like sports, theaters, and amusement parks. e. Jane Addams and Hull House: Services provided to immigrants and the working poor. 2. Labor Unions Form a. Key labor organizations and leaders b. Purposes, Strategies & Tactics i. Collective bargaining c. Goals (common & uncommon) d. Differences between AFL & Knights & Wobblies (IWW) e. Benefits and Frustrations i. Gains made by unions ii. Challenges faced by workers iii. Child Labor challenges 3. New Theories & Philosophies a. Socialism & Communism compete against Capitalism b. Influence of Marxist ideas on labor movements and critiques of capitalism. c. Social Gospel Movement: i. Advocated for addressing urban problems through Christian ethics. ii. Leaders like Walter Rauschenbusch and William S. Rainsford. d. Moral Reform: i. Anthony Comstock and the Moral Purity Movement: Campaigns against vice and corruption. 4. Key Strikes a. When are the strikes b. Reasons why the strike c. Who is involved in the strikes d. Where are the strikes e. Leaders of the strikes 5. Immigrants a. Push & Pull factors for immigrating b. ‘New’ vs ‘Old’ immigrants (similarities & differences) c. Impact of their arrival i. Contributions of their cultures  ii. City Growth (urbanization) iii. New Problems d. Americanization Movement of Immigrants i. Hostility & Nativism 6. Study Tips a. Connect Concepts: Link urbanization with immigration and reform efforts to see the bigger picture. b. Visual Aids: Use maps and diagrams to understand urban growth and ethnic neighborhoods. c. Primary Sources: Examine excerpts from reformers like Jane Addams or temperance advocates. d. Debates: Role-play discussions about moral reform, labor rights, or the challenges faced by immigrants. 7. Practice Questions and Techniques a. How did tenements reflect the challenges of urban life for immigrants? b. What was the significance of the Settlement-House Movement in improving urban conditions? c. How did the Social Gospel Movement differ from other urban reform efforts? d. In what ways did the YMCA and YWCA help young workers adapt to urban life? e. Analyze how Frances Willard and the WCTU combined temperance advocacy with women’s suffrage. f. Study how labor unions, like the Knights of Labor and AFL, used strikes, boycotts, and collective bargaining to advocate for change. g. Describe the benefits and frustrations of labor unions. i. Benefits: Improved wages, better working conditions, and shorter hours. ii. Frustrations: Limited inclusivity (e.g., women, minorities), resistance from employers, and public distrust after events like the Haymarket Riot. h. Explain the goals, losses, and gains of three labor movements. i. Example movements: 1. Knights of Labor: Inclusive goals but struggled after public backlash. 2. American Federation of Labor (AFL): Focus on skilled workers and gradual gains. 3. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): Radical goals, limited success due to opposition. Progressives and Progressivism Terms - extractive industry, Pendleton Act, Tammany Hall, temperance movement, The Jungle, Muckrakers, Lincoln Steffans, Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair, Social Gospel, Settlement House, Jane Addams, Direct Primary, Machine Politics, Political Bosses, Initiative, Referendum, Florence Kelley, Suffrage, National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 19th Amendment, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, and N.A.A.C.P. Summary Americans faced social, political, and environmental problems at the turn of the century. Many of these problems were the result of rapid changes brought on by industrialization and urbanization. Industrialization: The rapid growth of industry resulted in poor working conditions for many workers. Monopolies dominated industries and drove out competition. Some companies also made unsafe products. Muckraking journalists like Upton Sinclair, author of The Jungle, worked to expose these social issues. Urbanization: Cities grew rapidly with the rise of industry and increased immigration. The infrastructure in many cities could not meet the demands of a growing population. Many immigrants were crammed into poor ethnic neighborhoods, such as New York’s Lower East Side, where they had few services. Environmental damage: Industry and urbanization led to significant air and water pollution. Ranching, logging, and extractive industries also damaged the natural environment considerably. Political corruption: Political machines, like New York’s Tammany Hall, fueled corruption in city government, and big business influenced state and national governments. Congress passed the Pendleton Act, creating a professional civil service to clean up the federal government. Tensions in society: A widening gap between rich and poor fueled social tensions. African Americans suffered racism and mob violence. Women lacked voting rights and workplace opportunities. The temperance movement tried to limit and even ban alcohol consumption. Social changes strained American families, and many people feared the loss of traditional family bonds. Concepts 1. Antitrust Acts a. Antitrust legislation b. Cost of government regulations 2. Social Gospel a. Role that Walter Rauschenbusch b. Social issues followers of the Social Gospel became involved in 3. Progressive Political Reforms a. Initiative, Referendum, and Recall b. Civil service reform and the Pendleton Act c. Targeted problems of the Progressives d. Effectiveness of reforms 4. Civil Rights and Social Justice a. Race Relations i. Jim Crow laws and their implications  ii. Plessy v. Ferguson and the "separate but equal" doctrine iii. Contributions of figures like Booker T. Washington b. B. Progressive Responses to Race i. Progressivism's impact on black Americans ii. Tensions surrounding immigration and immigrant rights 5. Key Constitutional Amendments a. Sixteenth Amendment (income tax) b. Seventeenth Amendment (direct election of senators) i. What process changed or was needed c. Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition) i. The Role of John Dewey in education reform d. 19th Amendment (women’s suffrage) i. Women's suffrage and Roles played by Alice Paul and Carrie Catt ii. Immediate and long-term impact of the 19th Amendment 6. Racial Inequality and Political Organizations a. Efforts to protect civil rights, civil liberties, and religious minorities b. Organizations to consider - NAACP, Urban League, Anti-Defamation League, National Council of La Raza, and Native American Rights Fund. c. Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) i. 1912 presidential election ii. Formation of the Progressive Party iii. Impact of the Progressive Party was on the election 7. Muckrakers Discovered Problems a. Living & Working conditions b. Environmental changes c. Government corruption d. Growing gap between social classes 8. Practice Questions & Techniques a. Race Relations and Eugenics: i. Analyze how Progressives simultaneously advocated for reforms and supported discriminatory policies. Progressive Response Terms - Hull House, National Child Labor Committee, Tuskegee Institute, Hepburn Act, Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Conservation Movement, John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, National Reclamation Act, New Nationalism, Progressive Party, Woodrow Wilson, New Freedom, Monetary Act, Robert La Follette, John Dewey, Plessy v. Ferguson, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust, Summary In the early 1900s, progressives worked to reform American society. Inspired by reform movements like populism and the Social Gospel, progressives tackled a variety of problems. They fought to improve living and working conditions in cities, clean up state and local government, and advance the rights of women and African Americans. Urban living conditions: Progressives such as Jane Addams, the cofounder of Hull House, worked to clean up impoverished urban neighborhoods. They sought to improve tenement housing, sanitation systems, and garbage collection. Worker protection: Progressives fought to improve working conditions. They promoted laws limiting work hours and guaranteeing workers’ compensation. Furthermore, they formed the National Child Labor Committee to campaign against child labor and prompt more children into school. Clean, responsive government: Progressives sought to end government corruption at the local level, working to curb the power of political machines and restructure local government. They also fought to expand democracy at the state level. To do this, they supported reform governors like Robert La Follette and passed electoral reforms, including the secret ballot, direct primary, recall, initiative, and referendum. Struggle for equal rights: Women and African Americans fought to advance their rights. Their reform goals included voting rights for women and an end to lynching and segregation. NAWSA led the struggle for women’s suffrage, while the NAACP attempted to secure equality for African Americans. Concepts 1. Progressives Targeted Reforms a. Improved living and working conditions b. Political reforms on government c. Supporting Women's Suffrage 2. Government & Business Changing Relationship a. Square Deal (3 C’s) i. Controlling Corporations 1. ICC 2. Hepburn Act b. Consumer Protection c. Conservation vs Preservation i. Water Preservation (National Reclamation Act) 3. How Taft Differs from Roosevelt a. Tariff policy 4. Woodrow Wilson a. 16th Amendment b. Federal Reserve Act c. Federal trade commission d. Clayton Antitrust Act  5. Study Tips a. Timelines: Create a timeline connecting immigration, urbanization, and Progressive reforms. b. Role Play: Debate issues like suffrage, labor rights, and racial equality from different perspectives. c. Primary Sources: Study speeches, amendments, and writings by Progressive leaders. d. Visual Aids: Use charts or infographics to link Progressive reforms with societal changes. e. By studying these key areas, you’ll be well-prepared to understand the interconnectedness of immigration, urbanization, and Progressive reforms. 6. Practice Questions and Techniques a. Explain how machine politics affected urban governance and immigrant communities. b. What reforms emerged from the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, and why were they significant? c. Compare Booker T. Washington’s approach to racial equality with the broader goals of Progressivism. d. How did the Pendleton Act address corruption in civil service? e. Evaluate the successes and failures of the Progressive movement in addressing racial inequality. American Imperialism and Empire Building Terms - Big Stick Policy, Dollar Diplomacy, Moral Diplomacy, Open Door Policy, Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary, Spheres of influence, John Hay, Open Door Notes, Boxer Rebellion, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary, Great White Fleet, Russo-Japanese War, Spanish-American War, Philippines, Cuba, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Expansionism, Matthew Perry, Queen Liuokalani, Sanford B. Dole, Frederick Jackson Turner, Extractive Economies, Social Darwinism, Klondike Gold Rush, Jose Marti, Yellow Press, Jingoism, Rough Riders, William Howard Taft, The Maine Explosion, George Dewey, Platt Amendment, and Treaty of Paris (1898). Summary Roosevelt Corollary President Roosevelt implemented the Big Stick Policy in foreign affairs. In 1904, he issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which called on the United States to use “international police power” to promote order and security in the Western Hemisphere. The use of force became a key element of this foreign policy. Dollar Diplomacy President Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy focused on economic goals overseas. He emphasized the spread of American influence through economic activity, but also sent troops abroad to protect American interests. Moral Diplomacy President Wilson favored a moral approach to foreign policy. He wanted to spread democratic ideals overseas, yet he also used force to uphold American interests. Latin America The United States became deeply involved in Latin America in the early 1900s. The United States helped Panama gain independence, built the Panama Canal, intervened in Mexico, and gained possession of Puerto Rico. Asia and the Pacific The United States suppressed an independence movement in the Philippines after establishing control over the islands. Hawaii was annexed after White planters overthrew the native monarchy. In China, the United States applied its Open Door Policy to limit foreign control and maintain access to Chinese markets. Concepts 1. Important Figures and Policies a. John Hay 1. Role in U.S. foreign policy 2. i. Open Door Notes significance b. Alfred Thayer Mahan i. Influence on naval strategy ii. Importance of sea power in global politics 2. Key Events and Their Impacts a. A. Spanish-American War i. Causes and outcomes ii. Acquisition of territories (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico) iii. Future conflicts b. Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Causes and events i. U.S. involvement and implications for China c. Panama Canal i. Philippe Bunau-Varilla and the construction ii. Strategic and economic significance 3. William Howard Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy a. Definition and aims b. Impact on U.S. relations with Latin American countries c. Focused on using economic power to achieve U.S. foreign policy goals. d. Encouraged American investment in Latin America and Asia to increase influence while avoiding military intervention. 4. Woodrow Wilson and Mexico a. Wilson’s interventionist approach to Mexico during its revolution aimed to promote democracy. b. Conflict arose with Mexican leaders like Pancho Villa, leading to U.S. military action. 5. The Roosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy a. Panama Canal: i. The U.S. supported Panama’s independence from Colombia in exchange for control over the canal zone.  ii. Philippe Bunau-Varilla played a key role in negotiating the canal treaty. iii. The canal became a strategic and economic asset for the U.S. b. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine i. Definition and purpose ii. Examples of application in Latin America iii. Dollar Diplomacy iv. Definition and aims v. Impact on U.S. relations with Latin American countries c. Moral Diplomacy i. Definition and aims ii. Impact on U.S. relations with Mexico & Latin America 6. Military Power and Global Presence a. Great White Fleet i. Purpose and significance ii. Demonstration of naval power b. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) i. U.S. mediation and its global impact ii. Shift in balance of power in Asia 7. Study Tips a. Timelines: Create a timeline of major events like the Spanish-American War, Panama Canal construction, and the Open Door Policy. b. Primary Sources: Read excerpts from John Hay’s Open Door Notes and Roosevelt’s speeches on the Panama Canal and the Roosevelt Corollary. c. Maps: Use maps to trace U.S. territorial acquisitions and influence in Latin America and Asia. d. Group Discussions: Debate the benefits and drawbacks of U.S. expansionism during this period. 8. Practice Questions and Techniques a. How did Alfred Thayer Mahan’s ideas influence U.S. foreign policy in the late 19th century? b. What were the causes and consequences of the Spanish-American War? c. How did the Roosevelt Corollary expand the principles of the Monroe Doctrine? d. Why was the Panama Canal significant to U.S. strategic and economic interests? e. How did the Open Door Notes reflect U.S. policy goals in China? f. Compare Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy with Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy. g. Analyze U.S. Motivations for Expansion i. Economic: Need for markets and resources. ii. Strategic: Establishing naval bases and securing trade routes. iii. Ideological: Belief in spreading democracy and Western values. h. Evaluate U.S. Interventions i. Assess how the Spanish-American War, Panama Canal, and Boxer Rebellion shaped U.S. influence abroad. ii. Examine the impact of the Roosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy on U.S.-Latin American relations. i. Understand Tensions with Other Nations i. Explore the U.S.’s role in mediating the Russo-Japanese War and its impact on relations with Japan and Russia. ii. Discuss the challenges of maintaining the Open Door Policy in China. j. Explain U.S. Actions in Mexico i. Analyze Woodrow Wilson’s approach to the Mexican Revolution and its implications for U.S.-Mexico relations.