GCSE Geography Complete Revision Guide PDF

EDUQAS GEOGRAPHY A GCSE Geography Complete Revision Guide GCSE Geography Revision Guide MA SIMPSON H CURLING R LUMLEY R DONNELLY E MCGRORY Version 0.3ᵝ (12/05/2020) NAME: How to use this guide... This guide contains the core theory you need to know for your GCSE exams. It does not contain loads of case study facts (which you could research yourself). You should revise in your normal way using this guide, THEN do the ‘NOW TRY IT…’ tasks. Each page has a YouTube code. This takes you to a ﬁve minute explainer clip. So if you’re struggling with some of the theory you can click the YouTube icon on the digital version, or search for the code on the site if you have a paper copy. The channel is called: Five Minute Geography Lessons Search YouTube for: FMGL-INT Try this one now to get an introduction to the channel Each page also has a: TASK you can do to complement your own revision CHALLENGE to take your revision further with research QUESTION to test your understanding of the content. Answers are at the back of this guide THEME 1: Landscapes & physical processes BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 5 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.1 Watch a 5 min explainer by searching for this code on YouTube 1.1 Distinctive landscapes The UK is made up of diﬀerent features and landforms we call landscapes. Many of these are unique to a location, so we call them distinct landscapes. Such as the upland area of Snowdonia in Wales... Snowdonia’s Geology Uplands – mountains and hills Shaped by volcanic Map 1 eruptions and glaciation; Glacial features such as u-shaped valleys, corries & arêtes; Highest mountain in Wales (1085m). Snowdonia’s Land Use Slate mining history; Pastoral farming (raising animals); National Park – tourism. Snowdonia’s ﬂora & fauna Diverse range of plants and animals; Rare species of beetle (Snowdon Beetle) and lily Snowdonia (Snowdon Lily). People and Culture Rich history and World Heritage Sites (Celtic shrines & fortresses); Welsh language. Lowlands – ﬂat lands near sea level NOW TRY IT... Task: Summarise this page into 4 short sentences. Challenge: Research South Tyneside as a lowland area (geology, land use, ﬂora/fauna & people). Question: Describe, using Map 1, the distribution of upland and lowland areas of the UK. (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 6 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.2 1.2 Human impacts The Lake District in Cumbria is a honeypot site. This is a place of special interest that attracts lots of visitors/tourists. Carrying capacity Carrying capacity is the maximum population the environment can handle. Honeypot sites will often exceed their carrying capacity. Positives of human activity Increased rural income from visitors; Investment in tourism creates new jobs; Diversiﬁcation of farming economy – cafes, B&Bs, camping pods. Negatives of human activity Footpath erosion from lots of visitors walking trails; Congestion on roads; House prices increase due to people buying second homes. Environmental challenges These are issues caused by increased visitor numbers (visitor pressures), causing damage to the environment or draining natural resources. Repairing the impacts of human activity Footpath erosion in the Lake District is a signiﬁcant issue. The National Park has: - Closed popular footpaths for a period of time for the vegetation to recover - Replacing footpaths with hard wearing stone and planting more vegetation - Dedicated car parks and banning 4x4s from driving over the area NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a spider diagram with 3 arms: positives, negatives, responses. Challenge: Classify the positives and negatives into social, economic or environmental. Question: Explain why honeypot sites are more likely to suﬀer environmental damage. (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 7 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.3 1.3 V-shaped valley In the upper course of the river the river valley is described as being v-shaped. The river is small and the land around it is very steep. Source Start of river Uplands Lowlands Mouth River meets sea Middle Upper course Lower course course Photo 1 Interlocking spurs Vertical Erosion Shoulders of dense and resistant Water is pulled down by rock are hard to erode so the water, creating erosion on the river weaves in between these in river bed. This makes the a zig-zag pattern. These are channel cut deeper into the called interlocking spurs. landscape, creating steep sided valleys. Weathering Freeze-thaw (water gets into Steep valley sides cracks in rocks and freezes at night) and biological (roots get into cracks and expand River is narrow and winds them) weathering breaks around interlocking spurs down soil and rocks in the valley sides. Loose material The weathered material rolls down the valley into the river creating a rocky channel. Some smaller material is washed down Very narrow valley ﬂoor stream. NOW TRY IT... Task: Draw your own sketch of a v-shaped valley and annotate the features. Use photo 1 to help. Challenge: Research “formation of v shaped valleys” and create your own set a diagram to explain the formation Question: Outline the characteristics of a v-shaped valley (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 8 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.4 1.4 Main processes Coasts & rivers are both changed by erosion. There are 4 main forms of erosion which can be applied in 2 diﬀerent directions. Coast & river erosion processes River transport processes Vertical erosion Lateral erosion This is when gravity pulls down In the lower courses, where land on water and debris to erode is ﬂat and close to sea level the riverbed. This occurs in the erosion is focused at the sides upper course of the river. of the river channel High energy Hydraulic action Traction The sheer force of the water most energy in the upper course and the least energy in the lower course The amount of energy required for processes to happen. Rivers have the The heaviest material (such as against the rock, trapping air in large stones) in the river is cracks which explosively rolled along the river bed. forces the cracks bigger. Attrition Saltation Pebbles and stones hit each Small material such as pebbles over in the water, clipping awat and sand is bounced in a rough edges making them leap-frog fashion along the smoother and smaller. river bed. Abrasion Suspension The sandpaper eﬀect - small Tiny particles, such as silt and pebbles are grated against the clay is carried in the water, it rock face, slowly rubbing away doesn’t the river bed. material from the face. Solution Solution Solution The slightly acidic water reacts Some material will dissolve in with the carbonates in the the water and be carried as a rock, dissolving it slowly over solution (same process as time. erosion). Low energy Coast & river deposition process When there is not enough energy to carry the load, it will be dropped in place. This is called deposition. NOW TRY IT... Task: Sketch and label a diagram showing the 4 main types of erosion Challenge: Draw a river long proﬁle and locate where you would most likely ﬁnd each type of erosion occurring Question: Describe how the type of transport changes along the long proﬁle of a river (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 9 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.5 1.5 Waterfalls In the upper course of the river we ﬁnd waterfalls & gorges Source Uplands Lowlands Mouth Middle Upper course Lower course course Direction of retreat Overhang Hard rock Undercut Soft rock Plunge pool As the river bed As the water drops, As the soft rock This repeats over time crosses into soft rock hydraulic action erodes further, the and causes the from hard rock it is continues to erode hard rock above loses waterfall to retreat eroded at a faster the soft rock support and collapses back towards the rate by hydraulic action and abrasion. underneath. Creating into the plunge pool. source. This creates a step in a plunge pool and the river course. undercut. As the waterfall retreats it creates a tall, ﬂat sided river valley, called a gorge. This gorge becomes longer and longer as the waterfall continues to retreat NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a ﬂow diagram which explains a waterfall formation, step by step. Remember to include why! Challenge: Find a photograph of High Force (like the one at the top of this page). Sketch your own version (or print the photo) and annotate the characteristics of this waterfall Question: Explain the formation of a waterfall (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 10 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.6 1.6 Meanders Meander are ‘turns’ or ‘bends’ in the river. These are found in the middle and lower course of the river. Source Uplands Lowlands Mouth Middle Upper course Lower course course Outside bend Inside bend Water ﬂows faster on the outside Water is slowed down on the bend of the river - so it has more inside bend due to low water energy here and erodes depth creating ﬁction. The river (hydraulic action & abrasion) the loses energy here and drops its river bank, creating a river cliﬀ load (deposition). This creates a and undercut. gentle slope called a slip-oﬀ slope or point bar or river beach. Over time Lateral erosion As theses erosional and When the river ﬁnds its way to lower depositional processes occur, over levels, it is no longer constrained by time the meanders migrate (move) mountains or interlocking spurs, so across the valley ﬂoor. it is free to erode laterally NOW TRY IT... Task: Sketch the meander cross section and label the features mentioned in the text Challenge: Research meander migration and write/sketch/annotate how this happens Question: Describe the characteristic of the inside bend of a meander (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 11 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.7 1.7 Floodplains Floodplains are wide and ﬂat expanses of land on either side of a river. These are found in the lower course of the river. Source Uplands Humans The ﬂat and fertile land is attractive to mankind for farming or building. However the risk of Lowlands ﬂooding creates additional Mouth issues! Upper Middle Lower course course course River banks When the river ﬂoods, it will deposit the heaviest material ﬁrst, right at the side of the river. This create natural walls at the side of the river called Levees. Flooding When a river ﬂoods the ﬂoodplain becomes covered in water. The water instantly loses energy and deposits the alluvium on the valley ﬂoor. This layers up becoming ﬂat and fertile land. River migration As river meanders migrate (move across the valley ﬂoor), it levels out the valley ﬂoor as it erodes and deposits fresh alluvium (silt & sand). NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a spider diagram with 3 arms: formation, characteristics, human uses and add notes to each arm Challenge: Write a paragraph which explains how meander migration helps create ﬂoodplains Question: Explain how levees are formed (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 12 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.8 1.8 Coastal processes Our coasts are shaped by several diﬀerent processes including those mentioned in 1.4 (main processes). Below are some processes unique to the coast. Freeze-thaw (Physical) weathering Water trapped in cracks in the cliﬀ face freezes overnight. When water freezes it expands, making the cracks larger. The water melts during the day and the bigger crack lets more water in … the process repeats each night until the rock breaks free from the cliﬀ Biological weathering The roots of plants or burrowing animals dig into the soil/rock around the cliﬀs. This weakens the soils/rock and starts to break away. Chemical weathering This is also called carbonation - rain and salt water can be slightly acidic. This reacts with the carbonates in the limestone rocks, creating cracks in the rock. Mass movement Mass Movement is the downhill movement of cliﬀ material under the inﬂuence of gravity. There are 3 types of mass movement: Rockfall As the weathering processes (above) weaken the structure of the cliﬀ rock fragments fall away. Landslide Large blocks of the cliﬀ slide down to the base of the cliﬀ due to erosion weakening the base of the cliﬀ Slumping When soft rocks like clay become too wet from rainfall and weakened by erosion, the entire cliﬀ face slips down in a curve, making steps in the cliﬀ NOW TRY IT... Task: Create ﬂash cards for each type of process, including each of the mass movements Challenge: Google a photo of ‘Marsden Rock’. Explain how some of these processes have led to the formation Question: Explain how freeze-thaw weathering results in rock fall (mass movement) (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 13 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.9 1.9 Longshore drift Material is moved along the coast by the process of Longshore Drift. This is a transport process which only occurs at the coast. 1 2 Prevailing winds Backwash The dominant (prevailing) wind direction blows the As the waves retreat back down the beach, the waves up the beach at the same direct and angle as water is pulled by gravity at right angles to the coast. the wind. This carries any sediments in the water up The wave picks up beach sediments along the way. the beach (swash). 3 Continuous cycle This process continues over and over again. The beach sediments are moved down the beach in the general direction of In the UK... Longshore Drift happens clockwise the prevailing winds. around the Island. Moving south-north on the west coast and north-south on the east coast. NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a storyboard to outline the journey of a grain of sand down the coast Challenge: Research what problems longshore drift can produce and add these to your storyboard Question: Explain how sediment is transported at the coast (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 14 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.10 1.10 Coastline geology The geology of the coastal area can aﬀect the types of landforms which develop. There are two major geological coastlines - concordant and discordant. Concordant coastlines Discordant coastlines The bands of hard and soft rocks run parallel to The bands of hard and soft rocks run the coast. perpendicular to the coast. Soft Hard Cove Soft rock Hard rock Headland Bay Coves Bays and headlands Coves are bays with narrow entrances due to Bays are deep depressions in the cliﬀ with wide the hard rock but expand wider into the soft open entrances. The hard rock acts like walls rock (headlands) on either side of the bay which stick out into the sea Hard rock Headland (Hard rock) Soft rock Bay (Soft rock) Geology Soft rocks Hard rocks Soft rock, such as sand and clay, erode more More resistant rock, such as chalk and quickly. They are weak structurally with loose limestone are stronger in structure with tightly material or wet clays. compacted material. Some rock like granite is incredibly strong. NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a table with two columns to show the diﬀerences between the two types of coastlines Challenge: Research ‘Isle of Purbeck BBC Bitesize’, copy the geology map and annotate the features Question: Which coastline would erode faster? Explain your answer (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 15 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.11 1.11 Wave-cut landforms The erosion and retreat of the cliﬀ produces 2 unique landforms wave-cut notches and wave-cut platforms. Retreat Cliﬀ retreat The sea attacks the base of the cliﬀ between the high and low water mark. Erosion occurs on the cliﬀ face causing collapse and this means the cliﬀ retreats inland. Wave-cut notch h Notc As hydraulic action and abrasion erode the base of -C ut ve the cliﬀ it creates an undercut called a wave-cut Wa notch - this is a dent in the cliﬀ usually at the level of high tide. Cliﬀ collapse As the notch increases in size, the cliﬀ becomes unstable as the wave-cut notch weakens the base of the cliﬀ and the rock above collapses away. The backwash carries away the eroded material, leaving a wave-cut platform. Wave-cut platforms rm latfo As this process continues and the cliﬀ retreats it utP -C leaves a ﬂat surface of rock below the high tide mark ve Wa called a wave-cut platform NOW TRY IT... Task: Make revision cards on each stage and get someone to test you Challenge: Create 1 diagram and add all the steps to it and annotate the processes which form them Question: Explain how wave-cut platforms are formed (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 16 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.12 1.12 Coastal landforms Headlands stick out into the sea and take the majority of the sea’s erosional power (see 1.4, 1.8 & 1.11), creating the following features: Arches Stacks Caves occur on both Weathering and solution sides of the headline. erode the bridge of the arch When they meet in the which eventually collapsed middle, it create a gap into the sea. This leaves a through the headland tower of rock left standing on called an arch. its own called a stack. Cracks are weakened Caves Stump areas of rock running When these cracks Over time, the stack up-down on the cliﬀ widen, abrasion can continues to erode until face. Hydraulic actions now occur and create a it only just above the and weathering forces large undercut within water line. This is called these cracks to widen the gap creating a cave a stump over time NOW TRY IT... Task: Sketch out a headland diagram and annotate the the features seen Challenge: Add additional annotations about the ersional from earlier pages in the guide (1.4, 1.8 & 1.11) Question: What is an arch? (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 17 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.13 1.13 Additional landforms Beaches, spits and rock pools are produced by a variety of processes along the coastline. Beaches Formed by DEPOSITION A beach is a build up of sand/shingle/stones which are deposited by the swash. Beaches build up due to constructive waves - these have a stronger swash than a backwash. Spits Formed by LONGSHORE DRIFT & DEPOSITION The deposited beach material can be moved along the coast by longshore drift. When the coast changes direction the beach material is deposited in the sea which builds up into a long strip of land called a spit. When the sea current or wind direction changes, the direction of sediment build up also changes, creating a ‘hook’ at the end of the spit. Oﬀshore bars Formed by DEPOSITION In shallow seas where the waves break some distance from the shore. These can also form where steep waves break on a beach, creating a strong backwash that carries material back down the beach to form a ridge. Rock pools Formed by EROSION As water draws back into the sea at low tide, abrasion scours the wave-cut platform is eddies (circles). Over time these eddies erode hollows into the wave-cut platform called rock pools. NOW TRY IT... Task: Create your own mix and match of keywords and deﬁnitions to test yourself on each landform Challenge: Research where oﬀshore bars most commonly occur and explain your choice. Choose one from: [at an estuary] [near tall cliﬀs] [in deep water] Question: Use sketches and annotations to describe the formation of a spit (AO4) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 18 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.14 1.14 Changing landscapes The rate at which a river or coast landscape changes can be due to a number of factors including - geology, climate, extreme weather & human activity Clay Granite Loose, soft rock Dense, hard rock Geology Some rock types erode faster than others (sedimentary limestone or clays erodes quicker than metamorphic granite). The direction rocks are layered in can also aﬀect this eg. concordant or discordant coastlines (see 1.10). High, strong waves during 2014 winter storm Climate The direction of the prevailing winds will inﬂuence the movement of longshore drift (loss of sand from the beach) and whether a wave is constructive or destructive. The winter brings stronger winds and more storms. If an area gets more rain then it will cause more erosion and ﬂooding in rivers. Storm Desmond, 2015 Extreme weather events Powerful storms can increase the destructive nature of waves on the coast, or produce more water in rivers, which increases erosion and ﬂooding events. Footpath erosion leading to mass movement Human activity Humans can increase rates of change such as footpath erosion on cliﬀs or building on ﬂoodplains but humans can also put management in place is slow erosion or transport processes, like dams, groynes, river dredging & aﬀorestation. NOW TRY IT... Task: Come up with an mnemonic to remember each factor eg.: Giraﬀes Can Exercise Happily Challenge: Research how Marsden rock has changed over time. How have humans shaped this change? Question: ‘Human factors have a larger impact on coastal change and any other factor.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? (AO3) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 19 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.15 1.15 Drainage basins A drainage basin is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. For example, any rain that falls in Newcastle and Gateshead ﬂows into nearby rivers and then into the Tyne. Features of a Drainage Basin Each drainage basin has the following features: - Source: This is where the river begins, starting a small stream on higher ground - Tributary: This is a small river which joins a larger river (i.e. The Ouseburn in Newcastle) - Conﬂuence: This is the point at which two rivers meet - Mouth: This is where the river enters the see (i.e. Tynemouth) - Watershed: This marks the edge of the drainage basin. Any rainfall outside of the Drainage Basin Hydrological Cycle watershed is drained by a diﬀerent river. The drainage basin hydrological cycle details the diﬀerent ways in which water can move through a drainage basin. Water ﬂows through, is stored in and taken out of the drainage basin. Storage - Interception: Trees can intercept rainfall - Surface storage: Rainfall may collect in puddles on the ground - Soil moisture: Water can be stored within the soil - Groundwater: Water may makes its way through to rock beneath the ground and be stored as groundwater Flow the rock beneath the ground - Inﬁltration: Rainfall ﬂows into the soil - Surface runoﬀ: Water ﬂows over the ground - Throughﬂow: Water ﬂows through the soil and into the river - Percolation: Water ﬂows into rock beneath the ground Output - Groundwater ﬂows: Water ﬂows through Water is taken out of the drainage basin by the river, evaporation and transpiration NOW TRY IT... Task: Create revision cards for the features of a drainage basin and get someone to test you Challenge: Research ‘transpiration’ and ‘evaporation’ - describe the diﬀerence between the two processes Question: What is a drainage basin? (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 20 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.16 1.16 Causes of ﬂooding Rivers can ﬂood due to a vast number of diﬀerent reasons. It can be due to the climate, the type and amount of vegetation, if tarmac has been laid or the type of rock beneath the ground. Snowmelt If temperatures increase in area that Heavy or prolonged rainfall has snow, the water produced by the A high volume of rainfall will cause a river’s discharge to snow melting will increase the increase rapidly, increasing the chances of the river discharge of the river bursting its banks. Prolonged rainfall can cause the ground to become saturated. Any further rainfall will run quickly into the river Steep Slopes If the land surrounding a river is steep, rainfall will run quickly across the ground as surface runoﬀ, increasing the river’s discharge over a short period of time Urbanisation Geology Urbanisation concerns the expansion of towns Geology concerns the rock type of and cities into the surrounding countryside. an area. If a drainage basin has Roads and pavements are built using a tarmac, an impermeable rock, water is unable impermeable material. Rainfall ﬂows quickly over to percolate into the rock. As a tarmaced surfaces as it cannot inﬁltrate into the result, the rainfall ﬂows into the ground, leading to rapidly increasing discharge river via throughﬂow and surface and the an increased likelihood of a river bursting run oﬀ its banks. Vegetation Trees intercept rainfall as it falls from the sky. If there is a lack of vegetation, more rainfall reaches the ground and eventually the river, seeing a large increase in discharge. An area may naturally lack vegetation that is capable of interception due to the climatic conditions of the area, or vegetation may have been deforested by humans. NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a mind-map on why rivers ﬂood - include an image for each reason Challenge: Research the 2007 ﬂood of Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire and explain why the ﬂood occured Question: Explain why rivers ﬂood (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 21 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.17 1.17 Flooding factors The factors seen on the previous page aﬀect the speed at which water moves through the drainage basin and also the processes of the drainage basin. For example, if land is tarmaced, the water will ﬂow quickly via surface runoﬀ as it cannot enter the ground. The quantity of rainfall If a drainage basin is subject to heavy rainfall, the permeable surfaces of the drainage basin can become saturated, meaning that there is no more room for further rainfall. Therefore, any additional rainfall will run over the surface as surface runoﬀ as it cannot inﬁltrate. This will increase the chances of the main river channel ﬂooding. Vegetation Vegetation plays a key role in preventing vasts amounts of rainfall from reaching the main river channel. Trees intercept rainfall, and aﬀorestation is even used as means of river management. However, if there is a lack of vegetation, soils may become saturated more easily, increasing the risk of ﬂooding. Slope steepness If a drainage basin has steep slopes that lead into its tributaries and main river channel, the rainfall will move quickly over the surface via surface runoﬀ, with no time available to inﬁltrate into the soil. The result is that at times of high rainfall, much of the rainfall that falls runs quickly into the river. The river levels rise quickly and the possibility that the banks will burst is increased. Geology If a drainage basin has a lot of impermeable rock that is either naturally occurring or has been laid by humans, rainfall is unable to percolate into groundwater stores. Therefore, a large volume of water ﬂows via surface runoﬀ into the river, quickly increasing the discharge of the river. NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a proﬁle the least ﬂood prone drainage basin possible - what characteristics would it need? Challenge: Research some examples of both permeable and impermeable rocks Question: ‘Humans are to blame for rivers ﬂooding’ Discuss (AO3) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 22 THEME 1: Landscapes & processes Search YouTube for: FMGL1.18 1.18 Flood management Flooding can have devastating impacts on people and the economy. As a result, money and ideas are focussed towards managing rivers to either prevent them from ﬂooding altogether or reduce the impact. Hard Engineering Hard engineering methods of ﬂood management involve building structures or manipulating the natural environment to prevent the river from ﬂooding at times of high discharge. Since hard engineering often involves construction, it is often expensive and may negatively impact the natural environment. However, hard engineering is often very eﬀective at protecting towns and cities from ﬂoods. One example of hard engineering is a dam. The dam stops the ﬂow of the river and water can pass through in a controlled way. An advantage of dams is that when the water passes through, it can generate hydroelectric power. However, often when a dam is built the lands behind the dam is ﬂooded, forcing people to move and destroying local ecosystems. A second example is an embankment. An embankment is wall on the side of the river. An advantage of this that the river level can rise beyond the original banks of the river and still not ﬂood onto the land either side. However, many argue that these structure look unnatural. Soft Engineering In contrast to hard engineering, rather than trying to change the natural environment, soft engineering attempts to work with the natural environment. Due to the fact that structures are not built, it is cheaper than its counterpart and has less of an impact on the environment. However, it may be argued that soft engineering is less eﬀective at stopping ﬂooding. One example of soft engineering is ﬂoodplain zoning. This involves marking out a zone either side of the river that is not to be built on. Therefore, when the river ﬂoods there is little or no economic damage. An advantage of this method is that it is cheap. However, it does little to protect buildings that have already been built in close proximity to the river. In addition, due to increased demand for housing, there is an argument that such land should be used to build new homes. NOW TRY IT... Task: Draw a table - compare and contrast hard and soft engineering Challenge: Research ‘river dredging’ and ‘aﬀorestation’ - create a proﬁle on each Question: Explain why local residents may oppose hard engineering to manage ﬂooding (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 23 THEME 2: Rural-urban links THEME 2: Rural-urban links BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 24 THEME 2: Rural-urban links Search YouTube for: FMGL2.1 2.1 Rural-urban continuum Settlements (places where people live) have often been categorised as rural and uban. Rural settlements are characterised by low populations and few services. In comparison, urban locations are characterised by high population density and a vast array of diﬀerent services. However, we have a number of settlements between these two extremes, leading to the use of a rural-urban continuum. Rural-urban continuum As can be seen from the diagram to the left, we categorise settlements along a continuum as there are many settlements that show both urban and rural features, sitting between the extremes of a lone house in the countryside and an expanding metropolis. Service provision As we move along the continuum from the most rural to the most urban locations, the number of services provided by each settlement increases. For example, in a small village there is likely to be a post oﬃce, a pub and possibly a coﬀee shop. However, in a large city that needs to provide for millions of people we see a large number of shops, supermarkets, banks, hospitals, modes of public transport and entertainment providers. Sphere of Inﬂuence Due to the vast number of services that cities provide, they attract people from the surrounding area who do not have access to these services locally. For example, someone living in Hebburn may travel into Newcastle to watch Premier League football - something which is not available locally. In addition, many people may travel into a city each day to go to their place of work. This magnet-like attraction of a city is known as a city’s sphere of inﬂuence. The sphere of inﬂuence is stronger if there is good transport into the city, if the residents being attracted are close by and if the city is large. NOW TRY IT... Task: Assess Newcastle’s sphere of inﬂuence - what draws people in? Is it accessible? Challenge: Research ‘HS2’ and explain why some argue this may increase London’s sphere of inﬂuence Question: What determines the strength of a city’s sphere of inﬂuence? (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 25 THEME 2: Rural-urban links Search YouTube for: FMGL2.2 2.2 Counter-urbanisation Since urbanisation is the process of people moving from rural to urban areas, counter-urbanisation is the opposite of this. Often in search of a more peaceful lifestyle, city dwellers pack their items and move to a rural location. This can negatively impact rural locations in a number of ways. Why are people moving to rural locations? - Often those moving are young families that a need a larger home. Homes may be more aﬀordable in rural locations, particularly in comparison to cities such as London - Due to improved transport, such as motorways and train lines, it is now easier to live outside of the city and commute into work - Rural locations are often more peaceful and boast low crime rates, something that is particularly attractive to the elderly population - Improved internet connection in rural areas means that it is now possible for many to work from home, eliminating the need to stay in the city - Traditionally, many businesses would be located in city centres, but we are now seeing many businesses located on the edge of cities. This means that these workplaces can be How is counter-urbanisation easily accessed by those that live outside of the city. impacting rural locations? - If a rural location becomes more popular with city dwellers who are wanting a more peaceful lifestyle, house prices will increase. This may mean that those who have grown up in the village cannot aﬀord housing - With many travelling into the city for shopping, village shops will go out of business - More cars on rural roads, adding to noise and air pollution - Rural schools may become overwhelmed by an increase in the student population NOW TRY IT... Task: Separate the reasons why counter-urbanisation takes place into push and pull factors Challenge: Research ‘counterurbanisation London’ and create a case study fact ﬁle Question: Explain two ways in which counterurbanisation negatively impacts rural settlements (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 26 THEME 2: Rural-urban links Search YouTube for: FMGL2.3 2.3 Changing rural areas Due to both a city’s sphere of inﬂuence and counterurbanisation, rural locations are changing. There is less need for many of the services traditionally found in rural settlements. Technology has assisted the transformation, making it easier for people to commute to work and allowing people to access services online. How are rural locations changing? - Due to improved internet access in rural settlements, many choose to do their banking online. As a result, small bank branches in villages are forced to close - With many able to quickly access urban locations as a result of improved road networks, shopping is regularly done at large supermarkets. Therefore, village shops lack customers and are also forced to close. In addition, shopping can be ordered online and delivered from large supermarkets Rural deprivation - Rural settlements that are well connected to Deprivation is when an area has a lack of the cities become extremely popular, leading to services it needs to allow for a reasonable increased house prices. Locals are unable to standards of living. This can include things ﬁnd aﬀordable housing as a result such as jobs, transport, shops, schools and - With many of those moving to rural healthcare. settlements having access to a car, the number of people using local bus services The process of rural deprivation can be decreases to the point at which they no longer understood as a negative multiplier eﬀect. run What this means is that one factor has a knock-on, negative eﬀect. In the case of rural deprivation the ﬁrst negative factor is a lack of jobs, this causes people to move to urban settlements in search of work. As a result, there are fewer people using the services in the rural settlement, forcing services such as shops and post oﬃces to close. Those working there lose their jobs and the process continues in the form of a downward spiral. NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a mind map on why rural locations are changing - give examples Challenge: Research ‘positive multiplier eﬀect’ and consider ways rural deprivation could be reversed Question: Explain how a lack of jobs in villages can leads to rural deprivation (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 27 THEME 2: Rural-urban links Search YouTube for: FMGL2.4 2.4 Sustainable rural areas Due to the deprivation of rural areas throughout the UK, attempts have been made to make rural communities more sustainable. Being sustainable means that the needs of residents are met now and into the future. Therefore, whilst aiming to meet the needs of resident, there is also a consideration of the environmental impacts of any changes. For example, whilst a large factory may provide jobs to those in a rural settlement, it may not be sustainable due to the environmental impact caused. Egan’s Wheel Egan’s wheel outlines the criteria that needs to be met for a community to be sustainable. There is a social, economic and environmental focus. Socially, the community needs to be fair, safe and inclusive. This could mean there is a community action group, the crime rate is low and everyone can access the community (i.e. it is aﬀordable to live there). Economically, the community needs to oﬀer jobs. This gives residents spending power, increasing the trade for local shops and services. Transport links should allow for people to easily access other settlements to ensure that they don’t feel that they have to move. Environmentally, the settlement should strive to not Making rural communities sustainable negatively impact the environment. For example, a Transport links: Providing public transport village may use renewable energy to reduce allows people to access urban settlements. This emissions. prevents people from leaving the rural settlement, avoiding rural deprivation Jobs: Job availability in a rural settlement prevents people from leaving in search of work. It also gives residents money to spend at other shops and on other services Education: Providing good quality education prevents families from leaving Healthcare: Providing healthcare means that the community is inclusive. Those with long-term health conditions do not have to leave Renewables: Using green energy reduces the environmental impact of the settlement NOW TRY IT... Task: Write a checklist of what a community needs to be sustainable - think of an example for each point Challenge: Research ‘rural regeneration’ and explain how it is important for creating sustainable rural communities Question: Explain two ways in which rural communities could be made more sustainable (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 28 THEME 2: Rural-urban links Search YouTube for: FMGL2.5 2.5 Changing populations In mid-2018 the UK’s population reached 66.4 million. The UK’s population growth rate between 2017 and 2018 was just 0.6% - the smallest growth rate since 2004. There are multiple reasons for the UK’s changing population. These reasons can be categorised into social, political and economic factors. Social Factors Universal healthcare: As a result of the NHS, residents of the UK are able to access the healthcare they need. Therefore, there is a high life expectancy and a low death. This can contribute to population growth as less people are dying. Culture: In many HICs, women go onto further education and pursue a career. Often women will wait until they’ve been in a job for a while before they have Economic Factors a child. This reduces a woman’s fertility period, Cost of a family: The cost of raising a child impacting their ability to have a large number of increases year on year. Expenditure on children. Statistics may reveal this with 1.88 children clothes, food, clubs and childcare deters born per woman in 2018, placing the UK 137th in the many couples from having a child or perhaps world. more than one. Contraceptives: Contraceptives are readily available Maternity pay: By law, businesses have to and education is provided to children at school. This pay maternity pay. This may encourage some impacts the birth rate as there are less unwanted couples to start a family. pregnancies. Political Factors Migration: According to the Oﬃce for National Statistics, migration has been the main contributor to the UK’s population growth in recent years. In addition, foreign-born woman have more children than British-born woman (a fertility rate of 2.08, compared to 1.76 in 2014). Vaccination: Children in the UK are vaccinated. This reduces the death rate. NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a spider diagram on the diﬀerent factors that aﬀect population growth Challenge: Research ‘demography of the United Kingdom’ and ﬁnd statistics to explain why and how the UK’s population has changed Question: Explain two social factors which aﬀect population growth (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 29 THEME 2: Rural-urban links Search YouTube for: FMGL2.6 2.6 Migration The Oﬃce for National statistics found that migration has been the main driver of population growth in the UK since 1990. Due to the free movement of people, many migrants have come from EU member states. The reasons people have moved to the UK can be economic, social or political. Natural population change vs. migration Natural population change accounts for the diﬀerence between the number of births and the number of deaths. If there is a higher number of births, the population has increased. If there is a higher number of deaths, the population has decreased. In 2018, the UK experienced a natural change of 115,000 with 731,000 live births and 616,000 deaths – the lowest level of natural change since 2003. Why do people move to the UK? Economic factors: There is an availability of jobs of all Net migration is the the number of people who kinds, ranging from manufacturing to banking. In have entered the country, minus those who addition, jobs in the UK pay good wages. have left. An estimated 226,000 more people Political factors: The UK is a stable, democratic moved to the UK with an intention to stay 12 society. Anyone of voting age can choose who they months or more than left in the year ending would like to run the country. March 2019. Social factors: The UK has a fantastic national healthcare system. State schools are of a high As can be seen from the statistics, migration is standard. Some will move to join family members the most signiﬁcant contributor to the UK’s already in the UK. steadily increasing population. Impacts of migration Dangerous, low-paid jobs are ﬁlled Increase in young adults paying taxes Pressure on schools to provide for non-English-speaking pupils A more diverse culture, oﬀering a variety of food, music and clothing House prices may increase in desirable areas due to increased demand Increased birth rate due to foreign-born mothers having more children NOW TRY IT... Task: Create two lists - one on the push factors that lead to people moving to the UK and one on pull factors Challenge: Research ‘UK migration’ and ﬁnd statistics on how net migration has changed over time Question: Explain two positives of migration for the UK (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 30 THEME 2: Rural-urban links Search YouTube for: FMGL2.7 2.7 Ageing population Many developed countries are experiencing an ageing population, which is where low birth rates and death rates combined with increased life expectancies (people are living longer) means the median age of the population increases. This can bring both opportunities and challenges for the country. Ageing populations have occurred in countries such as Japan, UK, France and Germany due to their high levels of development. People are living longer because they have more wealth, have better more varied and reliable diets, have access to improved medical care and medicines have advanced too. Opportunities: People are living longer and enjoying healthier lives. An older population tend to have solid and traditional views and morals so they set a good example to the younger generations. Grandparents and elderly relatives also play a Challenges: crucial role in child care and the associated costs Older people put a strain on healthcare as they which allows parents to work to contribute to the are more likely to require regular medical economy. treatment e.g. for heart, eye and hearing Some older people are given the choice to work weaknesses. longer therefore they are contributing to the Pensioners do not work which contributes to a economy and their skills and experience are shrinking workforce, which reduces the passed onto younger generations. economy and tax base. Some retired people have a disposable income Older people are more likely to get ill/injured, and therefore contribute to the economy through so longer opening hours for surgeries and their leisure and recreational activities. better accessibility to health care staﬀ are Retired people sometimes volunteer, therefore essential. This would cost the NHS millions. providing essential work for the community which Pensions have to paid for longer so it takes boosts the economy. more money out of the economy. Some countries face a pension crisis, when there is not enough money to pay increasing demands for pensions. Maintaining a good quality of life for the elderly is also a moral issue. NOW TRY IT... Task: Categorise the opportunities and challenges of an ageing population into social, economic and environmental impacts. Challenge: Research a population pyramid for an ageing population and annotate it using key-words. Question: Explain the advantages and disadvantages of an ageing population (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 31 THEME 2: Rural-urban links Search YouTube for: FMGL2.8 2.8 Sustainable urban areas Just like rural areas, urban areas also need to be sustainable. This is a built up area in which there is minimal damage to the environment, the economic base is sound, resources and jobs are equally shared, there is a strong sense of community and local people are involved in making decisions. Developing Sustainable Urban Areas Greenﬁeld vs. Brownﬁeld Sites Greenﬁeld sites are those that have not been built on before. They are easier and cheaper to build on as there’s nothing to knock down and there's more land available. But this isn’t sustainable as it is destroying the natural environment and animal habitats. Brownﬁeld sites are those that have been built on before and is often derelict. Planning permission is often easy to obtain and there are already existing services. This is a more sustainable method of development however space is often limited and it can be expensive. Sustainable urban areas should: Be active, inclusive and safe for all members of the community and there should be a strong sense of local culture. Have a thriving economy whereby local jobs and services ﬂourish. Be environmentally friendly and provide green spaces for people to enjoy. Conserve energy and water wherever possible, this includes installing solar panels, collecting rainwater and turning oﬀ appliances and taps. Be well connected with good transport and communication links to connect people to other people and their jobs. Integrated Transport Systems are a method of increasing connectivity and promoting public transport. Be fair to all and have eﬀective governance where local people participate in decision making. NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a mind map of the characteristics of a sustainable urban area. Challenge: Research some sustainable strategies implemented in the city of Newcastle Question: How can urban areas be sustainable (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 32 THEME 2: Rural-urban links Search YouTube for: FMGL2.9 2.9 Changing UK retail Retailing is the activity of selling goods or services and the process has undergone a transformation in the past 60 years which has impacted cities and towns within the Uk and the world. In the past, people shopped to purchase goods. There were two main types of goods, convenience goods (necessities bought everyday such as milk and bread) and comparison goods (items purchased less frequently and were more expensive such as household appliances). Neighbourhoods therefore sold convenience goods in local shops such as butchers and bakeries whereas larger shops in the Central Business District would compete for prices of comparison goods. Nowadays, shopping has become a hobby to be enjoyed as a leisure activity. People want to be able to do more than shop and are willing to travel further, hence the development of out of town shopping centres. The development of technology has also led to an increase of internet shopping which makes it possible for people to engage in retailing without even having to set foot in a shop. However there are positives and negatives of both out of town shopping centres and internet shopping. Positives of out of Negatives of out of town shopping town shopping centres centres Only really big chain Large, free parking stores Positives of internet Negatives of internet shopping shopping Attracts shoppers Less congestion on from city centre More convenient and Not everyone has access roads nearby shops often cheaper to the internet Encourages more More space for More vulnerable to urbanisation in rural Traﬃc in cities is reduced larger stores online/ﬁnancial fraud areas More jobs for delivery Can’t see goods, might drivers not be as expected Changes in Retail One of the most signiﬁcant impacts of changes to retail in the UK is the decline of the high streets which has seen the closure of large stores such as Mothercare and Woolworths, and a reduction in local small businesses. NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a table to compare the advantages and disadvantages of out of town shopping centres and internet shopping. Challenge: Research how changes in UK retail are impacting upon high streets.. Question: What are the costs of out of town shopping centres? (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 33 THEME 2: Rural-urban links Search YouTube for: FMGL2.10 2.10 Global cities Global cities and megacities are diﬀerent entities. Global cities are the most important cities in the world in terms of economic and cultural impacts. These cities, such as London, New York and Paris, are not always the largest cities in the world, but they play an important role in economic links with other countries. This map shows the distribution of global cities across the world. Global Cities are connected to each other and other places around the world by: Finance and Trade - global cities are the world’s ﬁnancial centres as banks locate their head oﬃces in these cities and decisions regarding world trade are made here. This makes them very important places for the economy. Migration and Culture - global cities attract economic migrants from all over the world. This pattern of migration results in cultural diversity which means that new languages, traditions, foods, celebrations and religions are brought to the country. For example in London over 250 languages are spoken. Governance and Decision-Making - global cities are home to some of the most inﬂuential businesses and companies in the world where decisions made can inﬂuence the rest of the globe. For example the UN has headquarters in New York and yet employs 41,000 people worldwide. Ideas and Information - global cities are home to many of the world’s largest television and ﬁlm industries, broadcasting all across the globe. Transport Hubs - global cities are home to some of the world’s largest airports which allow for the movement of people, goods and tourists across the globe. For example about 158 ﬂights arrive at Dubai International Airport. NOW TRY IT... Task: Summarise the information above into 5 bullet points. Challenge: Create a case study of a global city in a LIC and a HIC. Make sure to include the reasons for their growth and how they are connected across the globe. Question: Using the map above, describe the distribution of global cities across the world (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 34 THEME 3: Tectonic landscapes & hazards BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 35 THEME 3: Tectonic landscapes & hazards Search YouTube for: FMGL3.1 3.1 Tectonics The Earth’s Structure The Earth has four main layers - the inner core, the outer core, the mantle and the crust. The inner core is 5,500°C - extremely hot. It is a very dense solid made from iron and nickel. The outer core is 2,000 km thick and is a liquid. The mantle is semi-molten and about 3,000 km thick. The crust is the rocky outer layer. It is approximately 5 to 70 km thick Plate Movement: The crust is made up of pieces called plates. Heat from the core causes convection currents in the mantle and these currents slowly move the crust / plates around. There are two types of crust / plates: continental (land) and ocean (under the sea) and these have distinct diﬀerent characteristics. Oceanic Plates Continental Plates Young Old Denser Less dense Less than 200 million years old Over 1500 million years old Will subduct Will not subduct Can be melted Cannot be melted NOW TRY IT... Task: Create revision cards on the diﬀerent layers of the Earth’s surface and 2 diﬀerent types of plates Challenge: Name all of the tectonic plates on the Earth’s surface Question: Explain the diﬀerences between oceanic and continental plates (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 36 THEME 3: Tectonic landscapes & hazards Search YouTube for: FMGL3.2 3.2 Plate boundaries Tectonic plates are pieces of the rocky outer layer of the Earth known as the crust. These plates are constantly moving, and volcanoes and earthquakes are found at plate boundaries. There are a number of diﬀerent types of plate boundary. Destructive Boundary A destructive plate boundary occurs when an oceanic plate is forced under the lighter continental plate. Friction causes melting of the oceanic plate and may trigger earthquakes. Magma rises up through cracks and erupts onto the surface as a volcanic eruption. Constructive Boundary A constructive plate boundary occurs when plates move apart. Volcanoes are formed as magma wells up to ﬁll the gap, and eventually new crust is formed. Conservative Boundary A conservative plate boundary occurs where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, or in the same direction but at diﬀerent speeds. Friction is eventually overcome and the plates slip past in a sudden movement. The shockwaves created produce an earthquake. NOW TRY IT... Task: Draw annotated diagrams of the 3 diﬀerent plate boundaries. Challenge: Can you ﬁnd a case study for each plate boundary including naming the tectonic plates involved. Question: Describe the process occurring as a destructive boundary. (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 37 THEME 3: Tectonic landscapes & hazards Search YouTube for: FMGL3.3 3.3 Tectonic landforms There are 4 basic landforms that you need to know found at plate boundaries. These are fold mountains, mid ocean ridges, ocean trenches and types of volcano. Constructive Plate Boundary Features Destructive Plate Boundary Features Rift Valley: A depression in the ground caused Fold Mountains: Large mountain ranges by tectonic plates moving away from each where the layers of rock within them have other. Rift valleys are found both on land and been crumpled as they have been forced at the bottom of the ocean.. together. Mid-ocean ridge: An underwater mountain Ocean Trench: Deep water areas that run range caused by tectonic plates moving away along a coastline, they are created by from one another. Molten rock from the mantle subduction and a gap forms betweens the two wells up and hardens forming new oceanic plates. crust. Shield Volcano Stratovolcano Found at Constructive plate Found at Destructive plate boundaries boundaries Non-acidic lava Acidic lava Runny lava Viscous (sticky) lava Gentle sides as the lava ﬂows for Steep sides as the lava doesn't ﬂow long distances before it solidiﬁes very far before it solidiﬁes No layers Alternate layers of ash and lava Less violent eruptions. Violent eruptions Shorter periods between eruptions Longer periods of time between eruptions NOW TRY IT... Task: Create a mindmap of the diﬀerent tectonic landforms. Challenge: Research named examples for each of the diﬀerent tectonic landforms and create a fact ﬁle. Question: Outline the characteristics of a stratovolcano (AO1) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 38 THEME 3: Tectonic landscapes & hazards Search YouTube for: FMGL3.4 3.4 Physical volcanic risks Physical volcanic risks are those that are created by the hazard. There are four main physical risks as a result of volcanic eruptions including, pyroclastic ﬂows, ash clouds, lahars and lava ﬂows. Ash clouds Large ash clouds are expelled into the atmosphere and Lahars (mudﬂows) drawn up and circulate. It can cover the sky blocking the Lahars are mixtures of water, sun and when the ash falls it can kill crops, collapse roofs rock, ash, sand, and mud that and power lines and cause breathing problems. These originate from the slopes of a risks are national/global spreading wide. volcano. They can travel over 80 kilometers and commonly reach speeds of 35 to 65 kilometers per hour. Close to a volcano, they can rip huge boulders, trees, and structures from the ground. Farther downstream mud continues on to cover everything it passes. Lava ﬂows Lava ﬂows are streams of molten rock that can erupt relatively non explosively and move very slowly (a few meters to a few hundred meters per hour from Pyroclastic ﬂows stratovolcanoes) or they can move rapidly (typically down Pyroclastic ﬂows are high speed avalanches of hot steep slopes from shield ash, rock fragments, and gas which move down the volcanoes). sides of a volcano during explosive eruptions. These ﬂows can reach 1,000oc and travel at high speeds (160-250 kilometers per hour and up). They are extremely destructive and deadly. NOW TRY IT... Task: Annotate a diagram of a volcano and the diﬀerent physical volcanic risks Challenge: Rank the 4 volcanic risks in order of hazard. Explain your opinion. Question: Explain how physical volcanic risks can cause environmental damage (AO2) BCCET 2020 – DO NOT PHOTOCOPY WITHOUT PERMISSION. 39 THEME 3: Tectonic landscapes & hazards

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