Community Quiz 2 PDF

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# Pollution circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is surrounded Or Environment - > “All that which is external to individual human host. ↳ can influence health status in population. · Chemical. Biological · physical 6 Components of the Environment - > · Mechanical · Psychosocial Socioeconomic Environmental sanitation : ↳ control of the factors in man’s physical To assess , Correct , Control &Prevent those Factors environment which exert a dangerous > that can affect adversely the health of Present & Future generations. effect on his:- >health development Rhealth Em Survival "Constituents of Air" Air Pollution More than 2 million Premature deaths/year Elements of Environmental sanitation - 78.1% = 1. Water supply ↳ presence of normal constituents in abnormal greater 2. Excreta disposal concentration or the presence of abnormal constituent in a concentration that adversely affect 3. Waste management human wellbeing. Water Vapor ↳ % 6 4. Vector control ⑤ 20.93% · 5. Shelter/housing · also 6. Hygiene education 1ry air Pollutant- > Harmful substance that is emmitted directly into the atmosphere 7. Food safety and hygiene Furces- "man-made" = "Anthropogenic" 8. Protection from radiation ↳ with substances reacts Normally Found in the Pollutant- Harmful in the atmosphere air Pollutant er> air substance Formed when try rect atmosphere - 9. Air pollution · swith other air Pollutants & of Air Pollutants & Classes ③ ~tr Oxides (sox Coutdoor Harticulate gen xie Sources: combustion process ② (outdoor (outdoor & indoor -Sources: motor vehicle emissions, #th Effects power plants & fossil fuel burning --- ↳ it affects more people than The major components of PM are Short-term Long-term. any other pollutant = Mutant sulfate, nitrates, ammonia,sodium chloride, Sunlight + hydrocarbons - Exposure ↓ Exposure ↓ carbon, mineral dust and water. Et ↓ Broncho constriction react with other eat Effect Sesoid > Oz & other Photochemical Species Compounds to Form ↳ Mixture of oxidations Noz - particles No ↑ asthma symptoms small Particles Liquid ↳ "highly reactive " ↓ Nitric acids Emphysema Gronchitis Morganic >+ - aerosols - Nitrous + of substances suspended in theiras "Water Vapor" , --- Heart diseases Cardiovascular diseases zy acidic Particles Fatal Pulmonary edema ↳ particles aerodynamic diameter either th Effect COB & Acidic Vain & Broncho Pneumonia ↳ Cancer -m Fuels PM2o PM 2 in developing countries Solid ↓. 5 -openFiretional stores S affect the defense mechanisms of the lung including. Particles ↓ Exposure to PollutantsFrom indoor Combusation aerodynamic Particles - - mucocilliary clearance, smaller 10mm aerodynamic ↓ - particle transport and than smaller than 2. 5 Mm ↑ risk of lower Resp, infections more dangerous ↑ mortality among - detoxification by alveolar macrophages and local immunity ↓ young children reach bronchioles Interfere with gas Exchange ⑪ Enter carbonscoutdoor natural sources: include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. ⑤ Zerg Coutdoor e monoxide Sources: is produced during the combustion of carbonaceous material including gasoline, natural gas, oil, coal, wood and tobacco. The Contain only Hydrogen & Carbon principle source is motor vehicle Att Sunlight Hydrocarbon + Nitrous Oxide ~ O3 + other irritating Compounds Effects > - HiPoXia -Hemoglobin affinity of Co is 200 times greater than that of on "Photochemical in brain ↓ L smog" , heart & muscles ↓ O2 carrying capacity #th Effects > - Lung irritation with Coughing , Choking & Neurological Problems poisoning &Death in Prolonged Exposure ↳ breathingFumes - irregular ↳ Heartbeats , raPid HR Sudden death or after Exertion Aggrelates. Patients with COPD IHD Peripheral , Vascular diseases. has the Potential , to cause Cancer Fetal Problems - > ↓birth Weight ↑ Fetal & Neonatal Mortality , ⑥ Enterone Orego T (os) oxidant gas generated in the atmosphere by chemical Source: motor exhaust Coutdoors reactions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hydrocarbons 51s ; coutdoor) nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the presence of sunlight ~ emitted in "auto Exhaust" Fttn > through Evaporation of ↳ Solvents & gasoline Effects #t Effects -- (WHO) recommend measurement of --- 20-60 % 10 % Short term Exposure Long term Exposure absorbed in selected air pollutants of inhaled lead ↓ ↓ the Lungs the GIT particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), ↓ Lung Function Chronic Lung diseases - >Asthma are deposited in 6 Adults nitrogen dioxide (NO2)and sulfur dioxide · - > chronic bronchitis in Healthy & susceptible groups cleared by macrophages & more by children · Alveolar macrophages & antimicrobial defense (SO2), applicable across all WHO regions. Functions are impared - ~ EPollution & Air Human CO2, products of heating and cooking,cigarette smokes, and gases from air conditioning systems Previntive measures of Air Pollution ↓ air Exchange to Conserve Heat or Colds Forms naxios Vapors , gases & O Cis General 1-Old and unrepaired vehicles should be banned 2-Solid waste should not be randomly disposed in open roadside and open field · Pesticides - > Cause Neurobehavioural symptoms & measurable train injury. 3-Zoning : During the planning process itself polluting industries are kept away from habitable locations. Formaldehyde - > because many building materials founded with resins · are 4-Direct mixing of smoke and dust particle from stone crusher,cement factory, brick kiln , biogas, fuel, etc. I > present in Cigarrete smoking epoxy 5-Activated carbon, charcoal can be used to remove polluting gases by absorption methods 6-Use of tall chimneys reduces concentration of air pollutants at ground level · Asbestos - > From Construction Materials : 7-search of alternative energy (solar energy, electricity,biogas fuel · > Leakage Fereon & ChloroFlorocarbon - of Ferron From air Conditioning - > Noxious If Formation of Phosgene 8-Strong legal acts against air pollution 9-Public participation should be increased in efforts · Radon - > released From Concrete & other constructing materials 10-Tree plantation should be encouraged in open field, roadside and around the factory area Environmental health Practitioners to enhance the health of people/workers through: # air↳ act eset limits on amount of specific air Pollution Permitted t htie ~ Lead, particulate matter, measures (specific environmental risk assessment and management Focuses on 6 Pollutants sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, 911 4 , [15 j39 -preventive medicine (monitoring, surveillance, screening) nitrogen oxides, and ozone. Hydrocarbons S -clinical care, (1ry, 2ndry) ② Replacement or modernisation of equipment -disability management (tertiary care) -research (to determine the source of hazard, the effects , & chemical methods to remove Hydrocarbons T possible control measures) - health education. ③ Multistage Combustion processe to removexide en O Preciptator ① Removal of particulate matter using - Electrostatic 7 ↳ scrubbers CY Clone Filter Cyclone separators Work , Like Centrifuge > f  #indicators ↳ a variable of Health of > - measured directly to reflect the state People within a Community. & demiological data ~ ~ midity Indicators preferable , although difficult to optain & tality ↳ Indicators > The - Traditional measures of health status widely used ↳ Incidence , prevalence , Attack rate. Notification rates , Attendance rates , ↳ Crude death rates , Specific death Vate Infant mortality rate , admission on discharge rates & Hospital Stay duration rates , maternal mortality rate , proportionate mortality Vatio , Case Fetality Vate & Expectation of Life & utility Indicators ~ t ritional Indicators Indicator of the Health ↳ No. Of days restricted activity , Bed disability days , work/school Loss days ↳ Anthropometrics measurements + ca181 , Height of Children at school entry BMI 119 ji &19 within a specified Period , Expectation of Life Free of disability Prevalence of low birth Weight , Clinical surveys mariin, ~ t h delivery Indicators care ereflects on Equity-VI ASI's #tization Indicators - Extent of Use of Health Services , Proportion of People in need of ↳ Doctor/Population Natio , Doctor / Nurse ration service who actually receive it in a given Period - Population/Bed Vatio , Population/health centers ↳ infants Immunization " Immunization Coverage" , Pregnant Women Who receive ANC Antenatal care Hospital-Beds Occupancy rate. limental Health Indicators > - No Valid +ve indicators ~ ironmental Indicators - reflect the Quality of Environment ↳ indirect measures are commonly used ↳ Pollution , access to safe Water & Sanitation Facilities , Vector density ↳ Suicide & Homicide Vates , Roads traffic accidents , Alcohol & drug Abuse t ~ economic Indicators e not a direct measure of Health Status At Policy Indicators - Allocation of adequate resources &For interpretation onhealthservic activities of Health care indicators ↳ GNP spent ; Total health resource red to1vy health care i s ↳ Rate of Population increase , Per Capita GNPs & Product Level of Unemployment Population , , Literacy rates in Females , Family Size , Housing Condition ate > - occurrence of Events over a specific interval of time in a specific & No of Persons. Per room Indicators of Quality of life ~ Health indicators O her Indicators & -Basic needindicatora &atio - relation in size bet. 2 random Quantities ex: No. of male deaths : No of Female. deaths 1-Provide one-time measurement 2-Shows a trend (changes over time) 3-Compare populations to see which ones are healthier 4-Make decisions about a population health problem #Portion > - Occurence of event in a specific Population "No Specific time gy ". of eX : No deaths in 5-Used as components in the calculation of a broader (social development index) sim Specific Population ↳ best Ex. - Human development Index ↳ combination of the level of economic development, literacy, education, and life expectancy. & " "Keyword ulation at Midence - risk > - correct estimate of the no of People under study rate · occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a ↳ - specified period of time. It measures the rapidity and probability Susceptible to the disease > - Every one in denominator (at rick) must have Potential to enter numerator Incidence = no no ·. of Of New Cases Persons in a specified perior at risk during this period X1 & ↑ studio (New Cases) EX : remeasure the disease trends Used to - ↳ in rate overtime Compare Change the risk of the disease bet. 2 Countries or more #tulative incidence rate Number of new cases of disease occurring over a specified period of time in a population at risk at the beginning of the interval. #tidence density Through interval , the denominator is referred to as al measure of "Person-time" 3 111-31/12 : %1 s New Cases of Influenza) - 600 -161 d Cumulativ Numerator new case es -od550/g Y 111 n at risk st-5 g.- gi Peopleariskina an Person-years - denominator/14 J · beginning -i months We assume that the population are: at risk sig Students who left school during the year days : - fixed % Students who died - - +, 31/129) Students who had influenza once and will not have it again the same season hours (immune) - they are all initially at risk Students who entered school later in the year diseases 1 I I - that they are followed for the same time. Study ~ Attack rates = similar to incidence Valence Keyword" -- ,1 , rate proportion of persons (new and old cases) in a population who have a particular