Communication Models PDF

Communication Models CMD 110 – Fall 2024  Models - Background Models are communication tools that The models here are named after illustrate communication behavior. their originators. Models could be They are simply the common-sense used...

Communication Models CMD 110 – Fall 2024  Models - Background Models are communication tools that The models here are named after illustrate communication behavior. their originators. Models could be They are simply the common-sense used to understand the concept realities of communication revealed in a typical sketch diagram. Folarin of communication better. (2002) submits that models are Specifically, the models are disposable for the more complex categorized under the following: process of communication. Aristotle’s Model A model is a symbolic representation Harold Lasswell Models of 1948 that shows how elements of a structure Shannon and Weaver’s Model of or system relate for analysis and discussion purposes. 1949 Communication models help to explain Wilbur Schramm’s Model of 1954 the process of communication. It refers to the conceptual model used to HUB Model describe the human communication Linear Model and process. Interactive Model among others  Aristotle’s Model of Communication The Aristotle’s Model of Communication The first known scholar who wrote about communication, though not directly, is Sketch diagram of Aristotle (384-322 BC). In his famous book, Aristotle’s ‘Rhetoric,’ Aristotle called the study of communication ‘rhetoric’ and elaborated on three elements within the process. Communication Model He provided us with this insight: Rhetoric falls into three divisions, determined by the three classes of listeners to speeches. Of the three elements in speech-making— speaker, subject, and person addressed— the last one, the hearer, determines the speech's end and object. Here, Aristotle speaks of a communication process composed of a speaker, a message, and a listener. He points out that the person at the end of the communication process holds the key to whether or not communication occurs.  Harold Lasswell’s Model of Communication Harold 1948 Lasswell’s Model of Lasswell’s Model diagram Harold Lasswell, a political scientist, designed a communication model that exchanges type by mixing the main elements of the communication process. Lasswell’s communication model consists of a source sending a message through a medium to a receiver, producing some effect. Lasswell’s communication model asks five major questions: (Who)? Sender, Says (what)? Message, in (Which)? Channel, to (whom)? Receiver (With) what effect? Effect of the message. Shannon and Weaver’s Model of Communication Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver’s Model of 1949 Shannon and Weaver were the first to present the Linear Model of Communication in 1949′s Mathematical Theory of Communication. The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part where one could hear the other person. Social scientists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements: An information source, which produces a message. A transmitter encodes the message into signals; a channel to which signals are adapted for transmission; a receiver 'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal; a destination where the message arrives. In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver’s (1949) linear model of communication and created the SMCR Model. The Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model separated the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars. Scholars have criticized Shannon and Weaver’s model because it concerns itself more with the mechanical transmission of messages from one point to another, thus focusing primarily on the quantity of information transmitted.  Schramm’s Model of Communication Wilbur Schramm’s Model of 1954 In Schramm's model, he notes, like Aristotle, that communication always requires three elements: the source, the message, and the destination. Ideally, the source encodes a message and transmits it to its destination via some channel, where it is received and decoded. Schramm’s his model propounded that communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source /sender/encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination/receiver/target/decoder (to whom), and Receiver. According to Baran (2002), Schramm’s model demonstrates the ongoing reciprocal nature of the communication process. There is no source, no receiver, and no feedback. This is because as communication occurs, both interpreters are simultaneously the source and the receiver. There is no feedback; all messages are presumed to be reciprocated by other messages. Furthermore, Field of Experience in Schramm’s communication model refers to things that influence the understanding and interpretation of message like culture, social background, beliefs, experiences, values and rules. Examples: a person who always eats with spoon is informed that he has to eat with hands in that place; the person will get offended because he will think it is impolite to eat that way.  The HUB Model of Communication HUB Model Hiebert, Ungurait and Bohn designed the model. It shows the Diagram of HUB’s Model mass communication process as circular, dynamic, and ongoing. It pictures communication as a process similar to the series of actions that take place during communication. Circular communication gives both parties the opportunity to give their opinions. As it is a dynamic and ever-changing model, it is helpful in general practice. Sender and receiver interchange, and both are equally active. The Linear Model of Communication Linear Model. It is a one-way model for communicating with Diagram of Linear Model others. It consists of the sender encoding a message and channeling it to the receiver in the presence of noise. Drawbacks—the linear model assumes that there is a clear-cut beginning and end to communication. It also displays no feedback from the receiver. For example, a letter, email, text message, or lecture.  The Interactive Model of Communication Interactive Model. It is two linear models The Model stacked on top of each other. The sender channels a message to the receiver, and the receiver then becomes the sender and channels a message to the original sender. This model has added feedback, indicating that communication is not one-way but two- way. It also has “field of experience,” which includes our cultural background, ethnicity, geographic location, extent of travel, and general personal experiences accumulated throughout our lifetime. Drawbacks: There is feedback, but it is not simultaneous. For example, instant messaging. The sender sends a message to the receiver, and then the original sender has to wait for the message from the original receiver to react. Or a question/answer session where you just ask a question and then get an answer.