Contrastive Grammar 5th Lecture PDF

University of Benghazi Faculty of Languages English Department Contrastive Grammar 5th Lecture Mr. Abdullah Aljhani Topics will be Covered: 1. Types of verbs 2. Verb in Arabic and in English 3. Negation in English and Arabic 2. Conjugation in English and Aspect 3. Arabic Tense...

University of Benghazi Faculty of Languages English Department Contrastive Grammar 5th Lecture Mr. Abdullah Aljhani Topics will be Covered: 1. Types of verbs 2. Verb in Arabic and in English 3. Negation in English and Arabic 2. Conjugation in English and Aspect 3. Arabic Tense and Aspect 4. Voice in English and Arabic  Negation in English To negate a sentence in English there are FOUR different ways. 1. Negating the sentence by using the particle not after the auxiliary verb. Sandy is not a doctor. 2. Negating the sentence that contains a lexical verb by using the auxiliary verb do, does or did plus the particle not before the lexical verb. Tom doesn’t speak English The boys didn’t go to school 3. Negating the sentence by using the particles none and never. None of the students passed the exam Jack will never forgive you. 4. Negating the sentence by using words like no one , nobody and nothing. No one likes the back biter. Nobody saw the killer. I found nothing in the store  ‫‪Negation in Arabic‬‬ ‫‪To negate a sentence in Arabic there are different particles.‬‬ ‫‪ to negate the past‬لم او ما ‪1. Using‬‬ ‫لم يحضر االجتماع‬ ‫ماسمعت بهذا من قبل‬ ‫مارئيتهم‬ ‫‪ to negate the present‬ال ‪2. Using‬‬ ‫ال طالب في الفصل‬ ‫هو ال يدرس اللغة العربية‬ ‫ال النافية‬ ‫ال تكذب‬ ‫ال الناهية‬ ‫‪ to negate the future.‬لن ‪3. Using‬‬ ‫لن اسافر الي تونس غدا‬ ‫لن يدخل الجنة مشرك‬ ‫ليس ‪3. Using‬‬ ‫ليس خالد شاعرا‬ ‫ليس البحر امنا‬  Verb forms English has 5 verb forms Arabic has 3 basic verb forms with a number of sub forms  Conjugation A feature used with the verb to indicate some marks of the verb such as tense, time, aspect, mood, and voice. Conjugation is the change that takes place in a verb to express tense, mood, person and so on In English, verb is conjugated based on 1. Subject –verb- agreement [ using ‘s 3rd person with she/he/it] ‘ s’ indicate that tense is present, aspect simple, mood indicative, voice active In Arabic, verb is conjugated based on……. ُ ‫ب س َي ْك ُت‬ 1. tense such as ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ب َي ْك ُت‬ َ ‫َك َت‬ 2. number such as ‫يكتب يكتبان يكتبون‬ 3. gender such as ‫يكتب تكتب يكتبان تكتبان‬  Tense and Aspect Tense is the inflection on a verb with reference to the time of the utterance. Tense is the correspondence between the form of the verb and the concept of time. Aspect is a term used to describe the state of verb action as beginning, in progress, completed, etc. Aspect describes the manner of the action within the tense. It refers to the different forms of the verb within the tense There are two tenses in English: past and present. There is no obvious future tense corresponding to the time/tense relation for present and past. The future is denoted by means of : a. I will go to school. (madal auxiliary) b. He leaves for London tommorow. (simple present c. It is going to rain. [ going to] d. The train is leaving tonight. [present contious]  Tense and Aspect There are three tenses in Arabic: past, present, and future. There is no future tense corresponding to the time/tense relation for present and past. The future time is rendered by means of the future particles [ ‫سيذهب سوف يذهب ] س و سوف‬ Arabic lacks aspects, yet the verb express some information about grammatical categories such as tense, number, and gender In Arabic, there are only two aspects; the imperfect and the perfect aspect The imperfect aspect is realized by the present whereas the perfect aspect is realized by the past..  Category of Aspects in English 1. Simple [ he plays, they play, she played, I will play ] 2. Progressive [ they are playing , they were playing } 3. Perfect [ they have played, they had played, they will have played } Category of Voice in English Voice is a term used in languages to refer to or describe the relationship between the action the verb expresses and the participants [ either subject or object ] Arabic has two forms of voice as either active or passive. English has five forms of voice: 1. Active voice 2. Passive voice 3. Reflexive voice 4. Reciprocal voice 5. Middle voice 1. Active voice shows that the action is directed from the subject to the object and the subject itself is the doer of an action Tom opened the door. Saly ate the apple. 2. Passive voice is used to show that the action is directed to the subject and not from it. The subject itself is not the doer of an action but is acted upon. The apple was eaten. The door was opened. 3. Reflexive voice when the subject and the object in the sentence indicate the same participant. She dressed well. They washed. He shaved himself and left the house early. 4. Reciprocal voice when the participants take both the role of agent [subject] and patient [object]. John and Mary criticized each other. They kissed each other 5. Middle voice when the subject both 'performs' and 'receives' the action expressed by the verb. The paper burned. The door opened. The table broke.  Thank you BIBLIOGRAPHY Al-Jarf, Reima. (1994). A Contrastive Analysis of English and Arabic Morphology. Himmah, Aliyatul & Wahyudi, Ribut. (2014). A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ARABIC AND ENGLISH NOUN PLURAL MARKERS. PAROLE. 4. Azmi, M. (1988). Arabic Morphology. Hyderabad: Azizia Printing Press.