Communicative English Language Skills II FINAL module PDF

Unit I LIFE SKILLS Introduction In this Unit, you will read a passage on ‘Life Skills’. You will discuss what life skills incorporate and the importance of learning them with your partners. Understanding the concept, you will engage in activities that help you develop your speaking, reading and writing abilities. Besides, you will consolidate the note-making skill you have been introduced in ‘Communication Skills I’. The grammar lesson focuses on ‘Active’ and ‘Passive’ voices. I hope you adequately know about them, but at this level we will briefly review what they are and you will focus much on applying them in oral and written reports. The knowledge of the active and passive voices helps you to present oral report and write academic reports such as lab reports. As Natural Science students, for instance, you do experiments and your experimental reports require the use of passive voices in most cases. So, the study helps you to use accurate language forms in your reports. Social Science students also need the study of the voices to write good reports. Unit Objectives Students are expected to: identify different components of ‘life skills’ so that they can actively apply them in life; become successful in living a community successfully and endeavor to execute skills to solve problems that may occur in their community; develop their speaking, listening, reading and writing abilities in different areas including ‘life skills’; and know the ‘voices’ in grammar and apply them in academic writing to enhance their writing and reporting quality. 1 The first part of the Unit is a reading passage on ‘Life Skills’. Answer the following lead- questions before you read the passage. Activity 1.1: Discuss the following questions in groups before you read the passage below. 1. What are life skills? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. What are the basic elements of life skills? --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. What is the importance of knowing about life skills? -------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Did you have life skills training? If you had, please share what you were trained about and how you were trained to your group. ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. How did the training help you to manage your life? --------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE CONCEPT OF LIFE SKILLS While many experts discuss the importance of life skills, many still question what exactly represent such skills. As shall be shown, there is no single answer, but there are a variety of overlapping definitions, which highlight the most significant forms of life skills. Activity 1.2 Instruction: The following questions are based on the paragraph you have just read. Before you read the succeeding paragraphs: a) Group yourselves and discuss the questions with your group members; and b) write its summary in a very short sentence. 1. What is the main idea of the paragraph? -------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. What do you think the next paragraphs will be about? --------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 In practice, the term life skills is also used in several other ways, including to refer to livelihood skills, such as how to set up a business; to refer to practical self-care skills such as how to plan and prepare healthy meals or how to brush one’s teeth, etc.; to refer to skills used to deal with specific risk situations, such as saying “no” in the face of peer pressure etc. The concept life skills involves personally responsible choices. These skills enable people to maximize their own choices, to enhance their personal well-being and to improve their quality of life. When people are being personally responsible they are in the process of making choices that maximize their happiness and fulfillment. Personal responsibility is a positive concept wherein people are responsible for their well-being and for making their own choices within the givens of their existence. Life skills therefore, are the component skills through which people assume – rather than avoid – personal responsibility for their lives. These skills enable people to make positive contribution which can lead to improvement of their lives. Elias (1990) as mentioned by WHO (1994) notes that life skills are skills to carry out effective interpersonal relationships and to make choices and resolve conflict without resorting to actions that will harm oneself or others. Adding to this, WHO (1994) further defines life skills as skills that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. This generic type of skills includes decision-making, problem-solving, self-awareness and communication skills. TACADE (1990) views life skills as personal and social skills required by young people to function confidently and competently with themselves, with other people and with the wider community. Peck and Hong (1988) cited in Tsatsi (2001) state that life skills are skills which enable people to care for themselves in a supportive environment, and are concerned with independence in self- care, understanding the environment and living with others. Skills also enable people to make decisions concerning life situations. From a practical point of view Peck and Hong (1988) as mentioned by Tsatsi (2001) outlined the following life skills. Firstly personal skills, which refer to those skills that are necessary to establish and maintain a network of appropriate and meaningful relationships, interests and support systems e.g. developing friendships, leisure interests, environmental and road safety, communication, social life, sexual relationships and marriage. Personal skills are also of great importance for especially young people to fully understand the influence of peer pressure. Secondly, home management skills, which include 3 theoretical and technical knowledge necessary to live safely, comfortable and healthy. Skills such as budgeting, nutrition and hygiene may serve as examples. Thirdly, self-reliance skills, which include those skills, which are necessary for the individual to be able to organize his/ her own life and to maintain and utilize the resources, they need. The effective acquisition and application of life skills influence the way people feel about themselves and others, and equally influence the way people are perceived by others. According to WHO (1997) life skills contribute to peoples’ perceptions of self-efficacy, self-confidence and self-esteem. Life skills therefore, play an important role in the promotion of individuals’ mental well-being. The promotion of mental well-being contributes to people motivation to look after themselves and others, the prevention of mental disorders, and the prevention of health behavior problems. Life skills open doors and enable people to help themselves (Potgieter, 2004). Life skills are also framed as “abilities for adaptive and positive behavior that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life” (WHO, 1997). Described in this way, skills that can be said to be life skills are innumerable and the nature and definition of life skills are likely to differ across cultures and settings. However, analysis of the life skills field suggests that there is a core set of skills that are at the heart to skills-based initiatives for the promotion of the health and well-being of children and adolescents (Brack & Hill, 2000). In the context of this study life skills are self-helping skills that enable people to help themselves. As such they are aimed at empowering people. People who possess life skills are more adequate to fulfill their potential and meet their needs. Potgieter (2004) notes that a wide variety of skills can be selected for inclusion in a life skills programme for adolescents. The selection depends largely on the target condition, which the client system faces. For this study life skills include acquisition of self-reliance skills such as decision-making, problem solving, critical thinking, self-awareness, assertiveness training, communication conflict resolution etc. A detailed discussion of these skills will follow later in this chapter. A final topic of interest in conceptualizing the concept life skills is the place of belonging in defining life skills. Both the WHO (1994) and American School Counseling Associations (ASCA, 1994) as mentioned by Anderson and Okoro (2000) imply that all life skills no matter at 4 what level or dimension, must include the ability to facilitate a sense of belonging. Belonging plays a key role in the growth and development of self-esteem, social skills and initiative while creating a sense of belonging does not mean being a “buddy” and always getting along, it does mean that a person is always welcomed into a group as long as they do not try to harm or disrupt the group. It also means that assertive communication and truth exist. It includes a sense of safety, both physical and emotional (Brack and Hill, 2000; Anderson & Okoro, 2000). Activity 1.3. Instruction: The following questions are based on the paragraphs you have read above. Before you proceed reading the passage, do the following activity in your group. 1. Did you find that your prediction was right after you have read the above paragraphs? --------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- 2. Discuss the concept of ‘life skills’ in your group based on your readings above. ------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Write the summary of the concept of ‘life skills’ in a very short paragraph cooperatively. ------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The need for belonging is also emphasized by Alfred Adler (1870-1937) as cited by Brack and Hill (2000: 24) who concluded that, as part of human nature there is a strong innate potential for kinship and belonging to the human race. Each person is born with a natural desire to belong to a group, such as family or culture, and to contribute to the growth and well-being of that group. It is a genetic need or genetic potential and it simply exists in everyone at birth. As noted above, an innate or genetic potential is a potential capability, which is likely to be developed if a person is given the right opportunities. Without the right opportunities this need can be distorted or destroyed (Baron & Byrne, 2003; Brack & Hill, 2000). 5 According to Brack and Hill (2000) what is important to note here is that belonging, the ability to pursue meaningful relationships and contribute to society, is not automatic, it needs to be consciously developed and when it is developed, it is intrinsically rewarding. However, people have to actually learn ways of trusting others, giving and accepting care and being sincere. Adler (1870-1937) as cited by the above-mentioned authors, states that learning these skills is intrinsically rewarding because the skills fulfill a genetic potential. Furthermore, because this need is rooted in a strong genetic potential the fulfillment of the need for belonging is also a prerequisite for emotional well-being. When the need for belonging is not met, a person may easily become aloof, manipulative and self-centered. When the feeling of belonging and interpersonal connectedness develops, a sense of social interest, co-operation and equality emerges. Belonging is met by obtaining results, which provides closer relationships with others, and competence is met by obtaining results, which are useful in many ways. Basically belonging consists of forming a bond with other individuals. Belonging is a social component of normal human development. It allows a person to express his or her social interest in a healthy and mutually reciprocal manner that builds upon strength of all group members./ Activity 1.4. Write a brief conclusion to the above passage. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Activity 1.5: Instruction: Answer the following questions in groups based on the information in the passage. 1. What are the values of interpersonal relationships? ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2. How do personal life skills help young people to understand the effect of peer pressure? - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. How is the sense of belonging developed? -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ What is its importance? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Instruction: Write ‘true’ if the statement is correct and ‘false’ if the statement is incorrect according to the passage. 1. Life skills lead to dependency on others because interpersonal communication promotes dependency on others. 2. Life skills are hardly important for people to develop interpersonal skills because they lead people more to develop personally responsible choices.. 3. According to the information in the passage, one who is good at life skills is effective in organizing and leading his life. 4. Innate or genetic potential cannot develop after birth. 5. The fulfillment of emotional well-being is a pre-requisite to belonging. Instruction: Choose the most appropriate alternative based on the information in the passage. 1. Making personally responsible choices includes all except one. a) Maximizing choices to improve one’s life. b) Avoiding personal responsibility. c) Taking responsibility for one’s well-being. d) Making choices for enabling one’s happiness. 2. One of the following is an example of home-management skills. a) Developing friendship c) Marriage b) Road safety d) Budgeting 7 3. What will happen when the need for belonging is not fulfilled? A person may be______ a) assertive c) self-centered b) happy d) communicative 4. Potgieter (2004) mentions that life skills include the skill of: a) decision-making c ) creating conflict a) critical thinking d) A&B 4. According to the American School Counseling Associations (ASCA, 1994), all life skills must incorporate the ability to enhance: a) A sense of belonging c) Critical thinking b) A feeling of responsibility d) empowering people 5. As stated by Brack and Hill (2000), what kind of ability will be intrinsically motivated if it is well developed? a) Problem solving c) Pursuing meaningful rapport b) Assertive d)Decision making Instruction: According to the passage, what do the following words/pronouns refer to? 1. ‘these’ (paragraph 3, line 1)_______________________________________ 2. ‘they’ (paragraph 3, line 3) _______________________________________ 3. ‘those’ (paragraph 5 line 6)________________________________________ 4. ‘their’ (paragraph 9, line 3) _______________________________________ 5. ‘this’ (paragraph 11, line 7) ________________________________________ 6. ‘it’ ( paragraph 13, line 2) _________________________________________ Instruction: Guess the meanings of the following words as they are used in the reading passage. 1. well-being (Para 3, line 5)________________________________________ 2. self-awareness (Para 4, line 5) ____________________________________ 3. peer pressure (Para 5, line 10) _____________________________________ 4. self-efficacy (Para 6, line 3)_______________________________________ 5. self-esteem (Para 6, line 7) _______________________________________ 8 6. framed (Para 7, line 1) ___________________________________________ 7. innumerable (Para 7, line 3) _______________________________________ 8. core (Para 8, line 1) _____________________________________________ 9. kinship (Para 11, line 3) _________________________________________ 10. pursue (Para 12, line 2) __________________________________________ Note Types of Conclusions Essay conclusions are, as a rule, no more than one paragraph in length. To have a lengthier conclusion is to introduce a new topic or bring in too much information to neatly wrap up the essay. Many students are under the impression that the conclusion should be a summary of the essay, touching on all the points as a reminder to the reader. While this may be true in some disciplines (especially, within the social sciences), it is not the most creative or interesting way to conclude an essay for your English class. Instead, consider one of the following possibilities as you write your concluding paragraph. The Embedded Conclusion In some cases, especially with a narrative essay that tells a personal story in chronological order, the conclusion can be the last paragraph of the body. For instance, if you are telling the story of how you learned the English language, and the last paragraph brings us to your current state of increased confidence mixed with lingering cautiousness, then that last paragraph gives us a solid place to part company. Example: I am now studying English in an ESL class at Cabrillo College. I know this is not the last leg of my journey, for I have a lot more to learn about American idioms and phrasing. However, even as I struggle, I feel more confidence than ever before. I am so far getting “A” grades on all my written assignments. Still, I will always feel cautious, like I am walking on egg shells, as I try to use a language that is so different from the one I was born into in a land faraway. 9 The Retrospective Conclusion For a narrative essay, or for any essay that uses chronology or traces an historic movement, you may want to consider the retrospective conclusion. This concluding paragraph uses “hindsight” to consider what came before with new insight gained from experience. Example: Ten years ago, I would never have believed that I would be living in the United States and using English to buy groceries and make new friends. I would have fainted at the thought of writing professional documents in the English language. Nonetheless, here I am, writing an English essay in my first college English class and expecting to receive an “A.” Time will tell how far my English studies will take me. The Reflective Conclusion The reflective conclusion is similar to the retrospective kind, but it allows a broader train of thought as one considers the various themes, lessons, or insights that have emerged from the essay writing experience. Example: In choosing to approach life’s challenges from a passive position, many teens see their bad choices as a result of their circumstances. Whether it’s an unwanted pregnancy, a drug addiction, or an abusive relationship, girls especially can make excuses so that they don’t have to change. I wish I could tell them that they don’t have to be imprisoned by their past choices—it’s never too late to take charge of your destiny. The Projective Conclusion This type of conclusion works especially well for research papers but can be used for most expository essays and some narrative ones as well. It involves projecting a future outcome of the circumstances you describe. It may project the negative results of a social issue if it remains unresolved or a threat to humanity. In other contexts, this conclusion 10 can state a need for further research in an area to enhance our understanding, or it could predict an interesting, unexpected outcome based on current trends. Example: A crisis continues to brew in our school systems where it is no longer the case of just bullies turning to serial violence. As we saw in the Columbine shootings, even victims of chronic bullying, in an attempt to fight back and regain some power or dignity, are taking up arms and gunning down their classmates. Case after case shows us that criminal violence amongst school-aged children in America is not limited to just males or pinned to any one ethnicity or socioeconomic class. It is a crisis of the generation gap increased by rapidly changing technology and a lack of real communication. Unless we start talking to each other, more of our youth will die, and children will be safer on the streets than they are in the schoolyard. The above four types of conclusions are not meant to limit you but to give you guidance as you apply your own unique stamp of creativity to your essay. The most important factor in writing your conclusion is that you give yourself enough time to experiment with a few possibilities. Don’t deny yourself the creative thrill of that final flourish! Part II Grammar: Active and Passive Voices The grammar lesson for the Unit is ‘Active and Passive Voices’. What are active and passive voices? Can you give us examples? Read an article below and underline the verbs in the passive voice. 11 Active and Passive Voices Activity 1.6: Identifying passive verb forms. Instruction: Read the following magazine article. Pay special attention to verbs in the passive voice and underline them. The Academy Awards are given out every year to recognize outstanding work of movie actors, directors, and others who are part of the movie-making industry. These awards, called Oscars, are presented in a formal ceremony in Hollywood. Several people are nominated in specific categories, such as Best Movie, Best Actor, Best Music, and Best Costumes. One nominee is chosen to receive an award in each category. When the awards ceremony started in 1929, 15 awards were presented and the ceremony was attended by only 250 people. Tickets cost $10, and anyone who could afford a ticket could attend. Today about two dozen Oscars are presented. Tickets are no longer sold to the general public; invitations are sent only to people involved in making the movies and to their guests. Today the awards are presented in the 3400-seat Kodak Theatre in Hollywood. Until 1941, the winners’ names were already known before the ceremony and published in newspapers the night before the ceremony. Now the winners’ names are placed in sealed envelopes and the envelopes are not opened until the night of the ceremony. Since 1953, Oscar night has been televised and broadcast all over the world. This show is seen by hundreds of millions of people. Viewers watch as their favorite movie stars arrive looking beautiful and hopeful. Activity 1.7. Instruction: In your group list down the verbs in passive voice below. 1. ------------------------------ 8. ---------------------------------- 2. ------------------------------ 9. ----------------------------------- 3. ------------------------------ 10. --------------------------------- 4. ------------------------------ 11. --------------------------------- 5. ------------------------------ 12. --------------------------------- 6. ------------------------------ 13. --------------------------------- 7. ------------------------------ 14. ---------------------------------- 12 Now, discuss in your group how the above verbs were formed. The Passive Voice: Form To help you understand the passive and active voices, their forms in different tenses are briefly given to you in the following Table. The active verb forms of different tenses are given in italics under the ‘Active’ column, while their passive forms are provided under the ‘Passive’ column in bold and italics. Activity 1.8: Instruction: Answer the following questions. 1. What did you notice in the passive forms? -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. What are the changes made in each tense? -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. What are the different changes made between the active and passive voices? --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. What inclusions have you noticed? ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Tell your answers for questions 1-4 to your group members. If you find differences between your answers, try to convince each other referring to the example active and passive forms of different tenses in Table 1.1 below. Note: Reading the following Table, compare active voice and passive voice in different tenses. Table 1.1: Active and Passive voices in different tenses Tense Active Passive = Be + Past Participle Simple Present. A committee chooses the winner. The winner is chosen by a committee Present Continuous They are presenting an award now. An award is being presented now. Future They will pick the best movie. They The best movie will be picked. The 13 are going to pick the best movie. best movie is going to be picked. Simple Past They announced the winner’s name. The winner’s name was announced. Past Continuous They were interviewing the winners. The winners were being interviewed. Present Perfect They have chosen the best movie. The best movie has been chosen. Modal You can see the movie on DVD. The movie can be seen on DVD Activity 1. 9: Instruction: Write the correct active or passive forms of the verbs in brackets and list them in the spaces provided below. Take care of the tense you use. Numbers 2, 8 and 12 are done for you as an example. My sister and I -------- (1. grow up) and went to school in Jamaica. We were educated (2. educate) according to the British system. In 1997 we -------- (3. give) the opportunity to come to the United States. We decided to finish high school before leaving our own country. We -------- (4.concern) that the education in this country might not be as good as the one we had there, and we wanted to improve our English too. My colleagues A, B, and I, ------------ (5. design) an experiment to test the impact on worker perceptions of well-being when domesticated cats ------------- (6. allow) to freely roam various work environments in which the subjects were normally employed. Three test environments ----- ------ (7. select) for our experiments: a law office, a laboratory in which experiments ----------- (8. perform) using laboratory rats, and an automobile assembly line. One-way mirrored glass panels- were installed (9.install) to allow video cameras to record the activity and researchers to observe the same and take notes. We secretly inserted observers directly into the work environment. These observers posed as outside contractors and ------------ (10. uniform) as maintenance and cleaning staff, coffee and water service vendors, and similar supporting personnel. The observers ------------ (11. draw) from the students who had been matriculated (12. matriculate) into the experimental psychology courses from which this study ------------- (13. develop) as an example of such studies generally. Now, in your group, list down the verbs forms (active or passive) in the above story. 14 1. ------------------------------- 7. --------------------------------- 3. ------------------------------- 9. --------------------------------- 4. ------------------------------- 10. --------------------------------- 5. ------------------------------- 11. ------------------------------- 6. ------------------------------- 13. ------------------------------- Activity 1.10: Paragraph writing using active and passive verb forms. Context: Create a news report (fictional or real) about an environmental event such as a fire, earthquake, drought, heavy rain, flood etc. Select a location (city or country) and present it to the class, pointing out your use of the passive tense throughout. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Activity 1.11: Writing a paragraph using active and passive verb forms based on the garment production steps given below. Context: Garment Production Process, steps Garment production is an organized activity. It consists of the following steps. laying checking marking finishing cutting pressing stitching packaging --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Activity 1.12 Instruction: Ask senior History and Biology students to give you their story developed and experiment report. See how they applied Active and Passive Voices. As an alternative to this, you can bring examples from other sources (books, internet) and present it to your group members. Part III Speaking Activity 1.13: Instruction: The purpose of this activity is to have you think about your own problem solving experiences either in your village or in a school situation. Read the scenarios given to you below, think about what your steps can be and tell problem-solution to your group members. 1. Senait’s friend is stressed about an upcoming test. Senait already took the test and got 100%, so she knows all the answers already. Should she: a. Just give the answers to her friend b. Use her knowledge to coach her friend c. Not get involved at all 2. Zelalem overhears two students bragging about having posted some inappropriate images of a female student online for a joke. Should he: a. Mind his own business b. Report the incident to the school principal c. Confront the boys and defend the student 3. A friend tells you that he/she has been receiving anonymous bullying messages online. You suspect that certain people are guilty. Would you: a. Tell your friend just to ignore them b. Encourage them to report the abuse c. Risk confronting the ones you suspect 16 Note Interpersonal skill is the ability to interact with people through effective listening and communication. It is important for you to have interpersonal skills because it helps you connect with people and benefits your personality development too. Generally, you learn interpersonal skills at school itself with your teachers and classmates. I want you to evaluate yourself about your application of the interpersonal skills. Activity 1.14: Which of the following interpersonal skills did you apply and/ or develop during your group activities? Rate your application of or engagement in each of the interpersonal activities. Interpersonal Engagement Rate Explain how you skill applied it Very good Good Satisfactory Poor Active listening Teamwork Responsibility Dependability Motivation Leadership Flexibility Patience Empathy 17 Part IV Writing Activity 1.15: Discuss the problem you encountered at school; and then write it in a short paragraph Instruction: In your group, ask each other about a time when you encountered a problem at school. Answer the questions below given as facilitation steps to your discussion. Did you follow the same process to solve the school-related problem? What kind of problem was it? What happened? What factors did you have to consider when finding a solution? What steps were taken to resolve this problem? Who made the decision about how the problem was resolved? 18 UNIT II SPECULATIONS ABOUT THE FUTURE OF SCIENCE In this Unit, you will read about an Ethiopian scientist who discovered the medication to Bilharzia. From your reading, you will learn about how scientists observe situations and endeavor to experiment to find important things to people. What important things have you observed in your environment which will be an initiation for you to search more on them? The grammar lesson will be about future tense. Do you know the different forms of future tense? Do you know their functions? Based on your reading, you will practice writing and speaking in English being in groups. Before you read the passage, answer the following lead-in questions. Unit Objectives Students are expected to: understand how scientific investigation can be carried out; develop their speaking, listening, reading and writing abilities in different areas including; and know the future tense forms and use them in their speech and writing, when appropriate. Activity 2.1. Pre-reading questions Instruction: Answer the following questions in groups before you read the passage. 1. Do you an Ethiopian scientist who has important discovery? Who is he? What did he discover? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Scientific discovery serves to construct and integrate scientific knowledge. Some people say that the discovery helps develop technology, addresses societal issues, solves everyday problems, satisfies curiosity and builds knowledge. Can you put these values in order of importance with justification? ------------------------------------------------------------ 19 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Which of the following statements do you accept? Explain why you have accepted it (them)? a) New scientific knowledge may lead to new applications. b) New technological advances may lead to new scientific discoveries c) Potential applications may motivate scientific investigations. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Now, read the passage. Grassroots attack on bilharzia (by Mike Muller, a freelance journalist specializing in Third World affairs) An African researcher has made encouraging progress in using a pesticide from an indigenous plant to combat bilharzia-the parasitic disease that afflicts 250 million people in the Third World. Over the past five years, an experiment has been going on in Ethiopia which has made encouraging progress in the fight against a disease that ravages three continents. The village of Adwa in northern Ethiopia is already remembered in African history as the place where the 19th century Italian colonizers were halted. Now, it is the setting for a new initiative against a harder and more insidious enemy-the bilharzia parasite. Activity 2.2. Instruction: The following questions are based on the paragraph you have just read. Before you read the succeeding paragraphs: a) Group yourselves and discuss the questions with your group members; and b) write its summary in a very short sentence. 1. What is the main idea of the paragraph? ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. What do you think the next paragraphs will be about? -------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 Bilharzia ranks with malaria as one of the most widespread and serious parasitic diseases in the world, afflicting an estimated 250 million people in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. It is transmitted through contact with contaminated water. So, unlike malaria with its more democratic vector, bilharzia is invariably a problem among poorer communities in the developing countries. It is a debilitating disease rather than a fatal one. It can take years for tissue damage caused by the parasite to manifest itself in the form of internal bleeding and malfunctions of the bladder, liver, and intestines. The disease saps energy and shortens the life span but it does not contribute obviously to mortality statistics. Perhaps, for these reasons it has not been the focus of any major health offensive-outside of mainland China. Treatment is possible although expensive and pointless in communities where reinfection is almost inevitable. In isolated irrigation schemes, the disease has been limited by eradicating the parasite’s intermediate host with commercial pesticides. But these solutions are not practicable for most poor rural communities. It is in this context that the work of Dr.Aklilu Lemma of the Haile Selassie University in Addis Ababa is important. Dr.Lemma has just completed the field work of a five year pilot bilharzia control project in Adwa. Such control programmes have been carried out before but in this one there is a vital new factor. The key to it is a pesticide produced from a locally occurring plant. The availability –and low cost in foreign currency –of the plant extract may make bilharzia control practicable on a community scale in Ethiopia and probably other countries as well. Activity 2.3. Instruction: Answer the questions below based on the paragraphs you have just read. 1. What are the ideas of each of the paragraphs above? ----------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. How are the ideas related? ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Write the summary of the paragraphs above in three or four lines. ------------- 21 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Life cycle The parasite responsible for bilharzia has a life cycle which is dependent on an intermediate host-a common species of water snail-for transmission to the final host. Eggs from the mature parasite are continually excreted by infected persons or animals. If they reach water, they hatch into an intermediate form which seeks out a snail host. In the snail, after further transformations, the parasite begins to release numerous ‘cercariae’ the form which affects man. These cercariae can penetrate skin, so any contact with infected water is enough to transmit the disease. Bilharzia can be controlled by eradicating the snails by keeping humans (and their waste) away from water bodies that could be infected. Treatment itself is of little value for even if all human carriers were temporarily cured, the parasite population could be maintained by infected animals. Even if all affected communities were provided with safe water, washing facilities and toilets, farmers and fishermen would still be vulnerable and children would still swim in rivers. So in practice, snail eradication has to be the focal point of any control programme. Activity 2.4: Instruction: Answer the following questions in your group. 1. Make notes on the ideas in the above two paragraphs. Then, a) How do express the life cycle of bilharzia in one or two sentences? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- b) How is bilharzia controlled? ------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. What do you think Dr. Lemma’s finding will be as a solution to the problems we face because of bilharzia? --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Dr. Lemma’s present work on bilharzia control started almost by accident. While conducting a survey of the snail population along a stream in northern Ethiopia, he found a large number of dead snails just downstream from a village washing place. Upstream and further downstream there was an abundant population of live snails. Investigation revealed that the “soap” used by the villagers for washing clothes-ground berries of a plant called endod-had molluscicides as well as detergent properties. Further investigation showed that Sundried ground endod kills snails at a dilution of 15-30 ppm and that it has a very low toxicity to mammals and plants. The endod bush (Phytolacca docecandra) is popular with villagers in northern Ethiopia as a hedge and the berried can be bought locally. In 1969, Dr. Lemma began a field trial at Adwa. The idea was to control the snail population in the two streams that cross the village by regular application of endod and to check the effectiveness of these efforts by observing, among other factors, the incidence of infection amongst local inhabitants, particularly young children. A preliminary survey in 1971 showed that the incidence had already dropped dramatically-from 50 to 15 percent –and the final results are expected to show an even further decline. The large decline in the rate of infection among one to five year-olds has been particularly encouraging as this group became vulnerable to infection after the control programme began. While the field programme was progressing, Dr.Lemma worked for a while at the Stanford Research Institute in California to elucidate the structure and functions of the active ingredient in the endod berry, to examine its properties, and to develop a sample extraction technique to concentrate it. He established that a butanol extract comprising 20 percent of the berry weight is effective at dilutions of two to three ppm, which is in a comparable range to available commercial products. Other avenues of research are still open. Dr. Lemma wants to see villagers encouraged to use endod as soap. But with an eye to social trends he is also investigating the possibility of formulating a detergent cum molluscicide from the endod. In Adwa and elsewhere villagers have begun to take cardboard cartons of synthetic detergent to the streams with them. There is also a 23 need to develop improved strains of the plant and to overcome if possible the loss of potency that was observed when the plant was cultivated in East Africa. Perhaps the most exciting aspect of the Adwa project is its simplicity. Endod berries are bought in the local market. They are ground, a few hundred kilos at a time, in the mill usually used by the villagers for grinding chili peppers. The endod is applied along stream banks with watering cans every three to eight weeks. The control programme for a community of about 20 000 involves only three people full time and much of their work is part of on-going research. The simplicity of the project contrasts dramatically with the procedures necessary when the more expensive synthetic molluscicides are used. The consequence of this was highlighted by a Rhodesian health worker who wrote “due to the more or less stringent requirements in dispensing molluscicides the application generally rests with specially trained personnel. Snail control can therefore be carried out with little or no cooperation from these people who are being protected.” The irony is that community involvement is essential if any bilharzia control programme is to be successful. Here Lemma believes that his current work can make an impact. “Community involvement through health education, active participation by the people involved and the systematic application of locally grown and processed endod should become routine. These activities by individuals, families, and villages when developed become a truly self-help form of health control.” Activity 2.5: Instruction: Write a conclusion of your own to the passage above. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 Activity 2. 6: Instruction: Answer the following questions based on the information in the passage. 1. What are the three continents that were ravaged by Bilharzia? --------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. What are the symptoms of Bilharzia? -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Why is it easy to apply Aklilu’s pesticide in developing countries? --------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Why is malaria’s vector considered ‘democratic’ by the author? ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Why did the author describe the discovery of the cure for Bilharzia at Adwa incidental? -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. What made the project on Endod different from other projects in health? -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. How is Bilharzia transmitted to humans? ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Activity 2.7: Instruction: The following words are taken from the reading passage you have read. Use the word that has a similar meaning with the word in italics in the following sentences. ravage insidious afflict invariably debilitate offensive 25 inevitable vital vulnerable abundant toxicity dilution potency dispense 1. It occasionally happens that a change in concentration affects the chemical action that occurs 2. This acute infection of the brain is almost similarly fatal. 3. What we're accomplishing with Howie is important; we can't stop doing it. 4. That is the deceptive nature of gambling that must be controlled. 5. The teacher felt she needed to give out compliments to each student so that they could feel better about themselves. 6. The public work suffers from the consequences of white ants. Part II Grammar: Future Tense Activity 2. 8: Instruction: Answer the following questions in groups. 1. What are future tenses? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. What are the different forms of future tenses?----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Read the following passage on the ‘Mystery Guest’ and underline the future tense indicators. 26 The Mystery GUest Justin and Megan have a surprise for their two children, Sally and Timmy. They are going to have a special guest soon. "Can you guess who it will be?" Megan asks. Sally and Timmy take turns guessing. "Will Grandma visit us soon?" Timmy asks. Megan tells Timmy that Grandma is not going to visit soon. "Is Uncle Bill going to stay with us again?" Sally asks. Justin tells Sally that Uncle Bill is not going to stay with them again. Justin and Megan give their children another hint. "She is going to arrive in about 6 months," Megan says. "And she is going to stay with us for a very long time." "Where will she sleep?" Sally asks. Megan and Justin tell Sally that their special guest is going to sleep in their bedroom at first. Then, she will have her own bedroom. Sally and Timmy ask a few more questions, but they cannot guess who the special guest will be. "Who is going to visit us?" Sally and Timmy ask at the same time. "Well," Justin says, "you probably haven't noticed yet, but your Mother is pregnant! She is going to have a baby!" "You are going to have a new little sister in 6 months!" Megan exclaims. Timmy and Sally 27 cannot believe what they hear! Sally is excited. She knows that she is going to be a good big sister. "I am going to have a sister!" Sally shouts. Timmy groans. "I wish I was going to have a brother," he says. Megan and Justin hug their children and laugh. They know that Sally and Timmy are going to love their new little sister!.4. Now discuss the forms of the future tense in your group. Can you guess the meaning of each of the future sentences? Notes In the following table, you are provided brief notes about the different forms and functions of the future tense in English with examples. Read and understand them. Tense Uses Examples I am meeting Eliza at 4:00 tomorrow afternoon. Present Rick is not attending the meeting. progressive Arrangements Is Julia coming to the event? I am going to start eating healthier foods. We are not going to miss a single episode this season! Intentions Be going to Are you going to clean your room? Predictions based on Be careful! You are going to spill your tea! current There are no clouds in the sky. circumstances It is not going to rain. The light is red. Is the car going to stop? I will pay you back tomorrow. Promises We will not forget Mom’s birthday. Will you take the dog for a walk? 28 I am bored. I will take a short break. Instant decisions It is too cold. I will not go outside. Will you have juice or tea? Simple future I think you will enjoy this book. Predictions Caroline will not arrive on time. Will people take vacations in space someday? Wendy will be 30 next week. The sun will not set before 7:00 tomorrow evening. Future facts What time will the sun rise tomorrow? All aboard! The train leaves in five minutes. Simple Time tables and Academic activities do not begin until February. present schedules Does Theodore’s plane arrive soon? Activity 2.9: Instruction: Write the words in brackets in the appropriate forms of the future tense. A Wonderful Plan Allison and Nate, a brother and sister, live together in an apartment. They attend university in the same city, so they live together to share expenses. Their parents live in a different city, but they are visiting their children this weekend. In fact, they (arrive) at the airport in about an hour! Nate and his older sister talk about all the arrangements they made for their parents’ visit. “Okay, so we (go) to the concert tonight, right?” Nate asks. “That is right,” Allison replies. “We are seeing the orchestra at 7:00pm.” “Are we (go) to the museum tomorrow, then?” her brother asks. “Yes, I reserved tickets for the special exhibition on mummies,” Allison says. “Are you coming with us or are you meeting with your study group?” 29 “No, I am definitely going with you to the museum,” Nate answers. “I love mummies! All right, so we are picking Mom and Dad up in about an hour.” “Yes, I (leave) in five minutes,” Allison says. Nate is confused. “What do you mean? We are both (go), right?” “Of course not!” Allison laughs. “Look at this place! I was very busy making all the reservations and getting all the tickets. We did not clean at all!” “Oh no, you are right!” Nate looks at the messy living room and remembers all the dirty dishes in the kitchen. “What will we do?” “Do not worry, my dear brother,” Allison says, smiling. “You know I always have a plan.” “Is a cleaning service coming?” Nate asks. “Are Mom and Dad staying in a hotel?” “No, silly!” Allison replies. “No one (come) to help us clean.” “Then what is your wonderful plan? What are we doing to get the apartment clean? Mom and Dad are arriving in just forty-five minutes!” Now Nate (get) really nervous. “Not to worry,” Allison reassures her brother. “I am driving to the airport to pick them up, and then we are all going to a new art gallery that just opened. We are taking a guided tour for an hour.” “How does an art gallery tour get the house clean?” Nate wonders. “That does not clean the house! Remember that you (stay) here, little brother,” Allison says, giving him a hug before she walks to the door. “This way you will have lots of time! I (go) out to have fun with Mom and Dad because I am a wonderful daughter, and you (stay) here to clean the whole apartment because you are a wonderful son!” 30 Activity 2. 10 Instruction: Construct as many future sentences using be+ going as possible based on Sara’s schedule given in the table below. Write sentences as the example given. Sara’s Schedule Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Morning doctor’s meet with return attend go to gym appointment boss library conference books buy groceries attend buy food for Afternoon for the week go to gym go to gym conference party movie with do work dinner with dinner with Evening Dave reports girlfriends do the ironing parents Ex. What is Sara going to do on Sunday morning? She’s going to visit her grandmother. 1. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Activity 2.11: Instruction: Choose the correct word from the list below to complete the sentences using the “going to” structure. hang / wear / practice / get / ask / visit / write clean / study / exchange / quit / take / give / fix Ex. My brother sent me a letter last week. I’m going to write him back tomorrow. 1. My house is very dirty. I it tomorrow. 2. Miriam is going to a party next Saturday. She her new red dress. 3. Robert bought a new painting at the art show. He it over the sofa in his living room. 4. The hockey championship is next month. The boys every night next week. 5. Jack hates his job. He next week. Activity 2.12: Instruction: Write the following sentences using ‘will + inf.’ to indicate a future action. Do the exercise as in the example given. Ex. Bob is going to take his driver’s test tomorrow. He didn’t practice. He’ll probably fail. or He probably won’t pass. 1. It’s raining. Worku doesn’t have an umbrella. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Zinash has a very bad cold. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Sileshi didn’t sleep well last night. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 4. Elias loves movies. There is a new movie playing at the theater tonight. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. Selamawit ate too much dessert last night and now she has a stomachache. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Part III Speaking Activity 2. 13: Instruction: Discuss the following in groups comparing the given ones below based on the information in the passage. 1. Bilharzia versus (vs) malaria 2. Endod vs other commercial pesticides Part IV Writing Activity 2.14: Instruction: Write a short paragraph on each of the following. 1. Endod as a pesticide ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. The lesson you learnt from Dr. Aklilu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Local herb - You ask someone who knows about herb medicines and write about: a) What it is, 33 b) What it cures, c) The process of its preparation, and the lesson you learnt about the local medicine, and d) What measures you would take about it in future (taking Dr. Aklilu as a model). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34 Unit III Environmental Protection Unit three has a reading passage about environmental challenges. There is also a supplementary reading for this Unit at the end of the Module. The grammar focuses on modal verbs. Objectives of the unit At the end of the unit, you are expected to: become aware of the environmental problems and how they can be resolved; determine to participate in environmental protection; develop their speaking, listening, reading and writing abilities; and understand and employ modal verbs in academic discussions and academic writing. References Azar, B. S. (2003). Fundamentals of English grammar. Longman. Eggenschwiler, J.,& Biggs, E.D. (2001). Writing: Grammar, Usage, and Style. New York. Hungry Minds. Inc Lucy, J. A., & Lucy, L. A. (Eds.). (1993). Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Meta pragmatics. Cambridge University Press. Murphy, R. (2012). English Grammar in Use. Ernst Klett Sprachen. Naylor, H., & Murphy, R. (2007). Essential Grammar in Use. Supplementary Exercises. With Answers. Ernst Klett Sprachen Before you read the passage, answer the following general questions in a group. Activity 3.1. Pre-reading questions 1. What are the different environmental challenges currently facing the world? ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35 2. What are the common natural and man-made environmental disasters that recurrently occur in Ethiopia? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. What are the effects of natural and man-made disasters? --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. What measures do you think the government and the people should take to solve the environmental challenges in Ethiopia? ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. What do you think you can do to protect deforestation in Ethiopia? --------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Now, read the passage below. While you are reading, you will find in-text activities that will help you develop your note-making ability, select salient points from your reading and predict concerning the next parts in the reading. The discussion of the activities and the summary writing will help you develop your English language proficiency in speaking and writing. Environmental Challenges A river ran through it The River Murray used to be compared to America's Mississippi. During the 19th century, paddle steamers were a familiar sight along its lazy green-grey currents, ferrying goods from town to town. Covering an area of more than one million km2, the Murray basin carries water from the tropical north in Queensland to the Darling River, and from the Murray's source in the Snowy Mountains to the outskirts of Adelaide, 1,500 miles downstream. Nearly 60 years ago, the Snowy Hydro scheme was opened. The scheme promised to provide a reliable supply of water to the Murray. The dry, fertile country to the west was transformed into 36 dairy pastures, orchards and lush rice fields. Years of over-allocation for irrigation, as well as drought, has resulted in a pitifully low stream level. In June 2006, the catchment area received an inflow of 700 gigalitres. A year later, it had plummeted to 300 gigalitres. (One gigalitre is 1,000,000,000 litres.) Activity 3.2 Instruction: Answer the following questions based on the paragraphs you have just read. 1. What is the central idea of the paragraphs above? --------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. What is the cause for Murray’s water level reduction? --------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Some people question whether climate change is the cause. Louise and Andrew Burge are farmers but they refute evidence that the current drought is driven by climate change. They showed me a series of old photographs showing the Murray in drier conditions than now. 'Global warming represents a herd mentality with a herd mentality for the solutions,' she said. According to a UN report, per capita, Australia's emissions of greenhouse gases are among the highest in the world. As the drought bites, the conflict between farmers, traditionally portrayed as rampant land-clearers, and environmentalists, is brought to the fore. In reality, while all the farmers I spoke to were global warming sceptics, they were passionate conservationists. Many farmers argue that the current drought is very similar to that of the 1890s and 1940s. Nonetheless, the effect on rural towns all along the Murray is acute. Figures from the Reserve Bank reveal that rural debt has doubled from £10bn in 1999 to £20bn in 2005. In Deniliquin, 20 minutes from the Burges' farm, the wide streets are eerily quiet. That evening, in the empty Federal Hotel, I meet Wayne Cockayne, a 44-year-old whose eyes stare into the mid-distance. 37 'This town's gone backward,' he says, taking a sip on a Diet Coke. 'In 1979, when I left school, the town was prospering. Now farmers' children are leaving the land.' For the past four years, Cockayne hasn't made a cent from the cereals on his 3,000-acre property 20 miles south of Deniliquin. This year he had to pay for water to be trucked in to flush his toilet. He grits his teeth. 'I know about depression,' he goes on. 'I locked myself in at home for four days. Then I got in the family car and drove into town. A friend found me slumped over the steering wheel crying. I never thought I'd be a person who would suffer from it.' 'In the first seven years, I had, on average, two people a year from the farming community who presented with depression,' Dr Harry von Rensburg tells me in his surgery in Barham, 60 miles west of Deniliquin. This year he is 'actively managing' more than 120 farmers, including some of the most high-profile landowners in the district. A psychologist comes once a week and has back-to-back appointments. 'If we could get her twice a week we would fill that.' A national mental health report stated that one farmer commits suicide in Australia every four days. I ask Dr Von Rensburg whether this figure is accurate. Absolutely. In the past three years there have been eight suicide attempts here. A handful are on suicide watch - their spouses or children have taken control of firearms.' He leans back in his big black chair. 'Shooting is the most favored method; second is hanging.' Von Rensburg puts this dramatic increase down to the drought's longevity and the uncertainty it brings. 'People are asking themselves, will this be ongoing? Are we going to see our landscape change? Will we survive?' Neil Eagle is another farmer who questions climate change. He is the grand old man of orchard farming in the region, a sprightly 73-year-old with large, dirt-encrusted hands and a deep, rumbling voice. He refuses to be beaten. Eagle's family has been living around Eagle Creek since 1870. 'As far as temperature changes go, in the Forties and Fifties it was definitely hotter than it is now,' he says. 'I don't agree with the doom and gloom merchants that the sea is going to rise.' He gives a wry smile. 'It's become nearly a religion, this idea of global warming.' 38 Activity 3.3 Instruction: Make notes on the above paragraphs and: a) discuss the ideas in your group, b) write a summary of the ideas in three or four sentences. But some 300 miles west of Eagle Creek, in South Australia, Anne Jensen is witnessing a collapse of entire ecosystems on the floodplains. In the Nineties, one local from Kingston-on- Murray described this as a 'garden of Eden' for river red gums, some 400 years old. Today it resembles a graveyard. Jensen sees the 'hundreds of thousands of trees' dying in the Lower Murray as 'a combined effect of a man-made drought in the river system, together with the severe natural drought which is proving to be the last straw'. The twisted, ashen-grey branches of the black box eucalyptus and river gums are stark indicators of the region's deteriorating health. These hardy trees require natural flooding to survive. They have done without a decent drink for over a decade. 'If we got a flood in the next two to three years we could save the river, but only with enormous amounts of rain.' A mile from Kingston is Banrock Station. More famous for its crisp white wines than its pioneering conservation strategies, this vineyard pumps profits back into restoring the local wetlands. It has had considerable success, but due to the minimal amount of water in the Murray allocated for the environment, and the rising salinity, they can only achieve so much. What has struck me is that if temperatures continue to rise globally, as predicted, what is happening now in Australia will occur in other regions where countries share one river system - the Euphrates in the Middle East, the Mekong in Asia. The World Bank estimates that by 2025, about 48 countries will experience water shortages, affecting more than 1.4bn people, the majority in under-developed regions. Here in Australia, at least the economy is robust and competing groups whose livelihoods depend on the dwindling flow of the Murray can sit down and talk. Where rivers cross borders, it won't be a case of negotiating and compromise - it will be war. The future of many Australian farmers hangs in the balance. Last year the drought whittled 1% off the national economy, and this year reduced the available annual milk supply by more than a 39 billion litres. During Australia's winter, the blistering summer is still several months away. But Professor Mike Young warns that already 'Adelaide is in a very frightening situation. If it doesn't rain and the dams don't fill, there isn't enough water in the system to supply the city.' Activity 3.5 Instruction: Write a conclusion of your own in a very short paragraph. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Activity 3: 6 Instruction: Answer the following questions based on the information in the passage. Do the activity in groups. 1. What was observed on the Murray River? --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. What's a gigalitre? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. What two groups are in conflict? ------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. What has happened to farmer debt? ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 5. What evidence has the Burge family got against climate change? ----------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Why is Wayne Cockayne unhappy? ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. Someone described Murray as a 'garden of Eden' and a ‘graveyard’. Why is that so? ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8. What does Neil Eagle mean when he says 'It's become nearly a religion, this idea of global warming'? (para. 9)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9. When it comes to sorting out climate problems over water, what advantage does Australia have over some other areas of the world? --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10. What is meant by 'a wry smile' (para. 9)? In what other ways can we describe a smile? --- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Activity 3. 7 Instruction: Find out words from the passage that mean the words and phrases below. 1. changed completely ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. fell very dramatically ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. reject ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. uncontrolled ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. very serious ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. strangely and worryingly ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41 Part II Grammar: Modal Verbs The grammar part in this Unit is about modal verbs. What are modal verbs? What are the purposes of using them? Which of the following verbs do you know? What are their functions? can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, ought to, will, would These verbs are auxiliary verbs that provide additional and specific meaning to main verbs in sentences. Do the following activities based on your previous knowledge on modal verbs. I will give you a brief note for you to recall your past lessons in the middle of the grammar section. When you do the activities, please do them in groups because you can share ideas and learn more about the verbs. Activity 3.8: Instruction: Match the two columns to identify the use of each modal verb. No Statements Use 1 Zeberga should call Almaz soon after their first date. a. obligation 2 Almaz should be happy to get his call. b. possibility 3 Zeberga calls but she doesn’t pick up, she must be working. c. low probability 4 No problem, he can call her back later. d. rational probability 5 Later he tells her they could go out to dinner again. e. certainty 6 She says she may be available Friday. f. polite request 7 Zeberga asks if he can call her back Friday morning. g. permission 8 She says she could be in a meeting, the afternoon is better. h. advice 9 Friday afternoon, Zeberga asks: May I pick you up at 6 pm? i. capacity 10 He must be on time to make a good impression. j. suggestion Answers 1. ---------------- 2. ------------------ 3. --------------- 4.--------------- 4. ------------- 5. ------------------- 6. -------------- 7. -------------- 42 8. -------------- 9. ---------------------------10. ----------------- Activity 3.9: Instruction: Match each statement to a sentence with the same meaning. No Statement Meaning 1 Tinsae must write a report tomorrow. a. She needs to help him, or the report will not be finished on time. 2 Tinsae couldn’t write it yesterday. b. Rahel’s boss says she is allowed to help Jack. 3 Rahel says she can help him tomorrow. c. Tinsae will have to write a report tomorrow. 4 She has to help him, or the report will not d. Rahel says she will be able to help him be finished on time. tomorrow. 5 Rahel’s boss says she may help Jack. e. Tinsae wasn’t able to write it yesterday. Answers 1. ---------- 2. ----------- 3. ----------- 4. ----------- 5. -------------- Activity 3.10: Instruction: Complete each of the spaces in the text below by using a phrase from the following list. may have landed might have done this must have used up all the food can’t have been easy may have discovered the island should have done this could have been part might have been gods must not have landed 43 Easter Island Easter Island, 3,000 km off the coast of Chile in the Pacific Ocean is very far from land. Today, it is a small island with few people or trees, but at one time a lot of people lived there. Scientists believe that the original inhabitants _____________________________________ by accident. Around 100 people _______________________________ on the western coast of the island. But then the number of inhabitants increased too quickly. Scientists agree that the inhabitants _________________ _________________ on the island and finally all died. The Easter Island statues are famous, but nobody knows why they are there or why there are so many. The statues _____________________________ or Easter Island __________________________ of a much bigger island. The statues are very large and heavy, so they ________________________ to move. Scientists still do not know how the inhabitants. _________________________. Notes on Modal verbs and their functions Modal verbs are those helping verbs, which express the ‘mode’ or ‘manner’ of the actions indicated by the main verbs. They express modes such as ability, possibility, probability, permission, obligation, etc. The most commonly used modal verbs s are shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, used to, need and dare. Modal verbs are used to: Ask permission—----- may, can, could Examples: May I come in? Could I use your pen, please? Make a request—--------- can, could Example: Could you please give me the doctor’s telephone number? Express a possibility—may, might, could Example: It might rain during the night. Give advice or suggestion—--------- should Example: You should wear a helmet while riding your motorbike. 44 Express necessity or compulsion—----------- must, have to Examples: We must slow down while driving in front of a school. I have to submit my project by tomorrow. Express prohibition Example: You must not talk loudly in the library. Express a promise or intention—---------- will, shall Example: I will mail you my address. Express a wish—may Example: May you have a long life! A modal verb does not change according to the number or person of the subject. Examples: He can learn. I can learn. You can learn. They can learn. We can learn. A modal verb is always used with a verb in its basic form. The modal takes the tense while the main verb remains in its dictionary form. Examples: I can run. I may run. I could run. I might run. Modals can be used alone in response to a question. Examples: Can you sing? I can. Will you sing? I will. Will you come? I may./I will. Modals, when joined with ‘not’ to form a negative, can be contracted. Examples: I cannot run. I can’t run. I do not run. I don’t run. I will not run. I won’t run. 45 Activity 3.11: Instruction: Complete the text below with the given phrases in the box. can’t be can’t have could take may get may not have might be must be must be As a result of the ﬂooding, as many as 10,000 families 1--------- homeless, although the figure is only an estimate. ‘The emergency services are working hard, but I’m sure they 2------------- more than 20 helicopters. It 3 -----------days to reach everyone and take them to safety,’ said an aid worker in the area. ‘Conditions for those families still waiting to be rescued 4 --------- very difficult. There 5 ------------- any clean water to drink and everyone 6 -------------- very cold.’ Worryingly, more rain is forecast, so the ﬂoods 7 ------------- worse in the next few days. The emergency services 8 time to reach everyone before the waters rise again Answers 1. ---------------------------------- 5. --------------------------------- 2. ---------------------------------- 6. ---------------------------------- 3. ---------------------------------- 7. ---------------------------------- 4. ----------------------------------- Activity 3. 12: Instruction: Read the reference material below and read about modal verbs and share what you have read to your group members. (If you don’t find this book, refer to any material available to you) Reference material Thomson & Pertinent (1986). A Practical English Grammar. Oxford University Press: UK. Part III Speaking Activity 3.13: Instruction: Rationally argue with your partner on the following debatable statements. Try to provide evidences to support your argument. 46 1. Nuclear energy will end. 2. Almost all the rainforests will disappear. 3. The climate will get worse. 4. The next generation will care more about the environment than the present. 5. People will destroy the earth. Activity 3.14: Instruction (a): The following are some of the causes of environmental problems. Discuss each of them in your group and propose solutions. Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming Desertification Deforestation Loss of Biodiversity Disposal of Wastes Acid Rain Overfishing Urban Sprawl Water Pollution Population Growth Waste Production. Instruction (b): Which of the above causes are common in Ethiopia? What do you think you can do to solve the environmental problems personally and with the community? Part IV Writing Activity 3. 10: Instruction: In your group, discuss the causes and solutions for ‘global warming’ provided in the table below, and then write a short paragraph based on the given conceptual

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