Ecology Unit 8: Chapters 52-56 PDF

Ecology Unit 8: chapters 52 - 56 Campbell, Reece et al., 9th edition Lectures Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Chapter 53: Population Ecology Chapter 54: Community Ecology Also Chapter 55: Ecosystems and Restoration Ec...

Ecology Unit 8: chapters 52 - 56 Campbell, Reece et al., 9th edition Lectures Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Chapter 53: Population Ecology Chapter 54: Community Ecology Also Chapter 55: Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology Chapter 56: Conservation biology and Global Change  Quizzes due Test yourself – Enzymes Tonight at 11:59 pm  Today’s lecture … Ecology is the scientiMc study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, and their interactions with the environment Environment – the physical and chemical conditions as well as the biological or living components of an organism’s surroundings Oikos – Greek for dwelling place, so ecology is study of  Earth’s species ~ 1.4 million species have been named and described ‘where they were collected and what they look like’ May be 10–200 million species exist on Earth So we’ve named 10-30% of global species  Why study Ecology? Ecosystem Services Def: An ecosystem service is any positive beneMt that wildlife or ecosystems provide to people. The beneMts can be direct or indirect—small or large Some stats: A conservative estimate in 2008 found Ireland's natural capital to be worth at least €2.6bn per year Source: Bullock et al, 2008 Eurac  Why study Ecology? Ecosystem Services In 2008, global environmental damage caused by human activities was valued at USD$6.6tr. This could reach USD$28.6tr annually by 2050 if ‘business as usual’ continues Source: Juniper, 2013:274 2021 sees >60% of ecosystem services in global decline due to overexploitation. We are using the equivalent of 1.5 planets Natural Capital Ireland, 2021  Why study Ecology? Environmental issues Rachel Carson is credited with starting the modern environmental movement with the publication of Silent Spring in 1962 Silent Spring's main idea is that synthetic pesticides are a harm to the natural environment and cause cancer in humans  Why study Ecology? Environmental issues How the world has changed in the last 50 years Living Planet Index (LPI) is a measure of the state of the world's biological diversity Global Living Planet Index shows a 69% decline in wildlife populations in 2018 https://livingplanet.panda.org/en- WWF - Living planet report 2022 Scope of Ecology Ecology at How an organism’s structure, physiology organism level & behaviour meet the challenges posed by its environment Population Factors affecting population size and how ecology and why it changes with time Community Community - examines interactions ecology between species, such as predation and competition. Ecosystem Ecosystem - community of ecology organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact. Landscape ecology E.g. Energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and environment Landscape - mosaic of connected ecosystems. Factors controlling Global ecology exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems  Today’s lecture … Biosphere = part of the earth where life occurs consists of aquatic and terrestrial biomes Biomes Broadscale distribution of plants and associated animals into a single classiMcation system ClassiMed according to predominant plant types in terrestrial and physical env. in aquatic biomes The Eden Project Fig. 52-19 Tropical forest Savanna Desert 30ºN Chaparral Tropic of Temperate Cancer grassland Equator Temperate Tropic of broadleaf forest Capricorn Northern 30ºS coniferous forest Tundra High mountains Polar ice  Terrestrial biomes Climate is a major factor in determining biomes as it heavily ekects the plants that grow Climograph – temp and precipitation Biomes often named after climactic conditions/vegetation Temperate grassland Tropical forest  Terrestrial Biomes Terrestrial biomes Tropical forest Temperate forest Conifer forest (or taiga/ boreal) Tropical savanna Chaparrals (or shrublands) Grasslands Tundra Desert Learning Mole  Terrestrial biomes: hot deserts About 1/7 th of land surface between 15 and 30 latitude lack of precipitation limits plant growth Deserts: annual rainfall 25ºC) Around equator 10º N and 10º S Bali Safari Soils often nutrient poor Large trees/ thin soil – buttress roots Epiphytes: plants which grow on other plants e.g. lichens, orchids, bromeliad More species than all other terrestrial combined 5 – 30 million species still  Layers of the Rainforest Emergent: higher and get more light, need buttresses to stay upright Canopy: continuous layer of treetop, more shelter, more fruit, most wildlife Understory: shady, cool, limited sunlight, lianas/vines typical Forest Uoor: almost fully dark, layer of humus (decaying organic matter) BBC When a tree falls, there is Merce competition to Mll its place  Understory Forest Uoor Emergent Canopy  Terrestrial biomes: temperate forests Mainly midlatitudes Precipitation 75 – 250 cm Temperature 0C to 35C (warm summers / cold winters) Examples Ireland: Oak and ash communities. America: Deciduous broadleaves Australia: eucalyptus Hibernation & migration in winter Vertical layers  Terrestrial biomes: boreal forests Boreal / Taiga / Coniferous forest Rainfall 30 - 70 cm per annum Temperature: -50°C to 20°C Vegetation is dominated by conifers: Pines, Spruce, Fir Cone shape prevents snow build-up Need leaves reduce water loss Low diversity in vegetation Norway: glacier to coniferous woodland - Taiga  Terrestrial biomes: temperate grasslands Usually pronounced dry season Too dry for forest, too wet for desert Winter: -10oC, Summer: 30oC Rainfall 25 – 100cm Uneven, seasonal drought, periodic Mres E.g. Prairie (US), steppe (S. Asia), Veldt (S.A) Grazing is common and further prevents shrubs/trees Animals: bison, wild horse, prairie dogs  Terrestrial biomes: Savanna Equatorial and subequatorial 24-29 ºC year round Up to 50 cm of rain Savannah highest biodiversity of all grasslands Somali Masai zone contains 2500 sp – 50% endemic Trees are thorny with small leaves due to dry temps Dominant herbivores are actually insects e.g. Thompson termites Safaris  Terrestrial biomes: Chaparral Shrubby habitat most common in Mediterranean and California Matorral (Spain), Maquis (France), Fynbos (S.A.) Rainy winters, dry summers 30-50 cm rain annually, same as Savanna 10-12oC for autumn-spring, summer up to 40oC. High plant diversity Adaptions for Mres: Some shrub produce seeds that germinate only with hot Mre Fire resistant roots to tore Fynbos, SA – TheFynbosGuy.Com nutrients Make use of nutrients  Desert Temperate grassland Tropical forest 30 Annual mean temperature (ºC) Temperate 15 broadleaf forest Northern coniferous 0 forest Arctic and alpine tundra –15 0 100 200 300 400 Annual mean precipitation (cm) Fig. 52-10 What biome is Limerick in? A. Desert B. Temperate grassland C. Tropical forest D. Temperate broadleaf  Aquatic biomes Occupy the largest part of the earth: oceans 75% of earth’s surface Life evolved here for 3 billion years before conquering land! Freshwater (salt