Year 9 Science (9SPH) Climate Science and Energy Production PDF

Year 9 Science (9SPH) Climate Science and Energy Production Name: Teacher: 1 | Page  Aug 2024. 1.1 What is the g...

Year 9 Science (9SPH) Climate Science and Energy Production Name: Teacher: 1 | Page  Aug 2024. 1.1 What is the greenhouse effect and enhanced greenhouse effect? Energy Balance and Radiation The earth maintains an energy balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing radiation back into space. However, not all radiation is the same. Energy comes from the sun as a mix of “short-wave” radiation (UV, Visible) and “long-wave” radiation (Infrared heat) To maintain the overall balance of energy, the earth emits “long-wave” (_________________) back into space. ___________________ is the electromagnetic radiation that can burn our skin. ___________________ (ROYGBV) is seen by our eyes. _____________________ is felt as heat. Gases in the Earth’s Atmosphere Earth’s atmosphere is almost exclusively made up of nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) __________ % Living organisms require ________________ for respiration and ____ _______________ is crucial for plant growth. Nitrogen and oxygen have ____ effect on the radiation entering the atmosphere from the Sun or the radiation emitted from the Earth’s surface. Of the remaining ~ 1%, some act as Greenhouse Gases. Carbon dioxide and other gases with __________________________ atoms in each molecule behave differently. These are known as Greenhouse Gases (GHG). GHG allow _________-wave radiation to pass through, but can absorb and re-emit ___________-wave IR 2 | Page  radiation. Water vapour (H2O) can also act as a greenhouse gas. Complete the table below, indicating the formula and whether or not they are a greenhouse gas (GHG). Gas % Formula GHG? Nitrogen 78.1% N2 No Oxygen 20.9% Argon 0.9% Carbon Dioxide 0.04% Neon 0.002% Ne No Helium 0.0005% Methane 0.0002% The Greenhouse Effect Horticulturalists & gardeners have long understood the benefits of a greenhouse. The glass of the greenhouse traps some infrared radiation, keeping plants warmer during cold conditions. Seeds germinate and seedlings survive more readily. 3 | Page  In a similar way, the greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere keep the Earth’s temperature from becoming too cold at night. GHG absorb and re-emit some IR radiation back to the Earth’s surface, keeping us warm. Without this effect, Earth’s temperature would be about -18 oC rather than 15 oC. 4 | Page The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, Earth has been experiencing an Enhanced Greenhouse Effect. Label the diagram below and complete the table, describing the key steps: Step Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Simulator 5 | Page Use the PhET simulator and answer the questions below. Site: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/greenhouse-effect/latest/greenhouse-effect_all.html or https://bit.ly/PhETEnhancedGreenhouseEffect Settings: Select wave mode on the initial screen Show Energy balance Leave clouds on Questions 1. How has the amount of GHG changed since the last Ice Age? 2. As the amount of GHG increases, describe the effect on the INCOMING solar radiation (yellow). 3. As the amount of GHG increases, describe the effect on the mix of OUTGOING and REFLECTED solar radiation (red). 4. As the amount of GHG increases, describe the effect on the overall surface temperature. 5. As the amount of GHG increases, describe the effect on the Energy Balance. 6 | Page  Section 1.1: Key Summary Questions 1. What are the key types of radiation in solar energy? 2. Describe the difference between long-wave and short-wave radiation. 3. What are the most common gases in the Earth’s atmosphere? 4. What is the difference between the structure of a greenhouse gas (GHG) and non-greenhouse gas? 5. What are the key characteristics of a GHG? 6. How does a garden greenhouse improve the growth of seedlings? 7 | Page  7. What type of radiation is trapped inside the greenhouse? 8. What would Earth’s climate be like without the Greenhouse Effect? 9. Compare the total amount of incoming solar radiation to that emitted as long-wave radiation into space. 10. What type of radiation is emitted by the Earth’s surface? 11. What has been the effect of increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere since the last Ice Age? 8 | Page 1.2 Observed effects of the enhanced greenhouse effect and climate change The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect has led to a range of climate and environmental changes, many of which have been too rapid for species (including humans) to adapt. Complete the diagram below, indicating increase ( ↑ ), decrease ( ↓ ) or changing ( ↺ ) Media Research Task Task a) Go to https://www.dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/policy/climate-science/understanding-climate-change#oc ean-warming-and-sea-level-rise OR: https://bit.ly/DCCEWClimateScience b) Summarise one of the four sections in ~ 200 words, addressing the following key points: a. What evidence is there for this observed effect? b. How is the data gathered? c. Why is this effect important for our city/country? c) Report back to the class with your findings. 9 | Page 10 | Page The Carbon Cycle To help understand the effects of increased CO2 emissions, we need to understand the carbon cycle. This describes how carbon moves between the atmosphere, soils, living creatures, the ocean, and human sources. The atmosphere only makes up 1% of the carbon sink, so small changes in CO2 make a large difference to greenhouse effect. Carbon Cycle Stage Description / Equation Auto and Factory Emissions (burning fossil fuels) Photosynthesis Dead organisms to fossil and fossil fuels Plant and animal respiration Decay organisms 11 | Page Ocean Uptake Fossil Fuels As mentioned in the Carbon Cycle summary, the industrial revolution has led to a dramatic increase in the volume of fossil fuels used by human civilization. When coal (carbon in solid form) is burned to release energy, carbon is released as carbon dioxide: Carbon Combustion formula: ____________________________________________________ Similarly other fossil fuel sources such as methane also release carbon dioxide when burned. Methane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water 𝐶𝐻4 + 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2𝑂. 2 Deforestation Plants act as a “sink” for carbon through photosynthesis. They convert carbon dioxide and water to oxygen and glucose (food for their own growth). Photosynthesis formula: __________________________________________________________________ As humans have cleared large amounts of _____________________ for large scale ____________________________, the net amount of carbon dioxide captured by plants has ___________, leading to ____________ CO2 in the atmosphere. 12 | Page Oceans – Carbon Sink, Increased Acidification & ocean warming. Earth’s oceans are the largest sink for carbon (26% of all human emissions) Carbon dioxide dissolves into the oceans and is converted to carbonic acid and carbonates Carbonates are used by shellfish, but increased overall acidity can make it harder for shells to be created. Who and what may be impacted by increased ocean acidity? Warmer oceans are also problematic as this reduces the amount of carbon dioxide that can be absorbed. Who and what may be impacted by increased ocean temperatures? 13 | Page Section 1.2 Key Summary Questions 1. List 4 key impacts of the enhanced greenhouse effect that we have observed in Australia/ 2. What is the carbon cycle? 3. For each stage of the carbon cycle, indicate whether carbon is captured or released into the atmosphere. Carbon Cycle Stage Capture / Release of carbon dioxide Auto and Factory Emissions (burning fossil fuels) Photosynthesis Dead organisms to fossil and fossil fuels Plant and animal respiration Decay organisms Ocean Uptake 4. Write the Word and Chemical Equation for photosynthesis 14 | Page  5. Write the Word and Chemical Equation for animal and plant respiration. 6. List five common fossil fuels 7. Write the Word and Chemical Equation for burning of coal. 8. Explain how ocean warming can be considered as a positive feedback effect. 9. THE CARBON CYCLE Annotate this diagram of the carbon cycle to explain what happens during each of the named processes: photosynthesis, cell respiration, fossilisation, combustion, feeding, decomposition. You should explain 15 | Page what compounds the carbon atoms are found in – for example, carbon atoms in carbon dioxide in the air are used to make glucose (C6H12O6) molecules when plants do photosynthesis. 16 | Page 1.3 Humans can impact climate change – taking action to reduce effects There are number of key actions that we can take to reduce the effect of human-induced climate change. Brainstorm list: Identifying Renewable Energy Resources. Renewable energy resources are preferred to fossil fuel sources as they lead to lower overall carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, a renewable energy resource must satisfy the following criteria: Criteria Details 17 | Page Solar Energy Solar power is generated when light is directed onto a solar cell, creating current and voltage through a physical phenomenon called the ___________________________________. Energy Transformation: __________________________________________________ Characteristic Details Key advantages Disadvantages Interesting? 18 | Page Hydroelectric Power Hydroelectric power involves construction or use of an existing dam. Water flows down through a _______________________, spinning a __________________ and generating electricity. Hydroelectric dams are very efficient, but are clearly a large-scale investment that drastically alters the environment. Energy Transformation: _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Characteristic Details Key advantages Disadvantages Interesting? 19 | Page Wind Energy Wind power is produced when the blades of the turbines spin, generating electricity in the turbine mounted on top of the shaft. Energy Transformation: ____________________________________________________________________________ Australia has excellent wind resources by world standards. The southern coastline experiences significant wind from the Southern Ocean and many sites have average wind speeds above 8 m s-1 at turbine hub height. Wind accounted for 10 per cent of Australia’s total energy generation in 2021 and more than one-third of renewable energy generated (Source: Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (2022) Australian Energy Statistics). Macarthur Wind Farm in Victoria. 140 turbines, producing 420 MW (220,000 homes, 1.7 MT of CO2 reduced) Characteristic Details Key advantages Disadvantages Interesting? 20 | Page 2.1 Static Electricity Charge is a fundamental property of all matter (like mass) There are two forms of charge in the universe: _____________ ______ and _________________ Atoms contain positive charge (_______________) and negative charge (___________________) Electrons are generally the most mobile charge carriers When there is an equal number of charges, an object is ____________________. When there is an excess of electrons, an object is _____________________ When electrons are removed, an object is _______________________ Objects can repel or attract depending on their relative charge. Combination of charges Result Positive + Positive Negative + Negative Positive + Negative 21 | Page  Section 3.3: Key Summary Questions 1. Use RH grip rule to show direction of field around the current-carrying wires shown below. 2. Label the simplified diagram of the motor shown below. Use the terms: Brush, Battery, Coil, Commutator. 3. Referring to the diagram above, the current is indicated by the arrow heads labelled on the conducting wire. a. Use arrows to indicate the direction of the forces on the sides of the coil. b. Use a curved arrow to indicate the direction of rotation of the coil. 22 | Page 23 | Page