Cognitive Reviewer PDF

1.What is the process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory called? A. Retrieval B. Encoding C. Storage D. Recognition Answer: B 2.Which type of encoding involves the meaning of words and concepts? A. Semantic encoding B. Visual encoding C. Acoustic encoding...

1.What is the process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory called? A. Retrieval B. Encoding C. Storage D. Recognition Answer: B 2.Which type of encoding involves the meaning of words and concepts? A. Semantic encoding B. Visual encoding C. Acoustic encoding D. Procedural encoding Answer:A 3.Which memory strategy is most effective for transferring information from short-term to long-term memory? A. Chunking B. Elaboration C. Suppression D. Decoding Answer: B 4.Short-term memory typically retains information for how long? A. 1--2 seconds B. Indefinitely C. 1--2 minutes D. 15--30 seconds Answer: D 5.What is retrieval in the context of memory? A. Storing information for future use B. Accessing stored information C. Forgetting irrelevant details D. Transferring data between systems Answer: B 6.What are mental images? A. Verbal descriptions of objects B. Physical models of ideas C. Visual representations in the mind D. Memories of past experiences Answer: C 7.Propositions in memory are used to represent: A. Visual patterns B. Sensory inputs C. Relationships between concepts D. Emotional states Answer: C 8.Schemas help memory by: A. Storing information randomly B. Organizing knowledge and guiding interpretation C. Focusing only on sensory inputs D. Blocking irrelevant details Answer: B 9.Categories in memory are used to: A. Group related items based on shared features B. Create abstract concepts C. Forget irrelevant information D. Develop new cognitive theories Answer: A 10.What is a network in memory representation? A. A diagram for visualizing concepts B. A structured relationship between interconnected ideas C. A physical link between neurons D. A mental representation of sensory input Answer: B 11.Which property of language refers to its ability to describe things not present in time or space? A. Displacement B. Arbitrariness C. Productivity D. Syntax Answer: A 12.What is the process of deriving meaning from words and sentences? A. Encoding B. Perception C. Syntax D. Comprehension Answer: D 13.Which theory suggests that humans are born with an innate ability to learn language? A. Behavioral theory B. Cognitive theory C. Nativist theory D. Constructivist theory Answer: C 14.Perception deficits in language acquisition can lead to: A. Enhanced linguistic skills B. Difficulty understanding or producing language C. Improved memory encoding D. Stronger semantic connections Answer: B 15.Object perception in language acquisition is important because: A It enables recognition and association of objects with words B. It enhances cognitive schemas C. It suppresses irrelevant sensory inputs D. It develops abstract reasoning It enhances cognitive schemas Answer: A 16.Bottom-up processes in reading focus on: A. Prior knowledge B. Context and meaning C. Individual letters and sounds D. Memory retrieval cues Answer: C 17.Top-down processes in reading use: A. Phonetic analysis B. Prior knowledge and context C. Visual scanning D. Grammatical rules only Answer: B 18.Lexical processing in reading involves: A. Recognizing individual letters B. Constructing grammatical syntax C. Understanding and identifying words D. Activating long-term memory schemas Answer: C 19.What is one way language shapes thought? A. By creating physical models B. By categorizing and structuring ideas C. By limiting creativity D. By focusing only on sensory inputs Answer: B 20.What is the first step in the problem-solving cycle? A Evaluating outcomes B. Defining the problem C. Generating alternative solutions D. Implementing solutions Answer: D 21.Shirley is trying to remember her grocery list, so she creates acronyms to group items together. What type of encoding is Shirley using? A. Visual encoding B. Acoustic encoding C. Semantic encoding D. Procedural encoding **Answer: C** 22.Richard keeps repeating a phone number to himself until he writes it down. What strategy is he using to keep it in mind? A. Chunking B. Maintenance rehearsal C. Elaboration D. Procedural memory **Answer: B** 23.To memorize a list of random words for her exam, a student weaves them into a creative story. What memory technique is this? A. Semantic encoding B. Visual encoding C. Elaborative rehearsal D. Acoustic encoding **Answer: C** 24.Cleo is preparing for an exam. He connects new vocabulary words with concepts he already knows. What process is Cleo using to transfer this information to long-term memory? A. Chunking B. Semantic encoding C. Retrieval practice D. Procedural rehearsal **Answer: B** 25.Ruben looks through old photos to remember a family vacation. What type of memory retrieval is he using? A. Recognition B. Recall C. Reconstruction D. Encoding **Answer: A** *26.Quote: \"Every decision is a trade-off, balancing risks and benefits to achieve the most desirable outcome***.\"** What does this quote best represent? A. Deductive reasoning B. Inductive reasoning C. Judgment and decision-making D. Problem-solving strategies **Answer: C. Judgment and decision-making** *27. Quote: \"If all humans are mortal and Socrates is a human, then Socrates must be mortal.\"* What type of reasoning does this quote illustrate? A. Deductive reasoning B. Inductive reasoning C. Heuristic reasoning D. Alternative reasoning **Answer: A. Deductive reasoning** *28. Quote: \"Sometimes decisions are made not by logic, but by emotional intuition or gut feeling.\"* What approach to decision-making does this quote describe? A. Deductive reasoning B. Emotional decision-making C. Judgment and decision-making D. Heuristic reasoning **Answer: B. Emotional decision-making** *29. Quote: \"The more you challenge your brain with new tasks, the more it grows and adapts.\"* Which concept does this quote best represent? A. Brain plasticity B. Fluid intelligence C. Crystallized intelligence D. Cognitive flexibility Answer: A. Brain plasticity *30. Quote: \"As we age, our intelligence evolves, and different cognitive abilities peak at different times.\"* What does this quote suggest about intelligence? A. Intelligence remains constant throughout life B. Different aspects of intelligence peak at different stages of life C. Intelligence declines with age D. Intelligence is fixed and unchangeable **Invent a new memory game that helps participants practice remembering propositions and images. How would you ensure that the game enhances both visual memory and logical reasoning?** (**Creating Question: Inspire students to create a memory game that emphasizes the use of both images and propositions to boost cognitive recall.)** **Ponters to review** I. Memory Processes A. Encoding and transfer of information B. Forms of encoding C. transfer from short term memory to long term memory. D. Retrieval E. Retrieval from short term memory Retrieval from long term memory II.Representation and Manipulation of knowledge in Memory: Images and Propositions A. Describe the language: nature and acquisition. B. Analyze the processes of language. III\. Representation and Manipulation of Knowledge in Memory: Concepts, Categories, Networks and Schemas A. Explain how concepts, categories, networks, and schemas are encoded and processed in the human being's memory IV.Language: Nature and Acquisition A. Properties of language B. Processes of language Comprehension C. Language Acquisition Approaches to Object and form perception D. Theoretical Approaches to Perception Deficits in Perception Language in Context A. Reading: Bottom-up and Top-Down Processes Perceptual issues in reading C. Lexical Processes in reading D. Language and Thought VI\. Problem Solving and Creativity A. The problem-solving cycle. Creativity VII\. Decision Making and Reasoning A. Judgment and Decision Making B. Deductive Reasoning C. Inductive Reasoning D. Alternative view of Reasoning VIII\. Human and Artificial Intelligence A. Measures and structures of intelligence B. Information processing and intelligence C. Alternative Approaches to intelligence D. Improving Intelligence E. Development of Intelligence in Adults