Microbial Diversity PH 153 PDF

PH 153: MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY MICROBIAL DIVERSITY EVALYN A. ROXAS, MD, MPH, FPCP, FPSMID | SEPTEMBER 2022 TABLE OF CONTENTS Molecular Biology...

PH 153: MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY MICROBIAL DIVERSITY EVALYN A. ROXAS, MD, MPH, FPCP, FPSMID | SEPTEMBER 2022 TABLE OF CONTENTS Molecular Biology → Newer subdivision I. Introduction to Diversity III. Microbial Diversity and its Microbial Ecology A. Estimates of Biodiversity Applications Applied Microbiology B. Classification of Microbes A. Industry → Deals with microbes which can be helpful in some instances like: C. Divisions of Microbiology B. Microbial Geotechnology ▪ Water treatment D. History of Microbiology C. Production of Bacterial ▪ Natural products E. Importance of Microbes Polymers ▪ Food microbiology II. Classification of Microbes D. Other Applications ▪ Environmental microbiology A. Bacteria E. Bioprospecting B. Fungi IV. References D. HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY C. Protists V. Appendix Ancient Knowledge I. INTRODUCTION TO DIVERSITY Recognition of Immunity → Variolation and protection from infection A. ESTIMATES OF BIODIVERSITY ▪ Intentional contact with minor form of smallpox Table 1. Number of described species from the different kingdoms → The Myth of the MIlkmaid Kingdom/Major Division Number of Described ▪ Story of Edward Jenner and the milkmaids Species ▪ Milkmaids who’ve had cowpox seem immune to smallpox. Viruses 1,000 ▪ From here, we get the idea of immunization or vaccination. Monera (Bacteria, Mycoplasma, 4,760 Contagion Cyanophycota) → Disease can be spread by contact Fungi (Zygomycota, Ascomycota, etc.) 46,983 → During the Black Death Algae 26,900 ▪ A lot of mortality secondary to bubonic plague Plantae 248,428 → Led to exclusion of lepers, burning of plague victims → Catapulting of disease victims into castles during siege Protozoa 30,800 ▪ Was done by invading armies to spread disease inside the Animalia (including Arthropoda) 989,761 impenetrable walls of castles in order for the besieged to Chordata (Tunicata, Vertebrata, etc.) 43,852 surrender. TOTAL 1,392,485 History Continued There are currently more than 1 million number of described species across all kingdoms /divisions Microbiology as a biological science → Animalia sports the highest number of species Robert Hooke ▪ Including Arthropoda (insects) → Discovery of cells, 1665 → Estimates of total microbial biodiversity range from 5-30 million Antony van Leeuwenhoek species → Father of Microbiology → Dutch amateur lens grinder B. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROBES → First person to see microbes, late 1600s There are three domains: Mid 1800s, microbes were taken more seriously and studied using → Eubacteria the scientific method ▪ Have a prokaryotic cell structure → Archaebacteria ▪ Prokaryotes → Eukaryotes ▪ Four kingdoms − Plants, animals, fungi, protists What are microbiologists interested in? Eubacteria and archaebacteria Eukaryotes like fungi and protists Animals like arthropods Viruses C. DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY By Critter Type Bacteriology Figure 1. Von Leeuwenhoek Microscope (circa late 1600s). Retrieved from → Bacteria alone Roxas, 2022. ▪ Gram (+) and Gram (-) The Golden Age Virology From 1850 to early 20th Century → Viruses like SARS-CoV-2 Louis Pasteur lays to rest the idea of spontaneous generation Mycology → Pasteur shows that fermentation is associated with life → Study of Fungi → Pasteurization prevents unwanted fermentation Parasitology ▪ Saved the French wine industry → Protozoans (e.g. etiologic agents of malaria, amoeba) Germ Theory of Disease → Worms (e.g. helminths) → Sickness is caused by microbes Other Divisions Robert Koch Pathogenic Microbiology → Koch’s Postulates showed how to link a microbe with a disease → Branch of microbiology that studies diseases caused by microbes ▪ If you isolate the microbes from a sick person and grow that in Immunology a culture and give it to another susceptible host, that person → Related to microbiology as the immune system is part of this will have the same disease. study Trans # 1 Team M: Cadano, Gapultos, La Torre, Pedrosa, Sabile 1 of 9  ▪ Use of laboratory equipment and techniques like agar and Environment staining Host (or population) Note: Information was directly taken from the trans of Batch 2022. Any tilt or disequilibrium in the epidemiologic triangle can lead to → Review of Koch’s Postulates communicable disease ▪ The bacteria must be present in every case of the disease. Table 2. Causative Agents of Notifiable Diseases ▪ The bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease Notifiable Diseases Agents and grown in pure culture. Acute bloody diarrhea Shigella ▪ The specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture Acute hemorrhagic fever Dengue, Ebola virus, Marburg virus of the bacteria is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host. Acute febrile illness Leptospira interrogans ▪ The bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally Acute lower respiratory tract S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus infected host. infection & pneumonia pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae Ignaz Semmelweis Acute watery diarrhea Rotavirus → Father of Handwashing Cholera Vibrio cholerae → Showed the importance of handwashing for the prevention of Dengue hemorrhagic fever Dengue virus disease Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae Joseph Lister Filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi → Aseptic surgery Paul Ehrlich Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae → Antimicrobials Leptospirosis Leptospira interrogans Malaria Plasmodium falciparum 20th Century Measles Measles virus Advent of Molecular Biology Meningococcal infection Neisseria meningitidis → Use of microbes as model systems for study → Study of DNA and protein synthesis Neonatal tetanus & Clostridium tetani → Development of tools and processes for the use of recombinant non-neonatal tetanus DNA Paralytic shellfish poisoning Toxin-contaminated bivalve shellfish Applied Microbiology (PSP) and crustaceans → Food industry Rabies (human) Rabies virus → Water and sewage treatment Schistosomiasis Schistosoma japonicum → Bioremediation Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi Medicine Paratyphoid fever Salmonella paratyphi → Emerging/novel diseases Viral encephalitis HSV, Japanese encephalitis ▪ e.g. COVID-19 Viral hepatitis Hepatitis A, B, C → Antibiotic resistance Viral meningitis Herpes simplex virus E. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBES Whooping cough Bordetella pertussis Major impact on health II. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROBES → Responsible for disease in humans, animals, plants Major impact on environment A. BACTERIA → Major decomposers Size → Nutrient cycling, elemental cycling → 0.2 μm - 0.1 mm Microbes are talented → Most are 0.5 μm - 2.0 μm → Can live under extreme conditions Shape → May help protect against disease → Coccus (cocci) → May help with bioremediation → Rod (bacillus, bacilli) ▪ Eat oil, toxic waste → Spiral shapes (spirochetes; spirillum, spirilla) → Can make plastics ▪ spirochetes = flexible; spirilla = rigid → Can cause food to spoil, can also make food → Filamentous → Can use light, can also produce light → Various odd shapes Arrangement The Communicable Disease Model → Clusters Epidemiologic triangle model of a communicable disease has three → Tetrads main components: → Sarcina (cocci in cubes of eight) → Pairs → Chains Division of the Eubacteria Invented by Hans Christian Gram Gram staining is the first step in identifying bacteria → Gram (+)ve: purple → Gram (-)ve: pink/red Cell wall architecture → Gram (+)ve: thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall (Figure 3) → Gram (-)ve: thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane (Figure 4) Staining is valuable in bacterial identification Figure 2. The epidemiologic triad model of communicable disease. Agent → Element that must be present in order for the diseases to occur → Includes microorganisms such as algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses (see Figure 19 in Appendix) → Can come from air, soil, plants, people, animals, water ▪ Microbes are ubiquitous PH 153 Microbial Diversity 2 of 9  Hyphae → Thread-like structures → Can be partially separated into cells or not at all (coenocytic). ▪ Cytoplasm is continuous throughout hypha. Mycelia: a mass of hyphae → Like a bacterial colony Some fungi are molds, some are yeasts, → Yeasts: oval, unicellular → Dimorphic: able to grow as either form ▪ Typical of some disease-causing fungi Figure 3. Cell wall architecture of Gram-positive bacteria. (see Appendix for larger image) Impact of Fungi Cause different, wide spectrum of diseases: mycosis (plural: mycoses) → Superficial: on hairs, nails → Cutaneous: involves dermatophytes in skin ▪ Example: athlete’s foot → Subcutaneous: deeper into the skin → Systemic: in deeper tissues, usually via lungs ▪ Involves blood and other parts of the body ▪ Opportunists: serious disease when immune system is depressed Figure 4. Cell wall architecture of Gram-negative bacteria. (see Appendix for larger image) Antibiotic production → Penicillium, Cephalosporium EUKARYOTIC MICROBIAL DIVERSITY Decomposition; Food industry (soy sauce) Early attempts at taxonomy on all plants and animals Classification of Fungi Whittaker scheme (late 20th century) Fungi can be classified based on sexual reproductive structures. → Five kingdoms → Reproduce both asexually and sexually → Modified by Woese’s work on rRNA Deuteromycota ▪ Three domains (one of which is eukaryotes) also known as fungi imperfecti Protista: the grab bag Kingdom No longer a valid classification → Always recognized as a highly diverse group Through morphological and molecular means (e.g. DNA analysis), it → In new schemes, split into 7 kingdoms is being distributed into the other 3 phyla of fungi. Since the application of molecular biology, the taxonomy of all things is constantly changing Zygomycota Produce zygospores (Figure 5 left) Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes Example: Rhizopus Eukaryotes are larger. Fusion of hyphae (haploid) of opposite mating types produces Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles. zygospore (diploid). → Examples: Nucleus, mitochondria, membrane systems Zygospore produces a zygosporangium with haploid spores that → Larger size requires functional compartments. are released. Eukaryotic Pathogens Asexually, sporangium containing spores (Figure 5 right). Fungi Protozoa Remember: These are all eukaryotes with organelles and many of the same cellular characteristics that humans have. → Makes drug treatment more difficult. B. FUNGI Mycology: study of fungi Most fungi are saprophytes → Decay nonliving organic matter → Fungi are the king of decomposition Figure 5. A mature zygospore (left) and sporangia (right) of rhizopus. All fungi are heterotrophs. → Use preformed organic matter Ascomycota → Not autotrophs, not photosynthetic. Also called sac fungi Fungi grow into, through their food. Sexual spores produced inside an ascus (sac). → Release extracellular enzymes, break down polymers into low molecular weight (LMW) compounds for transport Often dimorphic → Can exist in 2 forms: ▪ Yeast in body ▪ Mold in culture Classification of fungal diseases (mycoses) → Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous → Systemic and opportunistic ▪ Systemic: fungi in blood or all over the body ▪ Opportunistic: The usually non-pathogenic fungi can be pathogenic in immunocompromised hosts. Figure 6. Ascus of ascomycota. → Poisoning and allergies Treatment: Asexual spores are called conidiospores or conidia (singular → Azole drugs, amphotericin B, others conidium). Fungi Terminology and Structure PH 153 Microbial Diversity 3 of 9  Cryptococcus neoformans → Not seen among immunocompetent individuals, but thrives among immunocompromised hosts (i.e. HIV/AIDS) → Inhalation of spores → Can infect many parts, but has predilection for CNS → Particularly serious in AIDS Pneumocystis carinii → Used to be classified under protozoan (Kingdom Protista), but was reclassified as a fungus → Very protozoan like, but is a fungus Figure 7. Conidia or conidiospores. → Most cases associated with AIDS Many types of common molds are ascomycetes. ▪ AIDS-defining illness → Most molds such as Aspergillus sp. belongs to the family − Even if an individual has not been tested for HIV/AIDS, those Ascomycota. infected with P. carinii are considered to have the disease already. → Serious lung infections: PCP (P. carinii pneumonia) Basidiomycota aka the club fungi or mushrooms C. KINGDOM PROTISTA After extensive growth of hyphae, opposite mating types fuse and Highly diverse group of organisms above ground mushroom is formed. Size: 5 μm - 5 mm Sexual spores are called basidiospores. Defined by what they are not → Asexual conidia can also be formed. Nutrient/energy acquisition ranges from photosynthesis to predatory to detritivores Important in many food webs → Provide link between bacteria and larger organisms Figure 8. Examples of basidiomycota (left) and close up of gills (right). Figure 9. Protist. Diseases Caused by Fungi Protozoal Terminology Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycoses Macronucleus and micronucleus Dermatophytes → Two types of nuclei differing in size and function (macro- larger; → Various genera micro- smaller) → Cause skin and nail diseases Cyst → Referred to as Tinea (worm) → Resting stage similar to a spore with a thick wall and low level of ▪ Ringlike appearance on scalp. metabolism → Cause ringworm, jock itch, athlete’s foot (alipunga), etc. Trophozoite → Attacks only the outer layer of skin → Stage in life cycle during which the microbe is feeding and Sporothrix schenckii growing → Acquired from soil and plant material Merozoite → Infects deeper into skin, but not systemic. → Small cells with a single nuclei produced during schizogony ▪ May affect the subcutaneous layer ▪ Large, multinucleated cell undergoes cytokinesis to produce ▪ Does not affect the blood and other parts of the body multiple daughter cells (merozoites) Systemic Mycoses Plant-like Protists Generally acquired by inhalation of spores Contain chloroplasts → Lung infections, may spread beyond into other tissues Representatives: Blastomyces → Diatoms → Causes blastomycosis ▪ Diatomaceous earth = fossilized diatoms: abrasives and slug Coccidioides repellents → Causes coccidioidomycosis Histoplasma → Causes histoplasmosis → Most common in areas: ▪ Ohio and Mississippi River valleys → Many people are exposed to asymptomatic cases. ▪ Many test positive for exposure Opportunistic Infections Figure 10. Diatoms under an electron microscope Usually non-pathogenic in immunocompetent people → Red, brown, yellow algae → Can be pathogenic in immunocompromised people. ▪ Seaweed, source of agar Aspergillus → Dinoflagellates → Causes aspergillosis ▪ Neurotoxins and red tide → Variety of species, very common in soil, plant materials Fungus-like Protists → Serious infections in immunocompromised Different from true fungi → Allergies to A. fumigatus Water molds → Poisoning from aflatoxin from A. flavus Slime molds Candida → Causes candidiasis → Normal microbiota → Cause of vaginal infections, diaper rash, thrush → Capable of infecting any part of the body → Dangerous in cancer patients, HIV infections, etc. PH 153 Microbial Diversity 4 of 9  III. MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS Uses of microorganisms in the industry → Essential to many processes ▪ Examples: − Nitrogen cycle (nitrogen is recycled in the ecosystem) − Decomposition of animal and plant waste → Increasingly important to industry ▪ Examples: − Food production − Water treatment Figure 11. A slime mold A. FERMENTATION Chemical conversion of carbohydrates into alcohols or acids Animal-like Protists Occurs when oxygen supplies are limited Capable of ingesting their food → Therefore, it is a type of anaerobic respiration Found among many different groups Examples of foods produced using fermentation: cheese, yogurt, → Not good for taxonomy butter, beer, wine, bread → Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast or brewer’s yeast) ▪ Most common yeast used in the preparation of beer ▪ Beer is made from barley, wheat, or rye grain which is germinated to convert starch to sugar such as maltose Figure 12. An animal-like protist Protozoans Unicellular eukaryotes Lack a cell wall Figure 14. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Require moist environments (water, damp soil, etc.) Great amounts of diversity based on: → Wine is also produced by fermentation → Locomotion: float, cilia, flagella, pseudopodia ▪ Grapes are crushed to release sugars → Nutrition: chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs ▪ Yeast is then added for fermentation and conversion of sugars → Simple to complex life cycles, reproduction into alcohol → Different cell organelles, some lack mitochondria ▪ For sparkling wines, the carbon dioxide produced by the Cell ultrastructure and molecular analysis becoming the main fermentation process is trapped to create bubbles methods used for classification B. PROBIOTICS → Suggests that several kingdoms would be appropriate Live microorganisms that can protect the host, prevent disease, and Classification of Protozoa provide a health benefit to the host Alveolates Example: → Ciliates → Antibiotics can kill off normal intestinal flora, and the → Apicomplexans administration of probiotic bacteria can replenish the flora to → Dinoflagellates normal levels Amoebae → Shelled and unshelled Euglenozoa → Amoebae → Euglenoids → Kinetoplastids Archaezoa → Diplomonadida → Parabasalia Figure 13. Structure of a Paramecium cell Animal-like protozoa → Group responsible for human diseases Figure 15. Benefits of Probiotics. Old groupings: → Ciliates → Amoebae → Flagellates → Sporozoans (apicomplexans) Typically have life cycles → Simple: like vegetative and cyst → Complex: like protozoans have PH 153 Microbial Diversity 5 of 9  → Distribution - Distributed from the point of production to fuel terminals and wholesalers by truck, train, barge or sometimes shipped by pipeline. → End user - Biofuel is used to generate power in backup systems where emission matters most. ▪ This includes facilities such as schools, hospitals and other forms located in residential areas. D. BIOGAS The ‘biogas’ produced can be used as fuel or in the generation of electricity. Scientists are developing processes that exploit photosynthetic bacteria or algae. → These microorganisms can capture sunlight to produce new biomass that can be turned into alternative sources of energy. Figure 16. Distribution of the Intestinal Microflora → Live bacteria in probiotic yogurts are thought to restore the natural microbe population of the gut (flora), which can be depleted by antibiotics C. BIOFUELS Note: Text in blue are additional information taken from online sources to better explain the figures shown in the following sections. Rapidly developing area of research Aims to reduce the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions, and decrease pollution and waste management problems Anaerobic microorganisms can convert biomass (e.g. manure or crop residues) into useful energy sources, through landfill power plants, for example. It involves a type of fermentation process that produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Figure 18. Outline of Biogas Power Generation and Heat Supply System. Obtained from Roxas, 2022. E. MICROBIAL GEOTECHNOLOGY New branch of geotechnical engineering Deals with applications of microbiological methods to geological materials used in engineering. Aims to improve the mechanical properties of soil so that it will be more suitable for construction or environmental purposes. Two notable applications: bioclogging and biocementation. Bioclogging Production of pore-filling materials through microbial means so that the porosity and hydraulic conductivity of soil can be reduced → Hydraulic conductivity - the ability of the fluid to pass through the pores and fractured rocks (Saravanan et al., 2019). Biocementation Generation of particle-binding materials through microbial processes in situ so that the shear strength of soil can be increased. The most suitable microorganisms for soil bioclogging or biocementation are (Ivanov & Chu, 2008): Figure 17. Biofuels life cycle. → facultative anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria, → anaerobic fermenting bacteria, anaerobic respiring bacteria, and Biofuels Life Cycle obligate aerobic bacteria may also be suitable for use in → Feedstock - biomass feedstocks such as food crops (sugar, geotechnical engineering. starch, oil), palm, rapeseed, soy, beets and cereals (corn, wheat, F. PRODUCTION OF BACTERIAL EXOPOLYMERS etc). → Transportation - usually done via trucks, rails, ships, and barges. Production of bacterial exopolymers in situ can be used to modify Pipelines are being explored as a more efficient means of soil properties. transporting fuel across land to major markets. Application: enhancing oil recovery or soil bioremediation (Stewart → Biorefinery - sustainable process for the production of biofuels and Fogler 2001) and other bio-products from biomass feedstock using different Oligotrophic bacteria from genus Caulobacter - groups of conversion technologies. microorganisms that produce insoluble extracellular polysaccharides → Processing and conversion - refers to conversion of biomass to bind the soil particles and fill in the soil pores. into liquid fuels, called biofuels. G. OTHER APPLICATIONS ▪ Major conversion processes of biomass: Molecular basis of microbial genetics − Direct combustion (burning) to produce heat. Genetic engineering in plants, animals and microorganisms − Thermochemical conversion to produce solid, gaseous, Mutation and mutant selection and liquid fuels. Genetic exchange − Chemical conversion to produce liquid fuels. Cloning − Biological conversion to produce liquid and gaseous fuels Emerging techniques Transgenesis - emerging applications; PH 153 Microbial Diversity 6 of 9  Rapid analytical techniques, principles and applications in the food Threat to Medicinal Flora of Pakistan industry; Crude medicinal plant material is worth more than Rs. 150M (US Practical applications of genetic technology in the food industry $2.3M) per year. Enzyme production → Most of these plants are obtained from the wild. Phage resistant cheese starters and enzyme production Pakistan exports large quantities of crude plant at very cheap prices DNA probes in the international market (worth US $6M), in the entire business Immunochemical assays chain, gatherers receive the least money and are forced to collect Enzyme immunoassays more and more plant material to survive, so Pakistan receives a Biosensors paltry return from its natural flora wealth. Novel techniques IV. REFERENCES Cultivation of microorganisms, animal plant cells in industrial situations Ivanov, V., & Chu, J. (2008). Applications of microorganisms to Engineering, biochemical, and chemical considerations in geotechnical engineering for bioclogging and biocementation of soil fermentation technologies in situ. Reviews In Environmental Science And Bio/Technology, 7(2), Products and processes: microbial products, mammalian products, 139-153. doi: 10.1007/s11157-007-9126-3 antibiotics, vitamins and amino acids, enzymes, organic acids; Langdon, A., Crook, N., & Dantas, G. (2016). The effects of Food fermentations and waste utilization antibiotics on the microbiome throughout development and Regulatory, food safety and ethical issues related to applications of alternative approaches for therapeutic modulation. Genome biotechnology Medicine, 8(1). doi: 10.1186/s13073-016-0294-z Roxas, E.A. (2022). Microbial Diversity. H. BIOPROSPECTING Saravanan, S., Parthasarathy, K., & Sivaranjani, S. (2019). Bioprospecting of plants entails the search for economically valuable Assessing Coastal Aquifer to Seawater Intrusion: Application of the biochemical resources from the flora wealth of a country. GALDIT Method to the Cuddalore Aquifer, India. Coastal Zone Such initiatives hold the promise of new medicines and Management, 233-250. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814350-6.00010-0 biodegradable pesticides that can be a source of income for developing countries, thus providing incentives to conserve biodiversity. PH 153 Microbial Diversity 7 of 9  APPENDIX Figure 3. Cell wall architecture of Gram-positive bacteria. Figure 4. Cell wall architecture of Gram-negative bacteria. Figure 19. Examples of microorganisms as agents of infection. PH 153 Microbial Diversity 8 of 9 \ [Optional: You may put your memes and/or inspirational messages for the batch here… or not!] Exhibit A. Taking antibiotics early on in life highly affects microbial diversity (i.e. in gut microbiome) up until adulthood. This may predispose some people to health conditions such as undernutrition, obesity, or increased frequency of diseases like diarrhea (Langdon et al., 2016). PH 153 Microbial Diversity 9 of 9  LECTURE PH 153: Microbial Physiology and Ecology 8/31/23 1 - MICROBIAL DIVERSITY E.A. Roxas a. Ascomycota b. Basidiomycota Microbial Diversity c. Deuteromycota d. Zygomycota TRANS OUTLINE 10. Sexual spores of the Ascomycota are produced inside a(n) ________. Their asexual spores are called _________ or I. Review Questions II. Reference _________. a. Hyphae; zygospores; sporangium b. Ascus, basidiospores; basidiosporangia c. Ascus; conidiospores; conidia d. Hyphae; ascospores; ascosporium I Review Questions 11. These fungi are the etiologic agents of skin and nail diseases such as ringworm, jock itch, and athlete’s foot. 1. Robert Hooke coined the term 'cell'. Louis Pasteur a. Dermatophytes articulated the theory of spontaneous generation. b. Blastomyces a. Only the first statement is correct. c. Coccidioides b. Only the second statement is correct. d. Sporothrix c. Both statements are correct. 12. The following fungi are usual etiologic agents of d. Both statements are incorrect. opportunistic infections EXCEPT: 2. Which of the following pairs of words is/are correctly a. Candida matched? b. Aspergillus I. HSV : Viral encephalitis c. Cryptococcus neoformans II. Corynebacterium diphtheriae : Diphtheria d. Histoplasma III. Shigella : Acute watery diarrhea 13. Bioclogging is the production of pore-filling materials a. I through microbial means so that porosity and hydraulic b. I and II conductivity of soil can be increased. Meanwhile, c. I, II and III biocementation is the generation of particle-binding d. None of the above materials through microbial means so that shear strength 3. The following pair of words are correctly matched, of soil can be increased. EXCEPT: a. Only the first statement is correct. a. Antony van Leeuwenhoek: Father of Microbiology b. Only the second statement is correct. b. Edward Jenner: developed smallpox vaccine c. Both statements are correct. c. Joseph Lister: developed antimicrobials d. Both statements are incorrect. d. Ignaz Semmelweis: Father of Handwashing 14. The following types of microorganisms are suitable for 4. Gram-positive organisms are stained either purple or use in geotechnical engineering, EXCEPT: blue, while gram-negative organisms are either pink or red a. Anaerobic fermenting bacteria in color. Gram-positive cell walls contain a thick layer of b. Facultative anaerobic bacteria peptidoglycan, while Gram-negative cell walls do not have c. Microaerophilic bacteria a peptidoglycan layer. d. Obligate aerobic bacteria a. Only the first statement is correct. e. None of the above b. Only the second statement is correct. 15. Which of the following microorganisms is utilized in the c. Both statements are correct. production of bacterial polymers to enhance oil recovery d. Both statements are incorrect. or bioremediation? 5. Which of the following causative agents and notifiable a. Ruminococci diseases are incorrectly paired? b. Bifidobacteria a. Filariasis: Wuchereria bancrofti c. Caulobacter b. Leprosy: Leptospira interrogans d. Saccharomyces cerevisiae c. Neonatal tetanus: Clostridium tetani 16. This deals with application of microbiological methods d. Malaria: Plasmodium falciparum to improve mechanical properties of soil to increase its 6. Which of the following statements about eukaryotes and suitability for construction or environmental purposes. prokaryotes is/are true? a. Microbial geotechnology a. Fungi are eukaryotic pathogens. b. Bioclogging b. Protozoa and bacteria are prokaryotic pathogens. c. Biocementation c. Eukaryotes are membrane-bound and are larger than d. Biorefinery prokaryotes. 17. This entails the search for economically valuable d. Both A and C. chemical resources from the flora of the country to find 7. All fungi are heterotrophs that metabolize organic new medicines. matter, and most of them are saprophytes that decay a. Bioremediation nonliving organic matter. They do this by releasing b. Biosensing intracellular enzymes that break down polymers into low c. Biological conversion molecular weight compounds for transport. d. Bioprospecting a. Only the first statement is correct. 18. Which of the following microorganisms is usually b. Only the second statement is correct. utilized in the fermentation of maltose to alcohol in beer c. Both statements are correct. production? d. Both statements are incorrect. a. Ruminococci 8. Which of the following statements about fungi is true? b. Bifidobacteria a. Fungi are often dimorphic and exist as yeast in culture c. Caulobacter and mold in the body. d. Saccharomyces cerevisiae b. Fungi are capable of producing substances such as 19. The following applications of microorganisms utilize the amphotericin B that can be used as antibiotics. fermentation process, EXCEPT: c. Fungi can cause systemic diseases in deeper tissues, and a. Wine production even opportunistic diseases when the host immune b. Biofuel production system is compromised c. Biogas production d. Fungi can also cause superficial diseases involving d. Bacterial exopolymer production dermatophytes in the skin, such as athlete's foot. e. Two of the choices 9. This classification of fungi produces zygospores. f. None of the above PH 153 | BSPH 2024 MICROBIAL DIVERSITY Group I | Flordelis, Costillas, Macabeo, Redobante 1 20. ______ is the resting stage of a protist similar to a spore Bacterial exopolymer production utilizes biofilm with a thick wall and a low level of metabolism. ______ is a production. stage where the protist is actively feeding and growing. 20) C a. Merozoite; cyst 21) D Carbon → carbohydrates; aerobic → anaerobic b. Blastocyst; trophozoite 22) D Slime molds are fungus-like protists c. Cyst; trophozoite 23) C d. Merozoite; trophozoite 21. Fermentation is the chemical conversion of carbon to 24) E Unicellular prokaryotes → Unicellular eukaryotes; cell alcohols and acids using yeasts, bacteria, or a combination wall present → cell wall absent thereof. It is a type of aerobic respiration. 25) D Hyphae - Thread-like structures; Mycelia: a mass of a. Only the first statement is correct. hyphae b. Only the second statement is correct. c. Both statements are correct. d. Both statements are incorrect. 22. Representatives of plant-like protists include the II References following EXCEPT: a. Dinoflagellates Roxas, E. A. (2022). Microbial Diversity b. Red, brown, yellow algae c. Diatoms Fun fact about Ignaz Semmelweis! d. Slime molds 23. Aspergillus sp. : Ascomycota; Rhizopus : _________ a. Deuteromycota b. Basidiomycota c. Zygomycota d. Ascomycota 24. The following statements describe protozoans EXCEPT? a. Unicellular prokaryotes b. Cell wall present c. Require moist environments d. Classification based on cell ultrastructure and molecular analysis e. Two of the choices are correct. f. None of the above 25. Mycelia are thread-like structures. A mass of mycelium is called a hyphae. a. Only the first statement is correct. b. Only the second statement is correct. c. Both statements are correct. d. Both statements are incorrect. Answer Key 1) A. Articulated → lays to rest or disprove 2) B. Shigella : Acute bloody diarrhea Rotavirus : Acute watery diarrhea 3) C. Joseph Lister: founder of Aseptic surgery Paul Ehrlich: developed antimicrobials 4) A. Do not have a peptidoglycan layer → have a thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane 5) B. Leprosy → Mycobacterium leprae Leptospirosis → Leptospira interrogans 6) D. Protozoans are eukaryotic pathogens 7) A. Intracellular enzymes → Extracellular enzymes 8) C. A. Exist as mold in culture and yeast in the body. B. Amphotericin B: Treatment against fungal infections; Penicillium and Cephalosporium: Antibiotics produced by fungi D. Superficial diseases → Cutaneous diseases 9) D. 10) C. 11) A. 12) D. Histoplasma is an etiologic agent of systemic mycoses 13) B Bioclogging: reduce porosity and hydraulic conductivity 14) E All are suitable for geotechnical engineering based on Ivanov & Chu (2008) 15) C Ruminococci and Bifidobacteria belong to the intestinal microflora Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as baker’s yeast, is used in fermentation 16) A Bioclogging and biocementation are applications of microbial geotechnology. Biorefinery is a phase in the biofuel life cycle. 17) D 18) D Fermentation: conversion of starch to sugar Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as baker’s yeast, is used in fermentation 19) D Wine production is done by fermentation using yeast. Biogas and biofuel production utilizes methane fermentation. PH 153 | BSPH 2024 MICROBIAL DIVERSITY Group I | Flordelis, Costillas, Macabeo, Redobante 2