Contemporary Globalization PDF

Why do we need to study the world? Our daily Transplanetary spread of connections experiences are considered interactions with other between people. The shift in the nature of countries. Ex: Relatives from OFW; Stories about social space wherein people become...

Why do we need to study the world? Our daily Transplanetary spread of connections experiences are considered interactions with other between people. The shift in the nature of countries. Ex: Relatives from OFW; Stories about social space wherein people become more foreign countries; Media, internet, foods, able- physically, legally, linguistically, transportation and phones. culturally, and psychologically- to engage with each other on Earth they may be. Parochialism - close-minded people National developments and issues from one country can be consumed and read but people Globalization from different countries make them relate to interconnected of the world’s economies, what is happening to other groups of people. societies, and cultures. A complex The increasing integration of economies, multifaceted process that has reshaped our societies,and cultures across national borders. world in profound ways. It encompasses the flow of goods, services, Redundant words: useless capital, people, and information across the ○ Internationalization - internationality globe. and internationalization are already terms being used to refer to the Types of Globalization interaction and interdependence between Economic Globalizations states. ○ Integration of national economies into a ○ Liberalization - Not included in earlier global market, driven by trade, debates about Laissez-Faire or the investments, and financial flows. principle of leaving the market alone, Political Globalization thus, an irrelevant factor in liberal ○ The growing influence of international course. organizations and the spread of ○ Universalization - risk the democratic values and institutions. misconception that the world is slowly Social Globalization homogenizing into one entity when in ○ The interconnectedness of societies fact, there are numerous points of through migration, cultural exchange, resistance coming from different and the spread of ideas and information. cultures, groups, and communities at Cultural Globalization varying scales. ○ The convergence of cultures through the ○ Westernization - drags the term further exchange of ideas, values, and practices, back into colonialism and makes it a leading to a globalized popular culture. one-sided and biased concept. This interpretation presupposes that Drivers of Globalization everything in the world would soon Technology follow western models of politics or ○ Advances in communications and standard of culture and civilization. transportations technologies have facilitated the movement of goods, services, and information across borders.  Trade Liberalization Social and Cultural Impacts of Globalization ○ The reduction of trade barriers, such as Led to the convergence of cultures, tariffs, licenses and quotas, has facilitated by the exchange of ideas, values, and encouraged increased trade and practices. investment between countries. Cultural Exchange - Globalization has led to Economic Liberalization the spread of popular culture, including music, ○ The adoption of market-oriented fashion, and food, across borders. economic policies has led to the growth Migration - The movement of people across of multinational corporations and borders has increased cultural diversity in international financial markets. many countries. Political Cooperation Social Exchange - Globalization has also ○ International agreements and contributed to social change, including the rise organizations such as the World Trade of new social movements and the growing Organization and the International awareness of global issues. Monetary FUn, have promoted global economic integration. Political Implications Significant political implications, Economic Aspects of Globalization influencing the power dynamics between state and Globalization has had a profound impact on the rise of international institutions. the global economy, leading to increased trade, Increased Interdependence - Nations investment, and economic growth. become more reliant on each other for trade, investment, and security. Benefits: Rise of International Organizations - ○ Increased trade has led to lower prices Organizations like the United Nations and the for consumers and a wider variety of World Trade Organization play a more goods and services. It also creates new singular role in global governance. jobs and opportunities for business. Challenges to National Sovereignty - Challenges: Globalization raises questions about the limits ○ Globalization has also led to job losses of national sovereignty as global issues, such in some sectors, particularly as climate change and financial crises, require manufacturing, as companies relocate to international cooperation. countries with lower labor costs. It can also increase inequality within and Sovereignty - The State has the freedom or between countries. authority over its ruling without the intervention of another country. Environmental Considerations in Globalization their economies and protect their citizens Globalization has both positive and negative from the negative impacts of globalization. impacts on the environment, posing challenges related to resource consumption, pollution, and Opportunities and Benefits of Globalization climate change. Can offer numerous opportunities for economic growth, social progress, and cultural Resource Consumption - Increased the exchange, but it requires careful management to demand for natural resources, leading to ensure equitable and sustainable development. deforestation, depletion of fossil fuels, and Economic Growth - Increased trade and other environmental problems. investment can lead to economic growth and Pollution - Contributes to pollution, as the job creation in developing countries. production and transportation of goods and Social Progress - promote social progress services generate waste and greenhouse gas by spreading democratic values, human emissions. rights, and education. Climate Change - Global warming and Cultural Exchange - fosters cultural climate change are significant environmental exchange and understanding, promoting challenges exacerbated by globalization, tolerance and respect for diversity. driven by increased energy consumption and carbon emissions. International Monetary Fund Sustainability - Presents an opportunity to Not a bank, does not intermediate between promote sustainable practices and reduce the investors and recipients. Resources come environmental impact of economic activity. from quota subscriptions, or membership fees, paid in by the IMF’s 189 member Challenges and Criticisms of Globalization countries. Despite its benefits, globalization has also Primary mission is to ensure monetary faced criticism for its negative impacts on stability around the world. developing countries, inequality, and cultural Economic globalization as a historical homogenization. process of representing the result of human 1. Inequality - Exacerbate inequality between innovation as a technological process. countries and within countries, as some Characterized by increasing integration of groups benefit more from globalization than economies around the world through the others. movement of goods and services, and capital 2. Cultural Homogenization - Lead to the across borders. spread of Western culture and values, which The changes: the product of people, can threaten the cultural diversity of other organizations, qualitative and subjective nations. elements to this definition. 3. Loss of National Sovereignty - Limit the ability of national governments to regulate World Band Global norm is a reflection of a growing An investment bank, intermediate between practice of internationalizing and globalizing investors and recipients, borrowing from the local products and services. one and lending to the other. Exchange of goods, services, and capital across national borders. It is a multi-billion Economic Globalization dollar activity, central to the Gross Domestic United Nations (Shangquan, 2000); The Product of many countries and it is the only increasing interdependence of world way for many people in many countries to economies as a result of the growing scales acquire resources. of cross-border trade of commodities and Exchange of goods and services along services, flow of international capital and international borders. This type of trade wide and rapid spread of technologies. allows for greater competition and more United Nations Conference in Trade and competitive pricing in the market. Development ○ The amount of foreign direct Gross Domestic Product investments flowing across the world The value of finished domestic goods and was US $57 billion in 1982. 2015 - services produced within a nation’s border. $1.76 trillion. Gross National Product International Trade The value of all finished goods and services Conclusion of World War II signaled the produced by a country’s citizens, both beginning of trade facilitation around the domestically and abroad. globe. Economies set rules and guidelines for Trade Theories international trade which led to the 1. Descriptive Theory formation of the General Agreement on ○ Deals with natural order and Tariffs and Trade. movement of trade. The patterns of Trade rules were developed through a series trade under the idea of laissez faire. of rounds or meetings of member The notion that individuals are the economies. best economic agents to solve the Balaam & Veseth, 2008: The process and problem through invisible hands system when goods, commodities, services rather than government policies. cross national economy, and boundaries in ○ Addresses the questions of which exchange for money or goods of another product to trade, how much product country. to offer and produces, and which Global trade has grown dramatically since country to trade in the absence of the post-cold war era as a result of government restrictions. increasing demand for goods and services of countries.  2. Prescriptive Theory ○ Prescribes whether the government, an important economic institution, should interfere and restrict the movement of goods and services. ○ Views the government to have participation in deciding which countries to alter the amount, composition and direction of goods. ○ Pressing question describing descriptive theory is “should the government control trade?” Mercantilism - economic practice by which governments used their economies to increase state power at the expense of other countries. It is also a system of global trade with multiple restrictions. Countries, primarily in Europe, competed with one another to sell more goods as a means to boost their country’s income (called Monetary reserves later on) Focuses of Trade Policy in International Trade 1. Tariff - Tax imposed by the government of a country or by a supranational union on imports or exports of goods. 2. Trade Barriers - any regulation or policy that restricts international trade, especially tariffs, quotas, licenses. 3. Safety - ensures that imported products in the country are of high quality. Inspection regulations laid down by public officials ensure the safety and quality standards of imported products. Neoliberalism - emphasizes free markets. International Agreement These are treaties that were signed by Kyoto Protocol (2005) member states that establish global rules of Regulates greenhouse emissions to reduce conduct. global warming States that break these rules are called rogue states (North Korea, Iran, Iraq, Syria) Global Governance The sum of laws, norms, policies and International Law institutions that define, constitute and It is a collection of rules and regulations that mediate trans-border relations between define the rights and obligations of states states, culture, intergovernmental and non-governmental organization and the United Nations Charter (1945) - Created the UN market. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of There is no central authority. Discrimination Against Women (1979) - There is NO GLOBAL GOVERNMENT International bill of rights for women. and NO GLOBAL AUTHORITY. National Level - VAWC The Six Organs of the United Nations (UN) Significant International Treaties: 1. General Assembly GATT (1947) 2. Security Council Greatly reduced tariffs and boosted trade 3. Economic and Social Council 4. Trusteeship Rome Statute (1988) 5. International Court of Justice Established on July 17, 1998 a conference of 6. Secretariat 160 states established the first treaty-based permanent international criminal court. 1. General Assembly The treaty adopted during that conference is The central deliberative and the only organ known as the Rome Statute of the where all member-states have equal International Criminal Court. representation in discussion and consideration, The ICC is an independent body whose and policymaking. mission is to try individuals for crimes within its jurisdiction without the need for a 2. Security Council special mandate from the United Nations Has the commitment to preserve peace and The ICC does not replace national criminal security. justice systems; rather, it complements them. It can investigate and, where warranted, 3. Economic and Social Council prosecute and try individuals only if the Main organ for cooperation, policy reviews, State concerned does not, cannot or is policy dialogue, and advice on social, unwilling to do so genuinely. economic and environmental issues. 4. Trusteeship Council commits world leaders to combat poverty, Tasked to administer international oversight for hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental 11 trust territories and to make sure that degradation, and discrimination against adequate procedures are taken for women. independence and self-government. The MDGs are derived from this Declaration, and all have specific targets and 5. International Court of Justice - UN’s prime indicators. judicial organ. Functions: The Millennium Development Goals To settle, in accordance with international 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger law, legal disputes submitted by States 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education To give advisory opinions on legal 3. Promote Gender Equality and Empower questions referred to it by authorized UN Women organs and specialized agencies. 4. Reduce Child Mortality 5. Improve Maternal Health 6. Secretariat 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Tasked to execute the daily activities as Diseases assigned by the other organs. 7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability 8. Global Partnership for Development. United Nations Main Functions: Maintaining international peace and security PUIsd - Participate Universality Integrate and protecting human rights. sustainable development Carries the functions of delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. Utilizes good offices, diplomacy, and mediation. The Millennium Development Goals Set to promote sustainable development. In 2015, this was changed into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) In September 2000, world leaders from 189 countries came together. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that all 191 UN member states have agreed to try to achieve by 2015. The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000