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This document contains a series of questions on the integumentary system. It covers topics such as skin structures, layers, functions and characteristics of different animal groups, including fish, amphibians and mammals.
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GROUP 1 : INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ammals (level: medium)(6 marks)...
GROUP 1 : INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ammals (level: medium)(6 marks) M Subtopic: Skin anatomy QUESTION ANSWER . Mammals have 5 layers of epidermis 1 2. Mammals epidermis contain melanin Name the skin structure and layer of fish. . Granular gland A 3. Mammals epidermis does not contain mucous gland B. Stratum germinativum 4. One of the epidermis layer is stratum germinativum C. Chromatophores 5. Stratum germinativum is actively dividing cells D. Stratum laxum E. Stratum compactum ammals (level: easy)(6 marks) M Subtopic: Skin derivatives (epidermal) Name the skin structure and layer of amphibians. . Stratum corneum A B. Mucous gland . Mammals have mammary gland 1 C. Stratum spongiosum 2. Mammary glands secretes milk D. Stratum compactum 3. Mammals also have oil glands and sweat glands E. Chromatophore 4. Only mammals have hairs 5. Hairs function as protection Name the skin structure and layer of the reptiles . Hinge A B. beta-keratin eptile (level: medium)(6 marks) R C. Persumptive mesos layer Subtopic: Skin anatomy D. Stratum germinativum . Reptile skin is thick 1 What is the characteristics of reptilian scale? E. Non-overlap 2. Reptile skin is scaly 3. The scales did not overlap on reptilia’s skin Name the skin structure and layer of birds. . Stratum corneum A 4. Reptile have dermal bone B. Stratum germinativum 5. Dermal bone can be found in turtle shell C. Collagen fiber D. Elastic fiber eptile (level: easy)(6 marks) R Subtopic: Skin Derivatives (Gland) hat is the name of the additional layer between E. Vascular layer W stratum spongiosum and stratum compactum? . Reptile have Femoral gland 1 2. Reptile have Scent gland Name the skin structure and layer of mammals. . Melanin A 3. Reptile have cloacal gland B. Stratum corneum 4. Cloacal gland secrete sticky material to deter predators 5. C. Arrector pilli muscle Cloacal gland present in snake D. Sweat gland E. Sebaceous gland mphibia (level: easy)(6 marks) A Subtopic: Skin Derivatives (Gland types) ish (level: easy)(6 marks) F Subtopic: Epidermal derivative (gland) . Amphibian skin have 2 main glands 1 2. 1 of the main glands is poisonous gland . Epidermis derivative of fish is epidermal glands 1 3. The other main gland is mucous gland 2. Type of Epidermal glands: mucous glands 4. Mucous glands smaller than poisonous glands 3. Mucous glands reduce water loss across the skin 5. Mucous gland protect skin 4. Mucous glands reduce water friction for movement 5. Mucous glands example: goblet cells mphibia (level: medium)(6 marks) A Subtopic: Skin Derivatives (Glands position) ish (level: easy)(6 marks) F Subtopic: Dermal derivative (dermal pigment) . Epidermal derivative Amphibians are epidermal glands 2. 1 Amphibian’s glands are multicellular glands. . Dermal pigment is one of the fish dermal derivatives 1 3. Amphibian’s glands located in dermis 2. Dermis pigments example: Chromatophores 4. Amphibian’s glands connected to duct 3. Chromatophores causes color change 5. glands secretion stored in lumen 4. Chromatophores example:Melanophore 5. Melanophore causes black color State two types of modified sweat gland, location Moll gland and its function (hard) (6 mark) )location-modifiedsweatglandsfoundontheeyelids.b)function a ow does uropygial gland contribute to the bird’s - The uropygial gland, also called the preen gland (1 mark) H - secrete a watery fluid that lubricates the eyelashes ( (1 mark), adaptation? (hard) (6 mark) - produces an oily secretionthatbirdsusetopreentheirfeathers. helps keep them healthy (1 mark) (1 mark) eruminous gland C - This oil helps to: a) location - located in the ear canal. - Waterproof the feathers, aiding buoyancy and flight. (1 mark) b)function-secreteearwax,awaxysubstancethattrapsdustand - Lubricate the feathers, keeping them flexible and reducing debris (1mark), preventing them from entering the inner ear. (1 wear. (1 mark) mark) - Deter bacterial and fungal growth on the feathers. (1 mark) -Insomebirds,theoilmayalsohaveaweakunpleasantodor ist cell types in this picture with its function 1) name of the cell - merkel cell (1 mark) L that can be used to deter predators. However, this is (medium) (4 mark) function - merkel cell able to sense light touches (1mark) considered a secondary function. (1 mark) 2) name of the cell - tactile disc (1 mark) nakes are sensitive to vibrations to detect prey. - Vision: While nottheirstrongestsense,somesnakeshavegood S function - transmitting the sensations of light touch and What other components help snakes detect eyesight and can detect movement. (1 mark) low-frequency vibrations from the periphery to the central predators? (easy)(1 mark)(any) nervous system (1 mark) -HeatSensingPits:Certainsnakegroups,likepitvipersandboas, have heat-sensing pits located on their faces. These pits detect heat radiation from warm-blooded animals, helping snakes find nlike mammals that sweat to cool down,reptiles - They have modified sweat gland (1 mark) U prey and potentially even sense approaching predators. (1 mark) lacksweatglands.Howdotheyregulatetheirbody - to attract opposite sex (1 mark) temperature? (medium) - Tongue Flicking: Snakes use their forked tongue to flick the air, collecting scent particles. These particles are then transferred to tate different types of feather on bird with its - Plumae (mark) - that helps bird to fly (1mark) S the Jacobson's organ (vomeronasal organ) in the roof of their function (medium) (6 mark) - Plumalae (1mark) - that helps in maintaining heat in the body mouth,whichhelpsthem"smell"theirsurroundingsandpotentially (1mark) detect predators. (1 mark) - Filoplumae (1mark) - repair feather’s damage (1mark) hydofishhavemucousglandseventhoughthey - Protection from microorganisms: The mucus acts as a barrier, W What component gives reflecting to the fish? (easy) - Iridocytes (1mark) stay hydrated in the water?(medium) (3mark) helping to prevent bacteria, fungi, and parasites fromattachingto - containingreflectivecrystalsthatcontributetofishcolorationand the fish's skin. (1 mark) iridescence (1 mark) - Reduce friction: Mucus allows fish to move more smoothly State 4 types of scale (easy) (4 mark) - Placoid (1 mark) through the water, reducing drag and making them more efficient - Found in sharks and rays. Made of tooth-like structures with a swimmers. (1 mark) bony base and covered in enamel. (1 mark) - Osmoregulation:Insomefish,themucushelpsregulatesaltand - Ganoid (1mark) water balance between their body and the surrounding water. (1 - Found in gars, sturgeons, and some extinct fish. Hard and mark) diamond-shaped, often with a bony layer and an outer layer of enamel. (1 mark) What is the function of filoplumes? (easy)(1 mark) - Sensory Function: - Cycloid (1 mark) - Filoplumeshavenerveendingsattheirbaseandmaybesensitive - The most common type, foundinmostbonyfish.Roundoroval to touch. They might help birds detect air movementaroundtheir with smooth edges. (1mark) bodies (1 mark) - Ctenoid (1mark) - andfeelthepositionoftheircontourfeathers,aidinginflightand - Similar to cycloid but with a rough posterior edge due to tiny feather grooming. (1 marks) spines.(1 mark) . Describe the process of hair growth. (3 marks) - Hair FollicleDevelopment:Specializedcellsinthedermis,called hat is the modification of sebaceous glands? - Meibomian gland (1 mark) W the dermal papilla, send signals to the overlying epidermis. This (medium)(3 marks) - Location - These are modified sebaceous glands found in the triggerstheformationofahairfollicle,whichextendsdownfromthe eyelids. (1mark) epidermis and anchors the hair. (1 mark) - They secrete an oily substance that helps keep the eyes moist and lubricates the margins of the eyelids.(1mark) - Cell Division and Keratinization: Cells in the hair follicle, particularly those in the papilla, rapidly divide and push upwards. hesecellsdifferentiateandproducekeratin,aproteinthathardens T and forms the hair shaft. (1 mark) ronghorn:Foundonpronghornantelopes.Theyarenottruehorns P as they have a bony core sheathed in keratin but also include a - Thedeadcellsformthevisiblehairshaftthatextendsthroughthe prong-like antler-like sheath that is shed annually epidermis. Hair growth is cyclical, with periods ofgrowthfollowed by resting phases and eventual shedding of the hair. (1 mark) ollow horn: Permanent horns made of keratin, a protein also H found in hair and nails.Examplesincludehornsofsheep,buffalo, air is made of a protein called keratin and - keratinocytes (1 mark) H goats, and cows. consists of several distinct parts. Name the three - melanocytes (1 mark) main cell types that contribute to the formation of - cortex cells (1 mark) hat are the 2 mainglandsinamphibiansandits A W nswer: these hair components functions? (4 marks, easy) Poison glands (1 mark);tosecretetoxinsthatcandeterpredators hy do birdshavethinskincomparedtoreptiles? - FlightAdaptation:Thinskinreducesoverallbodyweight,(1mark) W (1 mark) (hard)(4 marks) which is crucial for efficient flight (1 mark) Birds have evolved lightweight bones and a skeletal system to minimize weight, and ucous glands (1 mark); to keep skin moist and help with gas M thin skin contributes significantly. (1 mark) exchange (1 mark) - Feather Insulation: Feathers provide excellent insulation, hat is another name for the shedding of a Answer: Ecdysis W eliminating the need for a thick reptilian-like skinlayerforwarmth reptile’s scale? (1 mark, easy) regulation. (1 mark) hy do frogs produce mucus on their skin? (3 A W nswer: State 3 of abnormal skin colour (easy)(3mark) - Cyanosis marks , easy) Prevent Drying: Mucus helps keep the frog's skin moist, which is - Jaundice crucialforamphibianswhorelyontheirskinforgasexchange.Dry - Bronzing skin would hinder their ability to breathe effectively. (1 mark) Protection: Themucuscanactasabarrieragainstbacteria,fungi, “ People of different skin colour have a different - No (1 mark) , and parasites that could harm the frog. (1 mark) number of melanocytes which results in dark skin people and light skin people” Is the statement - because regardless ofbackground,everypersonhaslargelythe ubrication: Mucus helps frogs move smoothly throughwaterand L above true? (if no/yes) state the reason and its same number of melanocytes (1 mark) navigate their environment. (1 mark) function. (hard) (5 marks) -butthegeneticsofeachpersondetermineshowmuchmelaninis tatethethreetypesofepidermalglandsinreptiles A S nswer: produced (1 mark) and its function (6 marks, medium) Reptiles have several types of epidermal glands, but three main - and how it is distributed throughout the skin (1 mark) types are Scent Glands (1 mark): These glands secrete pheromones, chemical signals used for communication, including - Melanocytes can produce melanin (1 mark) attracting mates. (1 mark) hy do hypodermis contain many fat cells? (2 - provide thermal insulation (1 mark) W emoralGlands(1mark):Foundinsomelizardsandsnakes,these F marks) (medium) glands secrete various substances depending on the species In - helping the body retain heat, and to act as cushion (1 mark) some cases, they might be used for marking territory, attracting protecting underlying organs and tissues from impact. mates, or even defense. (1 mark) hich layer differentiate epidermis and dermis of - Stratum corneum W loacal Glands (1 mark): Located near the cloaca, these glands C thin skin and thick skin? (Easy) (1 mark) have various functions depending on the species. They may secrete pheromones, waste products, or even musk with ingerprint is useful to identify the criminal’s - Dermal papillae F antipredator properties. identity,whatdermiscontributetothedevelopment of fingerprint? (Easy) (1 mark) How to identify Melanoma? (4 marks, medium) nswer: (ABCD) Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colors, Diameter A larger than 6mm How snake shed their skin ? (2 marks) (Easy) - Undergo ecdysis periodically (1 mark) where the entire corneal layer of scale is shed (1 mark) here can the uropygial gland ofbirdsbefound? Answer: At the base of the tail W (1 mark, medium) tatethe3typesofhornanditsexampleofanimal A S nswer: (6 marks, medium) hat type of cells are found dead at the outer A W nswer:The keratinocytes (1 mark) from the squamous layer are Antler; bony structures found on male deer, elk, moose, caribou surfaceoftheskin,andwhydotheydie?(3marks, pushed up through two thin epidermal layers called the stratum medium) ranulosumandthestratumlucidum(1mark).Asthesecellsmove g further towards the surface of the skin, theygetbiggerandflatter and adhere together,andtheneventuallybecomedehydratedand die (1 mark) hat do nails and claws in mammals formed of? A W nswer:Theyareformedofkeratinproducedbytheouterlayersof State one function of these structure (2 marks, the epidermis (1 mark) . Nails and claws provide a protective medium) covering for the tips of digits. (1 mark) hereisLangerhanscelllocatedanditsfunction? A W nswer:Langerhanscellsareantigen-presentingcellsfoundinthe (2 marks, hard) epidermisoftheskin,mostprominentlyinthestratumspinosum(1 mark) but also presentinotherlayers.Theyhelpprotectthebody against pathogens by capturing and processing foreign antigens (fragments of bacteria, viruses) (1 mark) Group 4 - Answer: Melanocytes (1 mark); Function: Manufacture and secrete pigments thatshieldUVrays(1mark); synthesize melanin (1 mark) Questions (ALL easy) Group 1- Answer: Merkel cells (1 mark); Function: Responsible for sense of touch (1 mark) Group 2 - Answer: Keratinocytes (1 mark); Function: Produce keratins, antibodies, and enzymes (1 mark) roup 3 - Answer: Langerhans cells (1 mark); Function: Stand guard against toxins, microbes, and pathogens that G penetrate skin (1 mark) GROUP 2 : NERVOUS SYSTEM glands, leading to actions or physiological changes. hat are the functions of the central nervous - Sensoryprocessing:Receivesandinterpretssensoryinformation W QUESTION ANSWER system?(3marks)includebriefexplanationforeach detected by the peripheral nervous system(PNS) from various points body parts and the environment. hat are the two main parts of the nervous - Central nervous system W system?(2marks) - Peripheral nervous system - Integration: Analyzes and integrates incoming sensory information with past experiences and stored knowledge. This hat are the organs associated with the central - Brain W allows for decision-making, learning, and memory formation. nervous system? (2 marks) - Spinal cord - Motor command generation: Initiates and coordinates motor hataretheorgansassociatedwiththeperipheral - The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves W responses through the PNS. These responses can be voluntary nervous system? (1 mark) branching out from the central nervous system and extends to (conscious control of muscles) or involuntary(automaticcontrolof various body parts organ functions). What are neurons? (2 marks) - Neurons are specialized cells that form the basic unit of the.How dothemessagesbeingtransmittedfromone - Messages are transmitted from one part ofthebodytoanother nervous system. part to another part of the body? (2 marks) through specialized cells called neurons. - They are responsible for transmitting electrical signals(action - Theseneuronsformintricatecircuitsthatallowfortherapidand potentials) throughout the body, coordinating communication efficient propagation of electrical signals(action potentials) along between different organs and tissues their axons ive one importance of peripheral nervous - Maintaining homeostasis G.HowdoCNSandPNSworktogetherasanervous - Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Acts as a two-way system(any 1 point) (1 mark) - Regulate both voluntary and involuntary functions system?(3 marks) communication bridge: - Respond to external stimuli -Sensorydivision:Detectsstimulifromtheenvironmentand internal organs through sensory receptors and transmits What is the nervous system? (3 marks) - The nervous system is a complex network of specialized cells sensory information to the CNS. (1 MARK) called neurons that coordinates all bodily activities - Motor division: Carries motorcommandsfromtheCNSto muscles and glands, leading to muscle contractions, gland - It acts as the body's main control center, processing sensory secretion, and other physiological responses. (1 MARK) information (gathering information from the environment and internal organs) - Central NervousSystem(CNS):Processessensoryinformation, integrates it with past experiences, and generates motor - integrating this information, and generating motor responses commands. (controlling muscle movements and gland functions) What is the function of neurons? (any 1 point) - Information processing: They integrate and interpret incoming hat is the function of the peripheral nervous - Theperipheralnervoussystem(PNS)carriessensoryinformation W signals from other neurons. OR system?(2marks) from thebody'sorgansandtissuestothecentralnervoussystem (CNS) - Initiating responses: Based on processed information, they generate electrical signals that trigger responses in muscles, - relays motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands glands, or other neurons. OR ow does the nervous system carry out its - Sensory function: This involves gathering information from the H - Coordinating complex functions: They work together inintricate functions?(3marks) include brief explanation for internal and external environment through sensory receptors. circuitstocoordinateactivitiesthroughoutthebody,likemovement, each points These receptors convert stimuli (like light, touch, ortemperature) sensation, and thought. into electrical signals.. Neurons is packed with billions of tiny cells -Neuron - Integration function: The central nervous system processes the called?(1mark) incoming sensory information, interprets it, and determines an appropriate response. This may involve integrating information. Neurons are capable of transmittingtwokindsof - Electrical signals: These brief electrical impulses, called action from various sensory organs and past experiences. signals. What are they? (2 marks)* potentials, travel along the axon of a neuron. - Motorfunction:Thenervoussystemgeneratesmotorcommands - Chemical signals: At the synapse (junction between neurons), in response to processed information. These commands are neurotransmitters are released and bind to receptorsonthenext relayed through the peripheral nervous system to muscles and neuron, influencing its activity yelinalsohelpsin…………..upthetransmission -Speeding M asy (3 marks) E of nerve impulse (1 mark) 1. Schwann cell is found in the peripheral nervous system(PNS) hich nervetissuescanbefoundinthebrainand -Neurons W 2. Satellite Cell located at the sensory and autonomic ganglia spinal cord? (1 mark) .Microgliaareimmunecellsfoundthroughoutthecentralnervous 3 I help with coordinating complex functions like -Neurons system (CNS) thinking, memory and emotions. What am I? (1 mark) . Neuron canbefoundinthebrainandspinalcordaswellasin 4 ganglia of the peripheral nervous system(PNS) hat W are the chemicals needed for - Neurotransmitters transmissionsignalsacross synapses? (1 mark) 5. Axon is located along the peripheral nerves. Synapta allows for efficient transmission of - Neurons edium (4 marks) M information between………. (1 mark) 1. Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal Cells can be found in the central nervous system(CNS). hatarethenervetissuesthatcanbefoundalong - Neurons: These are the main signaling cells, with axons W the peripheral nerves? (1 mark)* transmitting information . Ependymal cells produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)andplaya 2 crucialroleinprotectingthebrainandspinalcord,cushioningthem - Schwann cells: These glial cells in the PNS produce myelin from impacts, and removing waste products. sheath around some axons 3. Microglia are immune cells in the CNS composedof glial cells that act as the first and main line of defense againstpathogens, hat is the name of the protective layer covering - Myelin W damaged cells, and debris. the axon? (1 mark) . Synapsesisaspecializedjunctionwhereapresynapticneuron 4 hat is one of the functions of myelin? (any 1 - Insulation: It prevents electrical leakage from the axon, W transmitsasignaltoapostsynapticneuronthroughthereleaseof point) (1mark) * maintaining signal strength. or neurotransmitters - Speeding up transmission: Myelin sheath acts like aninsulator, .Axontransmitssignalsawayfromthecellbodytootherneurons, 5 allowing for faster propagation of nerve impulses. muscles, or glands hat are the specialized junctions that facilitate - Synapses W ard (5 marks) H communication between neurons? (1 mark) 1.Schwanncellsarefoundintheperipheralnervoussystem(PNS) and wrap around nerve fibers, forming the myelin sheath that hatarethechemicalmessengersbeingreleased - Neurotransmitters W insulates and speeds up signal transmission. from axon terminals, and bind to receptors on dendrites?(1mark)* .Neuronsarefoundthroughoutthenervoussystem,includingthe 2 brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. eurotransmitters are released from where? (1 - Axon terminal N mark) . Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells found throughout the 3 centralnervoussystem(CNS).Theyhaveintricateprocessesthat hat W structure received the released - Dendrites support neurons by maintaining the chemical environment, neurotransmitters?(1 mark regulating blood flow, and providing nutrients I receive messages from sensory neurons and - Interneurons . Oligodendrocytes are glial cells in the CNS that produce the 4 decidetheflowofthesensoryneurons.WhatamI? myelin sheath around nerve fibers. This myelin sheath insulates (1 mark) axons and facilitates faster nerve impulse transmission. neofthefunctionsofinterneurons?(any1point) - Processing information: They integrate signals from various O . Satellite cells provide support and 5 regulate the (1mark)* sources and determine appropriate responses. microenvironment around neuronal cell bodies. - Making decisions: They influence the flow of information within hatroledoesthenervoussystemplayinhunting - Enhancedsensoryperception(1MARK):Itintegratesinformation W neuralcircuits,shapingreflexes,behaviors,andcomplexcognitive prey and evading threats? (2 marks) from various senses (sight, smell, hearing, touch) to provide a functions. clear picture of the surroundingenvironment.Thisallowsanimals to detect preyor approaching predators. - Coordination ofmovementandreflexes(1MARK):Thenervous - Maintaining balance and coordination: The cerebellum helps system rapidly processes sensory information and coordinates birds maintain balance and coordinate complex wing and body complex motor responses. This includes initiating attacks, movements for maneuvers like gliding, turning, and diving. maneuvering for escape, and triggering lightning-fast reflexes to avoid danger. - Learning and motor memory: The cerebellum contributes to motor learning, allowing birds to refine their flight skills through ow does the nervous system coordinate - Sensory information processing (1 MARK): Sensoryorganslike H practice and experience movement in mammals? (3 marks) eyes, ears, and proprioceptors (body position sensors) gather information about the environment and the body's internal state. owdolightning-fastreflexesbenefitbirdsinterms - These lightning-fast-reflexes help birds evade predators by H of survival? (2 marks) allowing them - Integrationandplanning(1MARK):Thebrainintegratessensory information with past experiences and motor memories to - to react quickly to sudden threats. determine the desired movement. hataretheadvantagesofhavinglaterallinesfor - Functioninlow-lightconditions:Laterallinesdetectvibrationsand W - Motor command generation (1 MARK):Thebrainsendssignals fish compared to relying solely on vision? (4 marks) watermovementeveninmurkyordarkenvironmentswherevision through the spinal cord and peripheral nerves to specific muscle is limited. groups, specifying the force, duration, and timing of contractions. - Predator detection: By sensing vibrations from approaching - Feedback loops (1 MARK): Sensory information about the predators, fish can react quickly and escape danger. ongoing movement is relayed back to the brain, allowing adjustments and fine-tuning of motor commands - Prey location: Lateral lines can detect vibrations generated by nearby prey, aiding fish in hunting strategies. hat mechanisms does the nervous s W ystem - Prioritization: It focuses resources on essential functions like employ to conserve vital resources d uring muscle control and respiration, potentially reducing activity in - Communicationandsocialinteraction:Somefishspeciesusethe high-speed pursuits?(3marks) non-critical systems like digestion. lateral line system for communication and social interactions by detecting water movements from other individuals. - Hormonalregulation:Thenervoussystemtriggersthereleaseof hormoneslikeadrenaline,whichincreasesenergymobilizationand hat is the adaptation do amphibians possess in - Amphibians possess adaptations that support their amphibious W utilization. terms of their nervous system? (2 marks) lifestyle - Efficient neural signaling: Myelin sheathing on nerve fibers - Their nervous system can integrate sensory information from facilitatesfasterandmoreefficienttransmissionofnerveimpulses, both aquatic and terrestrial environments reducing energy expenditure for signal propagation. - Allowing them to function effectively on land and in water. hy is the role of reflexes in the nervous system - Evading threats: Reflexes like pullingawayfromahotobjector W vital in mammals? (2 marks) blinkingtoremovedusthappenautomatically,providingimmediate
