Completed Exam 2 Study Guide-3 PDF

### **Key Trade Routes** #### **The Silk Roads (Eurasian Trade Routes)** 1. **What was linked by these trade routes?** a. The Silk Roads linked the East (China) to the West (Europe, Central Asia), facilitating trade between various empires like China, Persia, and the Roman E...

### **Key Trade Routes** #### **The Silk Roads (Eurasian Trade Routes)** 1. **What was linked by these trade routes?** a. The Silk Roads linked the East (China) to the West (Europe, Central Asia), facilitating trade between various empires like China, Persia, and the Roman Empire. 2. **Caravanserai** b. Caravanserai were roadside inns along the Silk Roads where travelers and merchants could rest and recover. They played a significant role in fostering long-distance trade by providing safe resting stops for traders and their animals. 3. **Luxury goods -- silk; significance of silk** c. Silk was a highly sought-after luxury good, symbolizing wealth and power. The demand for silk in the West increased its production in China, helping to boost Chinese trade and economy. 4. **Growth of merchant class** d. The merchant class grew significantly due to the increase in trade along the Silk Roads. Merchants gained wealth and status as they facilitated the exchange of luxury goods. 5. **Effects of the Silk Roads on local Chinese farmers** e. Some local farmers shifted from subsistence farming to producing goods for trade (such as silk), which helped China's economy but also made these farmers more dependent on trade and distant markets. 6. #### **The Sea Roads (Indian Ocean Trade Network)** 7. **Mostly bulk goods** f. Unlike the Silk Roads, which focused on luxury goods, the Sea Roads carried large quantities of bulk goods like timber, rice, and spices, making trade more efficient and cost-effective. 8. **Karim merchants traded luxury goods by sea** g. Karim merchants, originating from the Middle East, were instrumental in trading luxury goods like porcelain, spices, and textiles across the Indian Ocean, connecting East Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. 9. #### **The Sand Roads (Trans-Saharan Trade Route)** ### **Key Technology/Innovations & their Regions of Origin** 10. **Silk**: China h. Silk was originally developed in China and became a major export, enhancing China\'s global influence. 11. **Frame and Mattress Saddle**: Originated in Arabia i. This innovation allowed for more comfortable and stable riding on camels during long journeys, improving the efficiency of trade across deserts like the Sahara. 12. **Lateen sail**: Indian Ocean (possibly originated from the Arabs) j. The lateen sail was a triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind, significantly enhancing maritime trade, especially along the Indian Ocean trade routes. 13. **Chinese junks**: China k. Large, sturdy ships developed by the Chinese, capable of carrying substantial cargo across long distances, were essential for their maritime voyages. 14. **Arab dhows**: Middle East l. Smaller sailing vessels with lateen sails, widely used by Arab merchants for trade across the Indian Ocean. 15. **Astrolabe**: Islamic world m. A navigational tool used by sailors to determine latitude by observing stars, crucial for navigating the open seas. 16. **Compass**: China n. Originally invented in China, it became a vital tool for navigation, especially in maritime trade, enabling more accurate sea travel. 17. **Stirrups**: Central Asia o. The stirrup allowed for more stability when riding horses, revolutionizing cavalry warfare and making it easier for riders to control their mounts. 18. **Saddle**: Various regions, including the Middle East and Central Asia p. The saddle improved comfort and control for riders, important in both warfare and long-distance trade. 19. **Frame and mattress saddle**: Arabia q. Used primarily in camel caravans, this saddle helped merchants transport goods more effectively across the desert. 20. **Camel Saddle on the Trans-Saharan Trade**: North Africa r. This innovation allowed for better control and stability while riding camels, essential for transporting goods across the Sahara. 21. **Caravans in the Trans-Saharan Trade**: North Africa s. Large groups of traders traveling together across the desert for protection and to share resources. ### **Key Traded Items/Goods** 22. **Ceramics**: China (porcelain) t. Highly prized in the West for their beauty and durability, ceramics were a major Chinese export along both the Silk and Sea Roads. 23. **Arabian incense**: Arabia u. Incense like frankincense and myrrh were highly valued for religious and ceremonial purposes, especially in Europe and Asia. 24. **Silk**: China v. A major luxury good, silk was central to Chinese trade with the West. 25. **Gold**: West Africa w. West African gold was a key item traded along the Trans-Saharan trade routes, especially with North Africa and Europe. 26. **Ivory**: Africa x. Traded from Africa to the Middle East and Asia, ivory was used for luxury goods and art. 27. **Indian cotton & pepper**: India y. Indian cotton textiles were highly valued for their quality, and pepper was a key spice exported along the Sea Roads. 28. **Iron & Steel from China**: China z. China's advancements in metallurgy led to high-quality iron and steel, which were traded for other goods. 29. **Copper**: Africa a. Copper was mined in Africa and traded to the Middle East and Asia. 30. **Salt**: North Africa b. Essential for preserving food, salt was a valuable trade item, particularly from North Africa to West Africa. 31. **Millet**: West Africa c. A staple crop, millet was traded across different regions of Africa. 32. **Yams**: West Africa d. A food crop traded primarily within Africa. 33. **Kola nuts**: West Africa e. These nuts were used in ceremonial rituals and were traded within West Africa. 34. **Slave Trade**: Africa f. Slaves were traded along the Trans-Saharan routes and in the Indian Ocean trade network. 35. **Horses**: Central Asia and Arabia g. Horses were traded from Central Asia and the Middle East to regions like China and Africa for warfare and transport. 36. **Dates**: North Africa h. A staple food in North Africa, dates were traded across the desert and used as a source of nutrition for travelers. 37. ### **Key Examples of Technological Diffusion** 38. **Siege Warfare - Chinese influence on Mongol warfare** i. The Mongols adopted Chinese siege technology, including catapults, which they used to conquer fortified cities. 39. **Gunpowder from China** j. Gunpowder technology spread from China to the Islamic world and eventually to Europe, transforming warfare globally. 40. **Paper money (flying cash), bills of exchange, banking houses**: China k. Paper money, along with systems of credit and banking, began in China and spread through trade to the Islamic world and Europe, facilitating easier transactions. 41. **Paper-making technology from China** l. Paper-making, an invention from China, spread through the Islamic world to Europe, revolutionizing record-keeping and administration. 42. **Rockets from China and innovations by Muslims** m. The Chinese developed early rocket technology, which the Islamic world adopted and improved upon, influencing warfare. 43. **Water management techniques of the Persians spreading west to Dar al-Islam** n. Persian qanats (underground irrigation systems) were adopted throughout the Islamic world, improving agricultural production in arid regions. Important Animals 44. **Arabian Camel**: The Arabian camel, also known as the dromedary, was crucial for trade across the Sahara Desert and the Arabian Peninsula. Its ability to travel long distances without water made it indispensable for the trans-Saharan trade routes, facilitating the exchange of goods like gold, salt, and ivory. 45. **Horses**: Horses played a significant role in various cultures, particularly in warfare and transportation. They were central to the Mongol Empire\'s expansion, providing mobility and speed. In Europe, horses were vital for agriculture and as a status symbol among the nobility. 46. **Llama of the Americas**: The llama was essential in the Andean regions of South America, particularly for the Inca Empire. It was used as a pack animal, providing transportation for goods across the rugged terrain of the Andes. Llamas also provided wool and meat, contributing to the local economy. 47. **Giraffe as a Royal Gift/Tribute to the Chinese**: The giraffe was considered a symbol of exoticism and was often given as a royal gift. In China, it was associated with the mythical creature \'qilin,\' believed to be an omen of prosperity and peace. The creation of menageries, or collections of exotic animals, was a way for rulers to display their power and wealth. Key Examples of Agricultural Diffusion/Human Environment Interaction 48. **Banana Spread to Africa**: Bananas originated in Southeast Asia and spread to Africa through trade routes. Their introduction had a significant impact on African agriculture, providing a reliable food source that supported population growth. 49. **Use of Monsoon Winds along the Sea Roads/Indian Ocean Trade Network**: Traders in the Indian Ocean relied on the predictable monsoon winds to navigate the sea routes. These winds facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures between Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia. 50. **Sugarcane**: Sugarcane originated in Southeast Asia and spread to the Middle East and the Mediterranean through trade. It became a major cash crop, particularly in the Islamic world, and later in the Caribbean and the Americas during the colonial period. 51. **Rice**: Rice, particularly champa rice, originated in Southeast Asia and spread to China, where it was adopted due to its fast-growing properties. This led to increased agricultural productivity and supported population growth in China. 52. **Millet**: Millet originated in Africa and spread to Asia and Europe. It was a staple crop in many regions due to its adaptability to different climates and soils. 53. **Sorghum**: Sorghum also originated in Africa and spread to Asia and the Middle East. It was valued for its drought resistance and versatility as a food and fodder crop. 54. **Spread of Citrus to the Mediterranean**: Citrus fruits, such as oranges and lemons, originated in Southeast Asia and spread to the Mediterranean region. Initially a luxury item, citrus became a significant agricultural product in the Mediterranean, contributing to the region\'s economy. 55. **Agricultural Goods Spreading from Asia throughout Dar al-Islam**: The Islamic world facilitated the spread of agricultural goods like sugarcane, rice, and citrus through trade and conquest, leading to agricultural innovation and economic growth. 56. **The Spreading of the Plague**: The plague, particularly the Black Death, spread along trade routes from Asia to Europe in the 14th century. It had a devastating impact on populations, leading to social and economic upheaval. The iconic plague doctor costume, with its beaked mask, was designed to protect doctors from the disease. 57. Spread of Silk and Its Significance 58. Spread of Buddhism 59. Development of Neo-Confucianism 60. Mongol Influence and Trade Networks 61. **Trade and Safety**: The Mongols enhanced trade networks by ensuring the safety of merchants and establishing relay stations, which improved communication and commerce. 62. **Religious Tolerance**: The Mongol Empire was known for its religious tolerance, allowing various faiths to coexist and spread. 63. **Interaction with Russia**: The Mongols ruled Russia indirectly, allowing local princes to maintain power in exchange for tribute, which influenced Russian political structures. 64. **Gender Practices**: Mongol society had different gender norms compared to the Chinese, with Mongol women enjoying more freedom and influence. 65. **Western Europe Interaction**: The Mongols interacted with Western Europe through trade and diplomacy, including exchanges with the Pope. They introduced gunpowder, new crops, and knowledge to Europe. 66. **Comparison with European Empires**: The Mongol Empire\'s vast and diverse nature contrasts with the emerging European empires, which were more focused on maritime exploration and colonization. 67. Karim Traders and Trade Goods 68. Diasporic Merchant Communities 69. **Islamic Sultanate**: Melaka was an Islamic Sultanate, which influenced its culture, trade practices, and governance. 70. Indianization **Language**: The spread of Sanskrit and Pallava scripts facilitated communication and cultural exchange. 71. **Buddhism and Hinduism**: Both religions spread throughout Southeast Asia, influencing local cultures. Hinduism\'s caste system did not take hold in Southeast Asia due to the region\'s existing social structures and the adaptability of local cultures. 72. Economic Development of Great Zimbabwe 73. Development of Bunyoro and Buganda 74. Social Structures: India & China vs. Southeast Asia 75. Chinese Maritime Voyages 76. **\"Middle Kingdom\"**: This term reflects China\'s view of itself as the center of civilization, influencing its interactions with other cultures. 77. **Use of the Arabian Camel**: The Arabian camel, also known as the dromedary, was crucial for trade across the Sahara Desert. Its ability to travel long distances without water made it an ideal pack animal for traders. The introduction of the camel revolutionized trade by enabling the transport of goods across harsh desert environments, linking different regions and facilitating cultural exchange. 78. **Spread of Islam throughout Sub-Saharan Africa**: Islam spread along the Sand Roads through trade and interaction with Muslim merchants. As traders traveled, they brought with them not only goods but also religious beliefs. Over time, Islam became a dominant religion in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, influencing local cultures, legal systems, and social structures. 79. **Use of Arabic**: As Islam spread, so did the Arabic language. Arabic became the language of trade, religion, and scholarship in many African regions. It facilitated communication between diverse groups and was used in religious texts, legal documents, and education. 80. **Employment of Arab Government Officials in Western Africa**: As Islamic influence grew, many African kingdoms and empires began to employ Arab officials in their governments. These officials helped to administer Islamic law and facilitated trade relations with other Muslim regions, further integrating Islamic culture into African societies. 81. **Building of Mosques, such as the one in Djenne/Jenne**: The construction of mosques in African cities like Djenne (also spelled Jenne) is a testament to the spread of Islam. These mosques served as centers of worship, education, and community gathering, symbolizing the integration of Islamic architectural styles and religious practices into African culture. 82. **Exchange of Traded Goods Throughout Africa**: The Sand Roads connected different ecological regions, each with its own key goods. For example: o. **Desert**: Salt was a valuable commodity mined in the Sahara and traded for gold and other goods. p. **Savannah/Grasslands**: These regions were known for producing grains and livestock. q. **Forests**: Forested areas provided gold, kola nuts, and other resources. 83. **Ibn Battuta's Observations**: The famous Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta documented his journeys across Africa, noting the \"Africanization of Islam.\" This term refers to how African societies adapted Islamic practices to fit their own cultural contexts. For example, while Islamic law and customs were adopted, they were often blended with traditional African beliefs and practices, creating a unique fusion of cultures. 84. Transfer of Greco-Islamic Medical Knowledge to Western Europe 85. **Avicenna (Ibn Sina):** Avicenna was a Persian polymath who made significant contributions to various fields, including medicine. His most famous work, \"The Canon of Medicine,\" was a comprehensive medical encyclopedia that synthesized Greco-Roman and Islamic medical knowledge. This work was translated into Latin and became a standard medical text in Europe for centuries, influencing Western medical practices. Transfer of Numbering Systems to Europe 86. **Al-Khwarizmi:** A Persian mathematician and scholar, al-Khwarizmi is often credited with introducing the concept of algebra to the world. His works on mathematics, particularly the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals, were translated into Latin and helped transform European mathematics. The term \"algorithm\" is derived from his name, highlighting his lasting impact. Transfer of Greek Philosophy from Muslims to Western Christians 87. **Averroes (Ibn Rushd):** Averroes was a Muslim philosopher who wrote extensive commentaries on Aristotle\'s works. His efforts to reconcile Islamic thought with Greek philosophy were instrumental in reintroducing Aristotle to the Western world. His works influenced Christian scholars, including Thomas Aquinas, and played a crucial role in the development of Scholasticism. Islamic Educational Institutions and Thinkers r. **Madrassas:** These were Islamic educational institutions that focused on religious and secular studies. They played a key role in preserving and transmitting knowledge. s. **Ulema:** The ulema were scholars and religious leaders who interpreted Islamic law and theology. They often criticized the House of Wisdom and the Mutazilites for their rationalist approach, which they believed strayed from traditional Islamic teachings. t. **Mutazilites:** This group of Islamic theologians was influenced by Greek philosophy and emphasized reason and rational thought in understanding religious texts. They believed in the compatibility of faith and reason. u. **Sufi and Tariqas:** Sufism is a mystical branch of Islam that focuses on personal spirituality and direct experience of God. Tariqas are Sufi orders or brotherhoods that guide followers in spiritual practices. 88. **Sharia Law:** This is the legal framework within which public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Islam. It covers a wide range of topics, including crime, politics, and personal matters. 89. **Banking, Partnerships, Business Contracts:** The Islamic world developed sophisticated financial practices, including banking systems, partnerships, and business contracts, which facilitated prosperous trade across regions. Effect of Papermaking Technology on Government Bureaucracy 90. **Papermaking Technology:** The introduction of papermaking from China to the Islamic world revolutionized record-keeping and communication. It allowed for more efficient government bureaucracy and the spread of knowledge through books and documents. 91. **Sugarcane, Rice, Citrus:** The spread of agricultural goods like sugarcane, rice, and citrus fruits from Asia to the Islamic world and beyond had significant economic and cultural impacts. These crops became staples in various regions and contributed to the prosperity of the Islamic world. Key People 92. Chinggis (Genghis) Khan 93. Kubilai Khan 94. Ghazan 95. Pope Urban II 96. Sultan Saladin 97. Mansa Musa 98. Marco Polo 99. Ibn Battuta 100. Thomas Aquinas, Averroes (Ibn Rushd), and Aristotle 101. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) 102. Rashid al-Din 103. Al-Khwarizmi 104. Margery Kempe 105. Yongle 106. Zheng He 107. Key Cities/Towns 108. Dunhuang 109. Chang'an 110. Melaka/Malacca 111. Guangzhou/Canton (China) 112. Samarkand 113. Antioch 114. Jerusalem 115. Rome 116. **Significance**: Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire and a center of political power, culture, and religion. It played a crucial role in the spread of Christianity and Roman culture across Europe. 117. Constantinople 118. Malindi 119. Moscow 120. Karakorum 121. Timbuktu 122. Mongol Empire 123. **Fate of the Empire**: The Mongol Empire eventually fragmented due to internal strife, succession disputes, and the vastness of the territory, which made it difficult to govern. By the late 14th century, the empire had split into several khanates, each governing different regions. 124. Malay Sultanate 125. Yuan Dynasty 126. Mamluk Sultanate 127. Delhi Sultanate 128. Abbasid Dynasty 129. Byzantine Empire 130. Western Europe 131. Crusader States 132. Ottoman Empire 133. West Africa 134. East Africa 135. The Great Schism 136. **Impact on Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) Churches:** The Great Schism of 1054 was a significant event that led to the division between the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. This schism was primarily due to theological, political, and cultural differences. The impact was profound, as it solidified the separation of Christianity into two distinct branches. The Western Church, led by the Pope, emphasized Latin liturgy and centralized authority, while the Eastern Church, led by the Patriarch of Constantinople, focused on Greek liturgy and a more decentralized structure. This division weakened the unity of Christendom and set the stage for future religious conflicts. 137. The Crusades **Key Historical Effects:** 138. The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated by the Latin Church in the medieval period, primarily aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and other holy lands from Muslim control. The Crusades had several key effects: 139. **Reconquista:** The Reconquista was a long series of battles and campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims on the Iberian Peninsula. It culminated in 1492 with the fall of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold, marking the end of Muslim rule in Spain and the unification of Spain under Catholic monarchs. 140. The Mongol Dynasty and the Silk Trade **Key Effects:** The Mongol Empire, under leaders like Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan, had a significant impact on the Silk Trade: 141. The Black Death/Bubonic Plague **Key Effects:** The Black Death, which swept through Europe in the 14th century, had devastating effects: 142. Fall of the Mongol Dynasty and Byzantine Empire **Key Effects:** 143. Ceasing of the Chinese Voyage System in 1433 **Impact on Southeast Asia:** The cessation of the Chinese maritime expeditions, led by Admiral Zheng He, opened the way for European powers to explore and establish trade routes in Southeast Asia. This shift allowed European nations, such as Portugal and Spain, to expand their influence and establish colonies in the region, leading to significant cultural and economic changes.