COMPUTER AWARENESS BOOKLET_37267812_2024_06_13_13_38.pdf

SPECIAL EDITION ar Karna Hai? s Cle Bank Exam osa Rakhna ! Bhar “COMPUTER AWARENESS BOOKLET” BANKING EXAMS THE PREMIER ONLINE PLATFORM FOR A...

SPECIAL EDITION ar Karna Hai? s Cle Bank Exam osa Rakhna ! Bhar “COMPUTER AWARENESS BOOKLET” BANKING EXAMS THE PREMIER ONLINE PLATFORM FOR ALL BANKING & INSURANCE EXAMS INSTALL APP VISIT: www.learningniti.com  TEAM SHARK LEARNING NITI About The Co - Founders & Educators of Learning Niti Harshal Agrawal is a renowned expert in the field of Quantitative Aptitude and has dedicated his career to helping students and professionals master this essential skill. He has done both his BTech and MTech from IIT BHU, Varanasi. He has cleared many competitive exams like CAT (99+ percentile twice), IIT, AIEEE, BITSAT, GATE, IBPS PO and RRB PO. Since his days at IIT, he has taught Mathematics and Quantitative Aptitude to aspirants for IIT JEE, UPSC, CLAT, CAT, IBPS, and SBI. His unique way of solving questions with the easiest basic and diagrammatic approach is lovingly appreciated by students. Currently, he is the educator of Quantitative Aptitude for Bank Exams at Learning Niti and provides free education to banking and CAT exam aspirants on his Youtube channel, "Learning Capsules - Harshal Agrawal". HARSHAL AGRAWAL Kapil Kathpal is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) and has 12 Years of working experience in the Public Sector Bank in various departments like General Banking, Credit and Risk management Dept. He has been finally selected as SBI PO & IBPS PO and cleared UPSC CSE Mains. He is the one of the Most Loved and Leading General awareness Educators of Bank Examinations. He has been mentoring students for cracking Bank & Insurance Exams since 2017 and expertise in Teaching Current Affairs, Banking Awareness, and Interviews, JAIIB/DB&F Exams {All Subjects} and RBI Grade B (Phase-II) {All Subjects}. Kapil Kathpal is successfully running Very Popular YouTube Channels {Studyniti & Bankersniti}. He is well known for his unique style of motivating the aspirants. He has strong teaching skills and can effectively communicate any complex concepts to learners. KAPIL KATHPAL Smriti Sethi is one of the leading educators for Reasoning for banking exams & a motivational speaker. She has been imparting free online classes for Reasoning for Bank Exams on her Youtube Channel Studyniti. Her Strategy & Motivational videos to Clear the Bank Exams for the aspirants on her Youtube Channel is popular among Bank Exam aspirants. She has cracked SBI PO, SBI Clerk and LIC AAO exams in her first attempt at the age of 22. Through the Studyniti Platform she has been doing a great job for the past years in supporting the banking aspirants and Providing Quality Content and now she has started a new Platform named “Learning Niti” to make another affordable platform with top-notch content for banking exams. SMRITI SETHI FOR STUDENTS LEARNING NITI A MESSAGE FROM THE DESK OF TEAM SHARK Dear Banking Exam Warriors, As you embark on this journey to crack banking exams, remember that the path to success is paved with persistence, dedication, and resilience. Every early morning and late night you spend studying brings you closer to your goal. Each practice test you conquer builds your confidence and sharpens your skills. In the face of challenges and setbacks, remind yourself of the reason you started this journey. Visualize yourself walking through the doors of your dream bank, empowered and accomplished. Let that image fuel your determination and keep you pushing forward, even when the road seems long and daunting. Embrace the process of learning and growth. Every concept you master, every mistake you make, is a stepping stone towards your success. Stay focused, stay disciplined, and stay hungry for knowledge. Believe in yourself and your abilities, for you possess the strength and resilience to overcome any obstacle in your path. Remember, success is not determined by the number of times you fall, but by the number of times you rise again, stronger and wiser than before. So, keep your spirits high, keep your eyes on the prize, and keep marching forward with unwavering determination. Your dreams are within reach, and with persistence and hard work, you will undoubtedly achieve them. Stay motivated, stay inspired, and keep chasing your dreams relentlessly. The victory you seek is just around the corner. Keep striving, keep believing, and soon you will celebrate your triumph in style. You've got this! CO N TA CT Best wishes www.learningniti.com Your Team Shark For Inquiry Mail at [email protected] TARGET RRB PO & CLERK 2024 By Learning Niti REASONING QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE REASONING & QUANT TO ENROLL IN COURSES CLICK THE LINK: https://www.learningniti.com/courses  INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 1 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE 10 C O N T E N T S MEMORY STORAGE UNITS 14 COMPUTER PERIPHERAL 17 OPERATING SYSTEM 28 COMPUTER SOFTWARE 35 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 38 NUMBER SYSTEM 42 LOGIC GATES 52 DATABASE CONCEPTS 54 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 59 MICROSOFT OFFICE 63 FILE EXTENSION 78 MICROSOFT WINDOWS 83 NETWORK AND DATA COMMUNICATION 90 OSI MODEL (OSI) 99 INTERNET 106 COMPUTER HACKING 110 IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS 114 www.learningniti.com  I NTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS “The best way to predict the future is to invent it.” – Alan Kay TOPIC: OUTLINE A Computer is an electronic device that can store, manipulate and orocess data according to set of instructions. The term computer is derived from the latin word “computare” which means “to calculate”. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 1 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS FEATURES OF COMPUTER SPEED :- A computer can process millions of calculations per second. The speed of computation is very high ACCURACY :- As computers work on inbuilt software programs, there is no scope for human errors and highly accurate. DILIGENCE:- Computers are highly reliable. They can perform complex and long calculations with the same speed and accuracy. VERSTALITY:- Computers are versatile in Nature. They can perform various operations at the same time. STORAGE:- Computers can store a large amount of data or instructions in its memory which can be retrieved at any point of time. PLUG&PLAY:- Computers has the ability to automatically configure a new hardware and software component. FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE : - Hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitute a computer system. For example, display screens, disks, keyboard, mouse, scanners, printers, chips etc. SOFTWARE :- It is a set of programs and procedures. Software tells the FUNCTIONING OF hardware what to do and how to COMPUTER SYSTEM accomplish the task e.g.; web browsers, word processors etc. DATA:- Unprocessed raw facts and INPUT:- Information or data that is figures, like numbers, text on pieces entered into a computer is called of paper are known as data. input. It sends data and INFORMATION: - When data is instructions to the central processed, organized, structured or processing unit (CPU). presented in a given context so as PROCESSING:- It is the sequence of to be useful, then it is called actions taken on data to convert it information. into information which is INSTRUCTION: - It is a command meaningful to the user. It can be given to a computer in the calculations, comparisons or computer language by the user. decisions taken by the computer. PROGRAM: - It is a set of OUTPUT:- It makes processed data instructions given to a computer in available to the user. order to perform some task. STORAGE: - It stores data and programs permanently. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 2 [email protected]  History Abacus Abacus was the first mechanical counting device which was developed in China. It consists of a rectangular wooden frame and beads. The wooden frame contains horizontal rods and the beads which are passed through the rods. The beads of counters represent digits. The device is used to perform simple addition, subtraction, calculation of square roots. Napier’s bones It was a three dimensional structured device which contained a set of rods made of bones. It was developed by a Scottish Mathematician, John Napier. It holds numbers from 0 to 9. It performs multiplication on numbers. Technology used for multiplication is called Rabdologia It represent graphical structure of calculating result. Napier also invented logarithms. Pascaline Pascaline was the 1st calculating device with a capability to perform additions and subtractions on whole numbers. It was developed by Blaise Pascal, a French Mathematician. It was structured like rectangular box, with eight disc. The device made up of interlocked cog wheels having numbers 0 to 9 on its circumference. When one wheel completes its rotation, the other wheel moves by one segment. It was the first mechanical adding machine. The term carry was introduced in this period. It was mainly designed with regard to the pressure of liquid. Punched Card System Punched Card System was invented by Herman Hollerith, an American Statistician. It was used for storing and retrieving data. In the form of punched holes, the system data could be stored. Card of holes for weaving pattern It was first mechanical loom developed by joseph jacquard. It simplified the process of textiles. It used punched card for the sequence of operation. Charles Babbage’s Calculating Engines (1792-1871) Babbage invented the Difference Engine to solve algebraic expressions and mathematical tasks accurately. Later, he designed some improvements to his first computer. The modified machine is called the Analytical Engine. He intended to design a machine with a collection of the four basic arithmetic functions. The design principle of the Analytical Engine can be divided into Input, Output, Memory, and Central Processing Unit. The parts and working principle of an Analytical engine are the same as today’s computer. Hence, Charles Babbage is known as the Father of Computer. First general purpose computer developed by Charles Babbage. It stored programs in the form of ‘pegs ‘also called barrels. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 3 [email protected]  History of computer evolution Tabulating Machine A Tabulating machine was incorporated with the tabular and punched cards. The machine could census the punched holes, recognize the number and make the required calculation and store the data of census. The machine was invented by Herman Hollerith. It was the first electromechanical machine, which was designed to process for the data for census in 1890. Mark I Computer The first electro-mechanical computing device was developed by Howard Hathaway Aiken. He used Hollerith’s punch card and Babbage’s statements to develop Mark I computer with IBM. In Mark III computer, he used some electronic components and Magnetic drum memory. In Mark IV computer, he used all electronic components and Magnetic drum memory & Magnetic core memory. It was mainly used in the war effort during world war-ii. First Un-programmable Electronic Digital Computer (ABC) The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was the first electronic computer. It was designed by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry. It was designed to solve systems of linear algebraic equations. It was also the first to use capacitors for storage. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator – ENIAC ENIAC was the first electronic digital computer used for general purposes, such as solving numerical problems. It was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. It is a combination of twenty accumulators. It was used for weather predictions, atomic energy calculation and other scientific uses. Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer: EDVAC EDVAC was the successor of ENIAC. In this computer, Binary numbers were used for arithmetic operations and the internal storage of instructions were also written in digital forms. Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator: EDSAC EDSAC was the first computer which provided storage capacity. It was built according to the von Neumann machine principles. It was capable of storing instructions and data in memory. It also calculate table of squares and a list of prime numbers. Universal Automatic Computer – UNIVAC UNIVAC was the first commercially available computer. It was made by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company. It represents the birth of the modern computers. It performed both numeric and textual information. It used magnetic tapes as input and output. Micro Processor – INTEL 4004 In 1969, Intel Corporation designed the first general-purpose programmable processor INTEL 4004. It was a set of four chips known as the MCS-4. It included a central processing unit chip (the 4004) as well as a supporting read-only memory chip for the custom applications programs, a random-access memory (RAM) chip for processing data, and a shift-register chip for the input/output (I/O) port. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 4 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER HOW WAS THE TRANSITION FROM GEN1 TO GEN5 Let’s Find Out GEN #1 [1946-1959] GEN #2 [1959-1965] The first-generation computers were used The second-generation computers used vacuum tubes as the electronic components. transistors as the electronic components. They occupied a very large space and performed They used assembly languages and batch computations in milliseconds. Machine languages processing operating system. are used (Binary number 0 and 1). It has magnetic Magnetic cores and magnetic tapes were drums as storage device. It was used for used as storage. scientific purpose. Examples – IBM-1620, IBM -7094, CDC-1604, Examples – EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, CDC-3600. IBM-650. GEN #3 [1965-1971] GEN #4 [1971-1980] The third-generation computers used integrated The fourth-generation computers are used Very circuits (ICs) as the electronic components. They Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. Semi- performed computation in Nanoseconds. It used conductor devices are used as primary memory. high-level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, Magnetic disks are used as secondary storage. PASCAL, ALGO-68, BASIC was used. In this Problem-oriented fourth generation languages generation, remote processing, time-sharing, (4GL) are used. Multi-processing and multi-programming operating system were used. multiprogramming operating systems are used. Examples - IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 Example – Apple series – I & II, IBM 4341, DEC 10, series, PDP, IBM-370/168. STAR 1000, PUP 11. GEN #5 [1980-PRESENT] The fifth-generation computers use ultra large scale integrated (ULSI) chips that contain millions of components on a single chip. They are in the developmental stage which is based on the artificial intelligence. These computers can also respond to natural language input. Biochips will be used as memory devices and KIPS (Knowledge- based Information Processing System) architecture will be used. Examples – Robots, Supercomputers. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 7 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS Types of Computers Based on Operation Analog Computer - An Analog computer stores data continuously in the form of physical quantities and perform calculations with the help of measures. It produces output in the form of a graph. They are used in the calculation of physical variables such as voltage, pressure, temperature, speed, etc. Digital Computer - A Digital computer is the most commonly used type of computer and is working with data represented in digital form, usually binary 0s and 1s. It can perform faster and give more accurate results. They are extensively used for solving complex problems in the field of engineering & technology, design, research and data processing. Hybrid Computer – A Hybrid computer is a combined feature of Analog and Digital computers. In large industries and businesses, a hybrid computer can be used for logical operations as well as efficient processing of differential equations. Machines used in hospitals like ECG and DIALYSIS are the commonly used hybrid computers. Based on Size Micro Computer – Microcomputers are small, inexpensive computer for personal use. They are popularly used at homes for playing games and surfing the Internet. These are also known as portable computers. Microcomputers consists of three basic categories of physical equipment i.e., system unit, input/ output and memory. Some types of microcomputers are Desktop computer or PC, Notebook, Handheld computers or palmtops, Tablet computer, Smartphones. Mainframe Computer – Mainframe computers are expensive and large size computers and they are capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. They are used for specific large-scale applications. Examples are IBM-370, IBM-S/390, and UNIVAC-1110. Mini Computer - Minicomputers possess most of the features and capabilities of a large computer but are smaller in physical size. They are used as small or mid-range operating business and scientific applications. Initially minicomputer was designed to carry out some specific tasks, like engineering and computer aided design (CAD) calculations. But now, they are being used as central computer which is called as server. Examples are IBM-17, DEC PDP-11, HP-9000 etc. Super Computer - Supercomputers are powerful, expensive and the fastest computers. They have architectural and operational principles from parallel and grid processing for performing billions and trillions of calculations per second. They are used for applications that require large amounts of mathematical computations like weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, graphic design etc. India launched ‘Mihir’ supercomputer recently to improve India’s weather forecasting. The speed of supercomputers is measured in FLOPS (Floating Point Operations per Second). Based on Purpose General Purpose Computer - A general purpose computer can perform an extensive variety of operations. It can store and execute different programs in its internal storage. All mainframes, servers, laptop and desktop computers, smartphones and tablets are general- purpose devices. Special Purpose Computer - Special purpose computers are designed to solve specific problems. The instructions are pre-programmed permanently in the computer. It completely controlled by automated manufacturing processes. Example – Aircraft control system, Electronic voting machines etc. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 8 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS Points to Remember Father of Computer – Charles Babbage Father of Modern Computer Science – Alan Turing First Non-programmable Electronic Digital Computer – Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) First General Purpose Electronic Digital Computer - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) First Micro Processor - INTEL 4004 First Commercially Available Computer - Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) First Super Computer in the world - Cray CDC 6600 – Designed by Seymour Cray Fastest Super Computer in the world - Frontier First Super Computer of India - PARAM 8000 Fastest Super Computer in India – Pratyush The first computer architecture was introduced by John Von Neumann in 1948 EDVAC was the first electronic computer constructed at the Moore school of engineering (USA) ENIAC was the world’s first successful electronic computer which was developed by the two scientists namely JP Eckert and JW Mauchy. It was the beginning of the first generation computer. A device driver or hardware driver is a group of files that enable one or more hardware devices to communicate with the computer's operating system. Without drivers, the computer would not be able to send and receive data correctly to hardware devices, such as a printer. BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor uses to start the computer system after it is powered on. It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system (OS) and attached devices, such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer. Supercomputers are sometimes called number crunchier. They can do a great deal of arithmetic very quickly, have a great deal of high-speed storage (main memory) and have very fast internal communications. The term number crunchier is sometimes applied to programs. For example, statistical programs are number crunchers because their main task is to perform mathematical calculations Binary number system was suggested by John Von Neumann. Cold boot is the process of starting a computer from shutdown or a powerless state and setting it to normal working condition. A cold boot refers to the general process of starting the hardware components of a computer, laptop or server to the point that its operating system and all start up applications and services are launched. Cold boot is also known as hard boot, cold start or dead start. In 1971, Ted Hoff invented Intel 4004 chip which was the world’s first single chip microprocessor. Transistors were invented by Bell laboratory of America in 1953 and were made up of semiconductors like germanium and silicon. In 1958, Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce invented the first IC. IC was made up of silicon material and consists of thousands of transistors on a single chip. Siddhartha was the first computer developed in India. The world’s first computer called the Z1, was invented by Konrad Zuse. Tianhe-2 is the world’s fastest supercomputer launched by china at NUDT University in 2013. It is based on Rylin Linux operating system with 33.86 petaflops. Quantum computers was first introduced by Richard Feynman. It uses quantum mechanical phenomena. It is the fastest computer imitating brain working. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 9 [email protected]  C OMPUTER ARCHITECTURE “The people who are crazy enough to think they can change the world are the ones who do.” – Steve Jobs TOPIC: OUTLINE Computer architecture is the organization of the components which make up a computer system and the meaning of the operations which guide its function. It defines what is seen on the machine interface, which is targeted by programming languages and their compilers. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 10 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS Input Unit CENTRAL Processing Unit Computer Input unit means the device of the input and a The Processing Unit is the The CPU executes the part of the computer hardware device of the computer instructions in the stored that deals with the instruction of sequence. hardware which is used for the the computer program and is When necessary, CPU transfers transport of the data known as the CPU (central output data from registers to processing system involves processing unit). It deals with the main memory. the information devices of the basic logical information of the CPU is often called brain of the computer with the control and computer and arithmetical and computer. The CPU is fabricated as data signals of the computer. the Input or Output device single integrated circuit (IC) chip functions. The CPU consists of set and is also known as Example – Mouse, Camera, of registers, arithmetic and Microprocessor. A CPU controls all control circuits, which together the internal and external devices and Keyboard interpret and execute instructions and performs arithmetic and in assembly language. The logical operations. Output Unit primary functions of CPU are:- The CPU transfers instructions The CPU consists of three main sub-systems:- Computer Output is the device and input data from memory 1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which deals with transmitting to registers i.e., internal 2. Control Unit (CU) the data of the computer memory. 3. Registers among the device and the clients. The computer is designed for humans in the form of audio and video format. E xample – Monitors, printers, microphones, and headphones. ALU Control Unit Registers Memory unit The ALU can perform arithmetic and logical The manages control unit the Registers are a type of computer memory built Memory is that part of the operations. The set of computer's various directly into the computer which holds data arithmetic operations components. It reads processor or CPU and instructions. Memory is an that an ALU supports and interprets (Central Processing integral component of the to addition, (decodes) the Unit) that is used to CPU. The memory unit consists subtraction and more program instructions, store and manipulate of primary memory or main complex transforming them into data during the memory and secondary mathematical ops. control signals that execution of Logic operations activate other parts of instructions. A register memory or auxiliary memory. involve Boolean logic the computer. To may hold an instruction, like AND, OR, XOR, and maintain the proper a storage address, or NOT. These can be sequence of any kind of data (such useful for creating processing data, the as a bit sequence or complicated control unit uses clock individual characters). conditional inputs. It instructs the The number and sizes statements. memory, logic unit, of registers vary from and both output and processor to processor. input devices of the computer on how to respond to the program’s instructions. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 11 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS Primary/Main Memory Secondary Memory Primary memory or Main memory holds only those Secondary memory or auxiliary memory stores data data and instructions on which computer is currently on a long-term basis. It cannot be processed directly working. It has limited capacity and data is lost when by the CPU. It must first be copied into primary power is switched off. It is generally made up of the storage. Secondary memory devices include semiconductor device. It is a volatile memory. The magnetic disks like hard drives and floppy disks, two types of primary memory are (RAM) & (ROM). optical disks such as CDs and CDROMs, and magnetic tapes, USB Flash drives. RAM (Random Access Memory) - RAM is the internal Hard disk drive – It is a non-removable storage memory of the CPU for storing data, program and device containing magnetic disks or platters result of the program. It is read/write memory which rotating at high speeds. It is a data storage device stores data till the machine is working. RAM is a used for storing and retrieving digital information microchip implemented using semiconductors. using rotating disks (platters) coated with Some types of RAMs are Dynamic RAM (DRAM), Static magnetic material. It consists of a spindle that RAM (SRAM) and Synchronous Dynamic RAM hold non-magnetic flat circular disks, called (SDRAM), etc. platters, which hold the recorded data. Each 1. Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) – platter requires two read/write heads that is used Dynamic memory must be constantly refreshed, to write and read the information from the platter. or it loses its contents. This type of memory is The information is recorded in bands; each band more economical. of information is called a track. Each platter has 2. Static Random-Access Memory – SRAM is faster the same number of tracks and track location and less volatile than DRAM but requires more that cuts across all platters is called a cylinder. power and is more expensive. It does not need to The tracks are divided into pie-shaped sections be refreshed like a DRAM. Synchronous Dynamic known as sectors. The hard drives store data in segments of concentric circles. It may spin at Random-Access Memory - A type of DRAM that 5,400 to 15,000 RPM. can run at much higher clock speeds. Floppy Disk - Floppy disk is composed of a thin, flexible magnetic disk coated with iron oxide ROM (Read Only Memory) - ROM stores data sealed in a square plastic carrier. Floppy disks permanently on personal computers (PCs) and other were widely used to distribute software, transfer electronic devices. It performs major input/output files, and create backup copies of data. To read tasks and holds programs or software instructions. It and write data from a floppy disk, a computer is non-volatile. It can only be read not written. Types system must have a floppy disk drive (FDD). It is of ROM are as follows:- removable form the drive. In available in three 1. MROM (Masked ROM) - The very first ROMs were sizes; 8 inches, 5.25 inches (capacity of 1.2 mb) hard-wired devices that contained a pre- and 3.5 inches (capacity of 1.44 mb). programmed set of data or instructions. These Compact Disc (CD) - A compact disc is a kinds of ROMs are known as masked ROMs which portable storage medium that can be used to are inexpensive. record, store data in digital form. They are fragile 2. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) - and prone to scratches. It is a storage device that PROM can be modified only once by a user. It is can be read but can’t change or delete it. CDs also non-volatile in nature. The user can buy a can store many types of data, like audio, video, blank PROM and enter the desired contents using games, any documents, etc. The data are a PROM program. PROM was invented by Wen scanned by a laser beam with a CD driver to Tsing Chow in 1956. visualize the data. The only thing that is less in CD 3. EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only is storage capacity is very less compared to HDD Memory) - The EPROM can be erased by exposing or DVD and the read-write speed is also very less. it to ultra-violet light. It is similar to PROM, but it The storage capacity of a CD is 700 MB only. can be erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet Compact discs, sometimes known as CDs, light, then rewritten. So it is also known as typically have a diameter of 12 cm, or 4.5 inches. Ultraviolet Erasable Programmable ROM There are four distinct layers in it. (UVEPROM). EPROMs have a Quartz window in the Top Layer package to expose the chip to UV light. They were Lacquer Layer widely used as the BIOS (Basic Input Output Reflective Layer System) chips in computer motherboards. EPROM Polycarbonate Disc Layer was invented by Dov Frohman in 1971. Types of Compact Disks 4. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and There are three types of CDs available: Programmable Read Only Memory) - EEPROM is 1. CD-R: Compact Disc – Recordable. This type of programmed and erased electrically. It can be compact disc can be written only once and erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand cannot be erased. times. Both erasing and programming take about 2. CD-ROM: Stands for Compact Disk-Read Only 4 to 10 milliseconds. They were also used as BIOS Memory. This disks are read once, after read it is chips. use as a ROM, that is cannot be updated later. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 12 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS 3. CD-RW: Full form is Compact Disc-Re-Writable. This type of compact disc can be written multiple times and can be erased also, like Pen drive. Digital Video Disc (DVD) - A device currently used to store data in large amounts and accepts high definition material. A two-layered DVD can hold approximately 17 gigabytes of video, sound, or other data. It is also known as super density disc (SD). DVDs come in 3 varieties:- DVD-ROM DVD-R (DVD-Recordable) DVD-RW (DVD-Rewritable) Blue-ray Disc – The upgraded version of CD and DVD discs and drives are the Blu-ray discs. It is commonly known as BD-ROM. The Maximum capacity of BD disc is 25GB if single layer and 50 GB if dual layer. Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) – It is a holographic storage format and has a maximum capacity of 3.9 terabytes. Flash Drives – Flash drives are small, ultra-portable storage device. They connect to computers and other devices via a built-in USB plug. They are often referred to as pen drives, thumb drives, or jump drives. Mostly they have a storage capacity from 8 GB to 64 GB. Zip Disks – An advanced version of the floppy disk is known as Zip Disks. It was developed by Iomega. Zip disks are available in 100 and 250-MB and 750 MB capacities and they are used to store, share and back up large amounts of data. Cache Memory - It is a very high-speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory. Example: Registers Virtual Memory - Virtual memory permits software to use additional memory by utilizing the hard disk drive (HDD) as temporary storage. Magnetic Tape- In magnetic tape only one side of the ribbon is used for storing data. It is sequential memory which contains thin plastic ribbon to store data and coated by magnetic oxide. Data read/write speed is slower because of sequential access. It is highly reliable which requires magnetic tape drive writing and reading data. The width of the ribbon varies from 4mm to 1 Inch and it has storage capacity 100 MB to 200 GB. SECONDARY MEMORY DEVICE STORAGE CAPACITY Floppy disk (5.25inches) Magnetic 1.2 MB Floppy disk (3.5 inches) Magnetic 1.44 MB Floppy disk (3.55 inches) Magnetic 80KB to 242 KB Hard Disk Magnetic Up to 1TB CD-ROM Optical 640MB to 680MB DVD-ROM Optical 4.7 GB to 17 GB Pen-drive Solid state 1GB to 512 GB Magnetic Tape Magnetic Up to 1TB “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 13 [email protected] M EMORY STORAGE UNITS “The most important skill for a computer scientist is problem- solving. Even if you don’t know all the details of the technology you are using, if you can solve the problem, you can figure out how to do it.” – Bill Gates TOPIC: OUTLINE A computer processor is made up of multiple decisive circuits, each one of which may be either OFF or ON. These two states in terms of memory are represented by a 0 or 1. To count higher than 1, such bits (Binary Digits) are suspended together. A group of eight bits is known as a Byte. 1 Byte can represent numbers between zero (00000000) and 255 (11111111), or 28 = 256 distinct positions. Of course, these bytes may also be combined to represent larger numbers. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 14 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS Types of file sizes Bit Bit:- In a computer, data is stored Byte- A byte is the representation in the form of 0s and 1s. We can of a group of 8 bits. Moreover, a Nibble store each and every data in a byte is a unit that expresses any computer with the help of 0s and word, symbol, or character in the 1s. Each digit, either 0 or 1, is called computer language. Besides, a Bit. The Bit is the smallest unit of computer memory is always in Byte memory. Bit simply refers to the terms of multiples of bytes. binary digit. Kilobyte (KB) - Equal to 1,024 Nibble:- A nibble is a group of 4 bytes, often used to quantify bits, expanding the binary small files. Kilobyte language to express 16 possible Megabyte (MB) – A group of 1024 values (0-15). While not as widely KB is called a megabyte. It is used as bytes, nibbles play a role sometimes used, less precisely, to in specific applications, such as mean 1 million bytes or 1000 KB. Megabyte encoding hexadecimal numbers. It Gigabyte (GB) - A group of 1024 can be compared to using four megabytes is called gigabyte. It light switches to create a mini- is sometimes used, less precisely, Gigabyte code, where each switch to mean 1 billion bytes or 1000 MB. represents a digit in a 4-digit binary number. Units of Computer Memory Memory Capacity Measurement Conversion Chart TERM APPROX. SIZE SIZE UNIT 1 Bit Binary Digit Byte (B) 8 Bits 8 Bits 1 Byte Kilobyte (KB) 1024 bytes/103 bytes 1024 Bytes 1 KB (Kilo Byte) Megabyte (MB) 1024 KB/106 bytes 1024 MB 1 GB (Giga Byte) Gigabyte (GB) 1024 MB/109 bytes 1024 GB 1 TB (Terra Byte) Terabyte (TB) 1024 GB/1012 bytes 1024 TB 1 PB (Peta Byte) 1024 PB 1 EB (Exa Byte) Petabyte (PB) 1024 TB/1015 bytes 1024 EB 1 ZB (Zetta Byte) Exabyte (EB) 1024 PB/1018 bytes 1024 ZB 1 YB (Yotta Byte) Zettabyte (ZB) 1024 EB/1021 bytes 1024 YB 1 Bronto Byte 1024 Bronto Byte 1 Geop Byte Yottabyte (YB) 1024 ZB/1024 bytes “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 15 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS MOTHERBOARD A motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer. The motherboard is a computer's central communications backbone connectivity point, through which all components and external peripherals connect. It is also known as the main board or logic board or system board or planar board. Instruction cycle The instruction cycle represents the sequence of events that take place as an instruction is read from memory, and executed. A simple instruction cycle consists of the following steps:- Fetching the instruction from the memory. Decoding the instruction from operation. Executing the instruction. Storing in memory. Points to Remember Semiconductor Memory – RAM, ROM Optical Memory- CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD, HVD, Blu-Ray Disc Magnetic Memory- Hard disk drive (HDD), Floppy disk drive (FDD) Flash Memory is a kind of semi-conductor based non-volatile rewritable memory used in Pen drive, Memory Card etc.(EEPROM technology devices) Buffer is a temporary storage where register holds the data for further execution The speed of processor is measured in millions of cycles per seconds or megahertz (MHz) To compare numbers is the responsibility of the logical unit in the CPU of a computer. Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) is a standard interface for connecting a motherboard to storage devices such as hard drives and CD-ROM/DVD drives. IDE is also known as Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) or intelligent drive electronics (IDE) The main function of RAM is to store the currently active programs and their data. RAM is volatile which means when the computer is switched off, the contents are lost. The contents of RAM can be changed or deleted. The storage area for the next likely data or instruction to be processed preventing bottleneck and slowing of the system is known as the Cache. Computers has cache memory of sizes 256 KB to 2 MB. Cache memory increases the speed of processing. The performance of computer is affected by the size of registers, size of RAM, speed of system clock, and size of cache memory. Accumulator is a register in a CPU in which intermediate arithmetic and logic results are stored. Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) and Complex instruction set computer (CISC) are the two kinds of microprocessors classified on the basis of instruction set. Sockets are the connecting points of chip on the motherboard. Generally, word computer refers to the central processing unit plus external memory Load Instruction is used for loading data into CPU accumulator register from memory The box that comes along with your desktop computer in which all the electronic components of your computer are contained is called system unit. Capacity of memory stick or memory card varies from 4 MB to 256 GB. The rate at which data is written to disk or read from disk is called data transfer rate. Track- It records data bits as tiny magnetic spots. Sector- It holds a block of data that is read or written at one time. Root directory is the main folder of disk. It contains information about all foldets on the disk. Extended Data Output Dynamic Ram (EDODRAM) is used to improve the time to read content from memory and enhance the method of access. Bit- Binary digit has the logical representation of 0 and 1. Bit is the smallest memory measurement unit. Geop Byte is the highest memory measurement unit. 1 Byte = 8 Bits. A group of 4 bits is called nibble. A computer word is a group with a fixed number of bits processed as a unit. The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length and it may be either 8 bits or 96 bits. A computer stores the information in the form of computer words “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 16 [email protected]  C OMPUTER PERIPHERALS “Those who can imagine anything, can create the impossible.” ― Alan Turing TOPIC: OUTLINE A peripheral device links to a computer system to enhance the functionality of the computer. It is not part of the core computer architecture. Input devices, output devices, and storage devices are the types of peripheral devices. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 17 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS INPUT DEVICES The input device is defined as it converts incoming data and instructions into a pattern of electrical signals in binary code that are comprehensible to a digital computer. 1 KEYBOARD A keyboard is an input device that allows users to enter text and commands into a computer system. There are different types of keyboard such as QUERTY, DVORAK and AZERTY. Some important keys in a keyboard are:- Numeric Keys – These are located at the right hand side of the keyboard. They consist of digit and mathematical operators. Cursor Control Keys- The keyboard keys that move the Escape Key – It is located in pointer (cursor) on screen. the upper left corner of a They include the up, down, computer keyboard. It is left and right arrow, home, often used to quit, cancel, or end, page Up and page abort a process which is Down keys running on a computer. It opens start menu with the combination of ctrl key. Alphanumeric keys- These include the letter keys (A,B,C…….Z) and number keys (0,1,2……….8,9) Modifier Keys - It is a special key (key Other Keys- A keyboard combination) that contains some other keys temporarily modifies the such as- Function Keys - A key Toggle Keys - It is used to normal action of another Enter- It is used to finish on a computer change the input mode key when pressed an entry and begin the keyboard, distinct of a group of keys on a together. Shift, Alt, Ctrl, Fn new entry in a from the main keyboard. Caps Lock, are modifier keys. document. alphanumeric keys, to Num Lock, Scroll Lock are Shift - used for Backspace- It is used to which software can toggle keys. capitalizing letters erase anything typed. assign a function. F1 - Caps Lock – and entering different Delete-It is used to erase F12 keys are known as Capitalizes all letters. types of symbols. information from the function keys and Num Lock – Makes There are two shift computer’s memory and each key performs a sure numbers are keys on a keyboard. characters on the different function. It inputs from the Function (Fn) - Other screen. may be used as single keypad. functions such as Window key- It is used to key commands (e.g., Scroll Lock - Allows brightness and open the start button. F5) or combined with the arrow keys to volume control. Spacebar key- It one or more modifier scroll through the Control (Ctrl) - used provides a space keys (e.g., Alt+F4). contents of a window. for entering keyboard between two words. It is shortcuts, such as the longest key on the Ctrl+S, Ctrl+P etc. keyboard. Alt - used in Tab key- It is used to combination with the move the cursor over to numeric keys and the the right to a pre-set Control key for point. In word document, entering keyboard tab is used to indent a shortcuts. paragraph. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 18 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS 2 MOUSE- A mouse is an input device that allows users to control the cursor on a computer screen. A round ball at its base senses the movement of a mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed. A mouse has two or three buttons called Left, Right, and Middle button. The following are basic operations used in mouse. Double-click - Used to open objects, such as a file, icon. Right Click - The right Left Click - The left mouse button mostly mouse button is used used to open pop-up for object selecting menus which and double-clicking. perform specific function when selected by the right- click. Drag - Used to move Scroll - Used for the selected object to Scrolling up and the desired position. down on a webpage or document. 3 JOYSTICK It is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and playing games on the computer. It can also be helpful as an input device for people with movement disabilities. 4 TRACK BALL It is mostly used in notebooks or laptops. It is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved. 5 SCANNER It captures images from printed material and converts it into a digital format that can be stored within the PC. There are basically three types of scanners: Drum Scanner : In a Drum scanner, the light from the object that is to be scanned is split into separate red, blue and green beams optically making the image precise Flatbed Scanner: In this type of scanner, the object to be scanned is placed face down on a glass window, which is illuminated with a bright light. Handheld Scanner: It is a manual device, which is dragged over the surface of the image to be scanned “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 20 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS 6 BARCODE READER It is an electronic device for reading printed barcodes. A light sensor in the barcode reader can read the barcode and translates optical impulses into electrical impulses to store the data into the computer. It is an important tool for warehouse management and operations. A perfect example of a barcode reader, use in a super market where barcode scanner reads the price of a product. 7 MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR) It is a character recognition system that uses special ink and characters. It is used to verify the legitimacy or originality of paper documents, especially cheques. Information can be encoded in the magnetic characters. It provides a secure, high-speed method of scanning and processing information. MICR reads the character by examining their shapes in a matrix form and the information is then passed on to the computer. The characters are printed using a special ink, which contains iron particles that can be magnetized. It is a 9 digit code. 8 OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR) It is a technology that recognizes text within a digital image. It converts the document to an editable text file. 9 OPTICAL MARK RECOGNITION (OMR) It is an electronic method that scans the document and reads the data from the marked fields and results can be transmitted into the computer.OMR is mainly used to detect marks on a paper. It uses a beam of light that is reflected on the paper with marks, to capture presence and absence of data (marks). 10 DIGITIZER It allows users to draw and manipulate graphics on the screen. It is also known as a graphics tablet. These kinds of tablets typically designed for CAD/CAM professionals. 11 TOUCH SCREEN It is a computer display screen that serves as an input device. A touchscreen can be touched by a finger or stylus. Touchscreen records the event and sends it to a controller for processing. 12 MICROPHONE Microphone translates sound vibrations in the air into electronic signals. We can send input to the computer through a special manual input device called microphone or mic. A mic converts the received sound into computer’s format which is called digitized sound or digital audio. To convert a voice into digital form, you need an additional hardware known as sound card. 13 WEB CAMERA It captures and stores images in digital form. The stored images can be can be archived on a photographic compact disc or external hard disk. Webcam is a digital camera attached to computers and can be used for video conferencing or online chatting etc. 14 LIGHT PEN It is a light-sensitive input device, used to select text, draw pictures and interact with user interface elements on a computer screen or monitor. 15 BIOMETRIC SENSOR- It is a device which recognizes physical or behavioral traits of the individual. These are mainly used for the security purpose and for marking attendance of employees/ students in organizations/institutions. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 21 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS OUTPUT DEVICES An output device is generally the reverse of the input process and generally translates the digitized signals into a form intelligible to the user. The output device is also performed for sending data from one computer system to another. 1 MONITORS Monitors are the main output device of a computer. It is also known as visual display unit (VDU). It forms images from tiny dots that are arranged in a rectangular form. A monitor is of two kinds namely monochrome display monitor and color display monitor. Monochrome display monitor uses only one color to display text and color display monitor can display 256 colors at a time. The sharpness of the image depends on the number of pixels. CLARITY OF IMAGE Resolution of screen- Dot Pitch- It refers to Resolution refers to the the diagonal distance number of pixels in Refresh rate- The between 2 colored horizontal and vertical higher the refresh pixels. The smaller the direction. The rate, the more solid dot pitch, the better resolution of monitor is the image looks on the resolution. higher when pixels are screen. Ii is measured close together. in Hertz (Hz). Organic Light Emitting POPULAR TYPES OF MONITORS Diode (OLED) Monitor – This type of monitor made up of some organic material (containing carbon, like wood, plastic or Flat- Panel Display - polymers) that is used to The flat-panel display convert the electric current refers to a class of into light. They are directly video devices that used to produce the have reduced volume, correct color and there is weight and power no need for backlight which requirement in saves power and space. comparison to the CRT. Light / Liquid Emitting Diode (LED) Monitor - LED monitors use new backlighting technology to improve Liquid Crystal Display picture quality. The LED (LCD) Monitor - LCD monitor is more lifelike monitors use compact Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) - and accurate due to fluorescent tubes to The CRT display is made up the improved contrast illuminate and of small picture elements ratios and color brighten the image on called pixels. CRT tube saturation over LCD. the screen and creates an image on the LEDs can produce RGB produce good image screen using a beam of (red, green and blue) quality, resolution and electrons. A screen covered light and white light as contrast levels. with a fine layer of well. phosphorescent elements, called phosphors. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 22 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS 2 PRINTERS Printers are output devices that prints information in the form of text/images on a paper. The speed of printer is measured in characters per second (CPS), Lines per minute (LPM), and pages per minute (PPM). Printer resolution is a numerical measurement of print quality that is measured in dots per inch (DPI). Impact Printers and Non-impact printers are the two types of printers. IMPACT PRINTERS The impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon which is then pressed on the paper. Impact printer can print a character or an entire line at a time. They uses pins or hammers that pressed an inked ribbon against the paper. They are less expensive, fast and can make multiple copies with multiart paper. Examples: Dot-Matrix Printers, Line Printers, Daisy wheel printer, Drum printer, Chain printer, Band printer. Daisy Wheel- In these Line Printers - A line printer Dot-Matrix Printers – It printers, characters are is an impact printer which prints characters as a fully formed on the petals, can print one line of text at combination of dots. They like typewriter keys. These a time. It is also known as a have a matrix of pins on produce high resolution bar printer. the print head of the output and more reliable printer which form the than dot matrix printers. character. They generally have 9-24 pins. Their speed is measured in cps (Character per second).They are also known as pin printers. NON-IMPACT PRINTERS Non-impact printers print the characters on the paper without using ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a time, so they are also called as page printers. These printer use electrostatic chemicals and ink-jet technologies. Examples - Laser Printers, Inkjet Printers etc. Laser Printers Inkjet Printers Thermal Printers Electromagnetic Printers Electrostatic Printers Other Types Solid Ink Printer LED Printer “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 23 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS Electrostatic Printers- A Laser Printers - A laser Thermal Printers- It uses type of printer (no longer in printer is a popular type of heat on chemically treated widespread use) in which personal computer printer paper to form characters. the required image is first that uses a non-impact Fax machines that use rolls written as a pattern of photocopier technology. of paper are also of electrostatic charge, and is The type of ink used in a thermal printer type. It is then made visible by laser printer is dry. It gives relatively slow, expensive bringing the pattern into high-quality output. The and requires special type contact with particles of resolution of laser printers of paper. pigment that carry a is measured in dpi (dots- charge of opposite per-inch). polarity. Other Types Solid Ink Printer - It is a type of colour printer. It works by melting the solid ink that applies the images to the paper. It is non-toxic and convenient to handle. Electromagnetic Printers- Inkjet Printers - Inkjet LED Printer - This type of These printers use printers work by spraying printer uses a light magnetic recording ink on a sheet of paper. emitting diode instead of techniques. By using this The type of ink used in an a laser. It starts by technique, the required inkjet printer is wet. creating a line-by-line output is written on a drum image of the page. surface. Then this surface is passed through magnetic powder which adheres to the charged areas. The powder is then pressed onto the paper. 3 PLOTTERS A plotter is an output device used to produce hard copies of large graphs and designs on paper, such as construction drawings, architectural plans, and business charts. Drum plotters and Flatbed plotters are the types of plotters. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 24 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS Drum plotter – It is a pen plotter that wraps the paper around a drum with a pin feed attachment. The drum then rotates the paper as pens move across it and draw the image. It is used to produce continuous output, such as plotting of earthquake activity. It is also known as Roller Plotter. Flatbed plotter - It plots on paper that is spread and fixed over a rectangular flatbed table. It is used in the design of cars, ships, aircrafts, buildings, highways etc. It is also known as Table Plotter. 4 SPEAKER Speakers are one of the output devices used with computers. They are transducers that convert electromagnetic waves into sound waves. 5 DIGITAL PROJECTORS A digital projector, also called a digital projection display system, is a specialized computer display that projects an enlarged image on a movie screen. Such devices are commonly used in presentations. There are mainly two types of projectors- LCD Projector- It contains DLP Projector- It stands for three separate LCD glass digital light processing. It uses panels, one each for red, a chip that has thousands of green and blue components tiny mirrors, each of the image signal being fed representing a single pixel. It into the projector. is widely used to handle video images 6 HEADPHONES Headphones are a type of hardware output device that can be connected to a computer's line-out or speakers port, as well as wirelessly using Bluetooth. They are also referred to as ear buds. You can watch a movie or listen to audio without bothering anyone nearby by using headphones. INPUT /OUTPUT (I/O) PORTS The connection point acts as an interface between the computer and external devices like printers, modems, etc. There are two types of ports: “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 25 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS Internal Port External Port It connects the system’s motherboard It connects the system’s to internal devices like hard disk, CD motherboard to external devices drive, internal Bluetooth, etc. like a mouse, printer, USB, etc. Some important types of ports are:- Serial Port : Parallel Port : Used for external modems, barcode reader, Used for scanners and printers plotters etc. 25 pin model Two versions-9pin,25pin It is an interface for connecting eight or more Data travels at 115 kilobits per second. wires. It transmits one bit of data through a single wire. Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port : Fire wire Port : It can connect all kinds of external USB Transfers large amounts of data at a very devices such as external hard disks, printers, fast speed. scanners, mouse, keyboards, etc. Normally Connects camcorders and video equipment two to four USB ports are provided on a PC. to the computer. Data travels at 12 megabits per second. Data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per A single USB port can support connection of second. up to 127 devices. Ethernet Port : Connects to a network and high-speed Internet. Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per second depending upon the network bandwidth. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 26 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS Points to Remember Enter key is an alternative to press OK button. Shift key is used in combination with other keys so this is called combination key. Caps lock and Num lock keys are called as toggle keys because when pressed, they toggle or change their status from one state to another. Dragging the mouse refers to moving its position while holding the mouse button depressed. Dragging is used in the Plot window to move text items and to move the plot itself within the Plot window. To drag an object across a display screen, we usually select the object with a mouse button and then move the mouse while keeping the mouse button pressed down. A barcode is a machine readable representation of information in the form of stripes of dark and light ink. Buffer is the temporary data storage area between a peripheral device and the CPU which compensates for the difference between their speeds Computer "Hardware" refers the physical parts of the computer, and "software" refers to the code that runs on the computer. Printer is a hardware. Keyboards convert characters to ASCII code. ASCII is the acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It is a code for representing 128 English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127 Mouse was invented by Douglas EngelBart at Stanford research Centre in 1963. Optical Mouse was introduced by Microsoft in 1999. It uses a light beam to detect the movement. OCR technology is being developed for greater accurate recognition and is known as Intelligent Character Recognition. Drag and drop is a method of moving computer files or images from one place to another by clicking on them with the mouse and moving them across the screen. A joystick allows movements in all directions (360 degree) TFT stands for thin film transistor. For Inquiry Mail at “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) [email protected]  O PERATING SYSTEMS “We need to understand that if we all work on inclusion together, it’s going to be faster, broader, better, and more thorough than anything we can do on our own.” -- Ellen Pao TOPIC: OUTLINE Operating System can be defined as an interface between user and the hardware. It provides an environment to the user so that, the user can perform its task in convenient and efficient way. It performs all the basic tasks and controls the peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. Examples – Linux (Ubuntu), Windows (Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows10), iOS, Chrome OS, DOS etc. “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View) For Inquiry Mail at 28 [email protected]  COMPUTER AWARENESS LEARNING NITI FOR BANK EXAMS STRUCTURE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM A Computer System consists of: Users Application System Operating Hardware (people who Programs Programs System (CPU, Disks, are using the Compilers, (Shells, (A special Memory, computer) Databases, Editors, program etc.) Games, Video Compilers, which acts player, etc.) as an Browsers, etc. interface between user and hardware ) “Learning Niti” App (Click to View) “Learning Niti” Website (Click to View)