Coconut Husk Ash for Improved Thermal Insulation in CHB Wall Plaster - 2024

DOUBLE SPACE justify A4 paper Margin 1-1/2 left 1 all Font roboto 12 **Introduction** **Statement of the problem.....etc\-\-\-\-\-\--bold** **CHAPTER I........CHAPTER II\-\-\-\--all caps bold** **Coconut Husk Ash as a Solution for Improved Thermal Insulation in Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) W...

DOUBLE SPACE justify A4 paper Margin 1-1/2 left 1 all Font roboto 12 **Introduction** **Statement of the problem.....etc\-\-\-\-\-\--bold** **CHAPTER I........CHAPTER II\-\-\-\--all caps bold** **Coconut Husk Ash as a Solution for Improved Thermal Insulation in Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) Wall Plaster** **\ ** **UTILIZING COCONUT HUSK ASH AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT TO IMPROVE THERMAL INSULATION IN CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS (CHB) WALL PLASTER** **A Research Study** **Presented to** **the faculty of the College of Engineering** **University of Northern Philippines** **Vigan City, Ilocos Sur** **In Partial Fulfillment** **Of the Requirements for the Degree** **Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering** **Major in Structural Engineering** **By** **Khristine Mae P. Afloro** **Fernan Arc H. Garabiles** **Leah Mae T. Rutab** **2024** **CHAPTER I** **THE PROBLEM** **Introduction** In today\'s rapidly evolving construction industry, the quest for sustainable construction materials has become increasingly vital. Traditional concrete hollow blocks (CHBs) have long been a staple in building practices; however, they often fall short in providing adequate thermal insulation. This limitation can lead to uncomfortable indoor temperatures and increased energy consumption for heating and cooling, creating a pressing need for innovative solutions that enhance the sustainability and efficiency of building materials. As researchers and engineers explore alternative materials to improve thermal properties, mechanical strength, flowability, water absorption, and cost-effectiveness of cement, the exploration of eco-friendly options is paramount. Among these alternative materials, coconut husk ash (CHA) has emerged as a noteworthy candidate. The Philippines, being the largest producer of coconuts globally, generates significant amounts of coconut husk as a byproduct of the industry. This fibrous outer shell of the coconut is often discarded, contributing to environmental waste. By repurposing coconut husk waste into CHA, this research aims not only to enhance construction materials but also to bolster the local economy by promoting sustainable practices. Utilizing CHA addresses environmental concerns while aligning with the Philippines\' commitment to sustainability, as outlined in various environmental laws aimed at reducing waste and promoting resource efficiency. Research conducted by Ranjbar et al. (2017) demonstrates that incorporating coconut husk ash into concrete mixtures can improve thermal insulation and reduce the overall density of concrete. Furthermore, a study by Silva et al. (2019) emphasizes the environmentally friendly aspects of utilizing CHA, as it enhances material properties and contributes to waste management by repurposing agricultural byproducts. Additionally, research by Abarca et al. (2021) highlights the potential of CHA in improving the thermal performance of building materials, suggesting that incorporating CHA into CHB wall plaster can reduce thermal conductivity by up to 40%, significantly enhancing energy efficiency, particularly in the Philippines where high temperatures and humidity levels necessitate effective thermal management in homes and commercial spaces. The environmental implications of cement usage underscore the necessity for alternative materials like CHA. Cement production is responsible for approximately 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2022). Relying solely on cement not only depletes natural resources but also poses significant challenges to climate change mitigation efforts. Using CHA as a partial substitute for cement in wall plaster not only reduces the carbon footprint associated with construction but also promotes a circular economy by repurposing agricultural waste. This approach aligns with the Philippine government\'s commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 12, which emphasizes responsible consumption and production patterns. Coconut husk ash is characterized by its high silica content, contributing to its pozzolanic properties. When mixed with cement, it reacts with calcium hydroxide to form additional cementitious compounds, enhancing the mechanical strength of the concrete while simultaneously reducing its density. This reduction in density is crucial for improving thermal insulation, as lighter materials typically have lower thermal conductivity. Research conducted by Ali et al. (2019) supports these findings, demonstrating that the incorporation of coconut husk ash into CHB wall plaster significantly improves its thermal insulation properties compared to traditional cement mixtures. In addition to its construction applications, coconut husk is used in the Philippines for producing coir (a natural fiber for mats, ropes, and brushes) and as a material for erosion control and landscaping. These various uses demonstrate the versatility of coconut husk. Integrating coconut husk ash (CHA) into concrete hollow block (CHB) wall plaster enhances thermal insulation and promotes sustainability by utilizing a waste product, addressing environmental concerns. The Environmental Code of the Philippines underscores the importance of using materials that minimize environmental impact, and using coconut husk ash aligns with this principle. Despite the promising findings regarding the use of coconut husk ash, there remains a gap in the research concerning its full potential to enhance thermal insulation in CHB wall plaster. This gap serves as a motivating factor for the current study, which aims to comprehensively investigate the effectiveness of CHA in improving thermal properties. By addressing this gap, the researchers seek to contribute valuable insights that can influence future construction practices and promote the widespread adoption of sustainable materials. The motivation to explore this innovative solution stems from the critical need for improved energy efficiency in buildings, a challenge that continues to grow in importance as society seeks to combat climate change and reduce energy consumption. The integration of coconut husk ash as a solution for improved thermal insulation in concrete hollow blocks (CHB) wall plaster represents a significant advancement in sustainable construction practices. By harnessing the potential of this abundant agricultural byproduct, researchers can contribute to the development of building materials that meet the demands of modern construction while aligning with environmental stewardship. The findings of this research will not only fill a crucial knowledge gap but also serve as a catalyst for further exploration into the use of eco-friendly materials in the construction industry, ultimately leading to a more sustainable and energy-efficient future. **Conceptual Framework** ***Figure 1. Research Paradigm*** This study employs a conceptual framework to investigate how different percentages of Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) influence the performance of plaster. The framework is organized into three main components: input, process, and output. The input in this research consists of the varying replacement percentages of CHA, specifically set at five levels: 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. This systematic variation allows for a thorough examination of how these different percentages affect the plaster\'s performance. The process involves the production of plaster cubes that will undergo a curing period of 28 days, during which specific maintenance will be provided. Adhering to ASTM procedures, the research will involve several tests to measure essential properties. These tests will include assessing compressive strength, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, flowability, and water absorption. Data collected will be statistically treated to ensure reliable results. The output of this research aims to develop a Coconut Husk Ash-based wall plaster, incorporating CHA as a partial substitute for cement. Alongside the development, the study will evaluate the mechanical properties, thermal characteristics, flowability, and water absorption of the plaster. Additionally, it will analyze the unit cost for each proportion utilized. This comprehensive approach not only contributes to the understanding of plaster performance but also provides valuable insights into sustainable construction materials in civil engineering. **Statement of the Problem** The growing demand for sustainable and energy-efficient building materials has led to increased interest in utilizing agricultural by-products in construction. One such by-product, Coconut Husk Ash (CHA), presents a significant opportunity to enhance the thermal properties and overall performance of Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) wall plaster. This research aims to systematically analyze the relationships between CHA replacement percentages and various properties of CHB wall plaster. By establishing a conceptual framework, this study seeks to explore how different proportions of CHA affect thermal conductivity, compressive strength, specific heat capacity, flowability, water absorption, and unit cost. The central questions guiding this inquiry include: 1. What is the Compressive Strength of CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 2. What is the Thermal Conductivity of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 3. What is the Specific Heat Capacity of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 4. What is the Flowability of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 5. What is the Water Absorption of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 6. What is the Unit Cost of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 7. Is there a significant difference in the Comprehensive Strength of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 8. Is there a significant difference in the Thermal Conductivity of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 9. Is there a significant difference in the Specific Heat Capacity of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. \% Coconut Husk Ash 10. Is there a significant difference in the Flowability of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 11. Is there a significant difference in the Water Absorption of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 12. Is there a significant difference in the Unit Cost of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash **Assumptions** The study was premised on the following assumptions: 1. The Universal Testing Machine and other equipment that will be used were calibrated. 2. The data gathered were accurate and valid. 3. The proportions and methodology used were accurate and effective. **Hypotheses** Based on the problem presented, the following hypotheses are tested: 1. There is a significant difference in the Comprehensive Strength of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 2. There is a significant difference in the Thermal Conductivity of the CHB wall plaster with following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 3. There is a significant difference in the Specific Heat Capacity of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 4. There is a significant difference in the Flowability of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 5. There is a significant difference in the Water Absorption of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash 6. There is a significant difference in the Unit Cost of the CHB wall plaster with the following proportions: a. 0% Coconut Husk Ash (control) b. 5% Coconut Husk Ash c. 10% Coconut Husk Ash d. 15% Coconut Husk Ash e. 20% Coconut Husk Ash **Significance of the Study** **The research titled \"Coconut Husk Ash as a Solution for Improved Thermal Insulation in Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) Wall Plaster\" examines the potential of coconut husk ash (CHA) as a viable alternative in wall plaster** **applications.** **This study primarily aims to address the growing demand for energy-efficient building materials in the context of rising energy costs and environmental concerns.** **Construction Firms: This study will provide construction firms with insights into incorporating coconut husk ash as an additive in concrete hollow blocks (CHB) wall plaster. By utilizing CHA, firms can enhance the thermal insulation properties of their structures, leading to reduced energy consumption for heating and cooling. Additionally, the use of a waste product like coconut husk ash can lower production costs and promote sustainable practices within the construction sector.** **Researchers: This study will give awareness to researchers regarding the potential benefits of agricultural waste materials in construction applications. By exploring the characteristics of CHA, the research can stimulate further investigations into alternative materials that can contribute to sustainable building practices. Moreover, it can encourage interdisciplinary studies linking materials science and environmental sustainability.** **Civil Engineers: This study will provide civil engineers with valuable data on the mechanical properties and insulating capabilities of concrete hollow blocks enhanced with coconut husk ash. Understanding these properties can influence design decisions and promote the adoption of more sustainable materials in building projects, ultimately leading to better performance and** **durability of structures.** **Education: This research contributes to educational discourse by providing information on innovative materials and sustainable practices in construction. It will serve as a resource for students and educators in civil engineering and environmental science programs, fostering awareness and understanding of the importance of sustainability in the built environment. The benefits of incorporating coconut husk ash in construction practices can serve as a model for future research and development in the field.** **Environment: This study will help the environment by promoting the use of waste materials, reducing landfill waste, and minimizing the ecological footprint of construction activities. The application of coconut husk ash not only utilizes a byproduct of coconut processing but also contributes to the conservation of natural resources. This shift towards eco-friendly materials can lead to more sustainable urban development.** **Community: This study will engage the community by highlighting the potential of local agricultural waste as a resource. By promoting the use of coconut husk ash, communities can benefit economically from a sustainable material that reduces waste and fosters local industry. Furthermore, improved thermal insulation in buildings can enhance living conditions by maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures, thus promoting health and well-being.** **Scope and Delimitation** This research examines the potential of using Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) as a partial replacement for cement in Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) wall plasters. The focus is on evaluating the mechanical and thermal properties of the plaster when CHA is incorporated at varying replacement levels: 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Key parameters under investigation include compressive strength, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, flowability, and water absorption of the plasters. The study will utilize a mixture ratio of 1:3 for all samples, ensuring consistency in the experimental approach, with the CHA passing through a 0.425 mm sieve (No. 40). The coconut husks will be sourced from Vigan City Public Market, and sample preparation will occur at Nanerman, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur. Various tests will be conducted at different locations: thermal property tests, such as Specific Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductivity, will take place at Philippine Science High School (PSHS) in San Ildefonso, while the Flowability Test will be performed at DPWH Bantay. The Compressive Test will be executed at DPWH R01 in La Union, the Absorption Test at Tagudin, and the Unit Cost analysis will be assessed in Vigan City. This study aims to address the increasing need for energy-efficient building materials amid rising energy costs and environmental issues, providing insights into the applicability of CHA in sustainable construction practices. **Operational Definition of Terms** **For clarity and better understanding of the study, the following terms are hereby operationally defined.** **Coconut Husk. This refers to the fibrous outer covering of the coconut fruit, which can be processed and utilized in various applications, including construction materials.** **Coconut Husk Ash (CHA). This refers to the ash produced when coconut husk is burned. In this study, CHA is examined as a potential partial replacement for cement in CHB wall plaster, aiming to improve thermal insulation properties.** **ASTM. This refers to the American Society for Testing and Materials, an international organization that develops and publishes technical standards for materials and testing procedures. ASTM standards ensure consistency and reliability in experimental results.** **Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) Wall. This refers to a wall constructed using concrete hollow blocks, which are commonly used in building construction. These blocks provide structural support and are essential in various construction applications.** **1:3 Ratio. Refers to the proportion of materials used in a mortar mix, specifically indicating the ratio of cement and sand. For every part of cement, there are three parts of sand.** **Cement. This refers to a powdered binding material that is integral to construction. Cement acts as the primary component that binds aggregates together, providing strength and stability to construction materials.** **0% CHA (control). This refers to the standard mix using 100% cement without any replacement with coconut husk ash. It serves as a baseline for comparison with other mixes containing CHA.** **5% CHA. This refers to a mix where 5% of cement is replaced with CHA, meaning the composition consists of 95% cement and 5% coconut husk ash.** **10% CHA. This refers to a mix where 10% of cement is replaced with CHA, meaning the composition consists of 90% cement and 10% coconut husk ash.** **15% CHA. This refers to a mix where 15% of cement is replaced with CHA, meaning the composition consists of 85% cement and 15% coconut husk ash.** **20% CHA. This refers to a mix where 20% of cement is replaced with CHA, meaning the composition consists of 80% cement and 20% coconut husk ash.** **Replacement Percentage. This refers to the percentage of cement in the mix that is substituted with CHA. This percentage is crucial for understanding the varying effects different levels of CHA may have on the plaster's properties.** **Thermal Insulation. This refers to a material property that reduces the transfer of heat between different environments. Effective thermal insulation helps maintain comfortable temperatures within a space, keeping it warm in cold conditions and cool during hot conditions.** **Compressive Strength. This refers to the ability of the coconut husk ash, when used as a partial replacement for cement in CHB wall plaster, to withstand axial loads or forces that tend to compress it. This property is essential for assessing the durability and structural integrity of the plaster.** **Thermal Conductivity. This refers to the property that measures how well coconut husk ash as a partial replacement in CHB wall plaster resists heat flow. Lower thermal conductivity indicates better insulation performance.** **Specific Heat Capacity. This refers to a measure of the amount of heat that coconut husk ash can store when used as a partial replacement for cement in CHB wall plaster.** **Flowability. This refers to the ability of coconut husk ash to flow within the CHB wall. Adequate flowability ensures that the mixture spreads evenly during application, impacting the final finish and effectiveness of the plaster.** **Water Absorption. This refers to the capacity of coconut husk ash to absorb water when exposed to moisture, which can influence the setting time and overall performance of the plaster.** **Unit Cost. This refers to the cost per unit of materials used in the mortar mix. Understanding the unit cost is important for evaluating the economic feasibility of using CHA as a replacement for cement in construction.** **CHAPTER II** **REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE** Presented in this section are relevant studies and related literature significant to the trust of the study which provided the researcher some insights in the conceptualization of this study and which served as bases in interpreting and analyzing results. The increased demand for sustainable construction materials has led to significant research into alternative resources that can improve thermal insulation while being eco-friendly. One such material is coconut husk ash (CHA), a byproduct of coconut processing. CHA has been identified for its potential use in concrete hollow blocks (CHB) wall plaster to enhance thermal insulation properties. According to the study by Othman et al. (2020), the incorporation of CHA into concrete mixtures not only improves insulation but also reduces the overall weight of the blocks, making them easier to handle and transport. This advancement provides a dual benefit of sustainability and efficiency in construction practices, addressing the needs of both builders and environmental advocates. Research conducted by Sadiq et al. (2021) further supports the use of CHA in CHB wall plaster, demonstrating that it can significantly enhance the thermal performance of buildings. Their findings indicate that blocks containing up to 30% CHA exhibit improved resistance to heat transfer compared to traditional concrete blocks. This is crucial in tropical climates where maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures is essential for energy efficiency and occupant comfort. The use of CHA not only paves the way for innovative building materials but also promotes the circular economy by utilizing agricultural waste, thus reducing landfill contributions and resource depletion. The studies by Othman et al. (2020) and Sadiq et al. (2021) highlight the material\'s effectiveness and sustainability, reinforcing the necessity for further exploration and implementation in the industry. As the construction sector continues to seek environmentally friendly alternatives, CHA stands out as a viable option that aligns with both ecological objectives and performance requirements. This literature review aims to provide insights into previous research regarding coconut husk, its ash, and relevant factors such as compressive strength, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, flowability, water absorption, and cost efficiency. Understanding these elements will inform the application of CHA in construction and its feasibility as an eco-friendly solution. **On Portland Cement** Portland cement is a key material in the construction industry, primarily used as a binding agent in concrete. It is produced by heating limestone and clay to high temperatures, resulting in a fine powder that, when mixed with water, forms a strong and durable paste. Traditionally, Portland cement has been the primary choice for constructing walls and other structural elements due to its strength and versatility. However, its thermal properties have raised concerns, particularly in regions with extreme temperatures. Studies indicate that using solely Portland cement leads to walls that can absorb and retain heat, resulting in increased energy consumption for cooling and heating systems in buildings. Research has shown that Portland cement alone does not provide adequate thermal insulation. According to Mehta and Monteiro (2014), concrete made with only Portland cement tends to have high thermal conductivity, which can lead to uncomfortable indoor temperatures and increased energy costs. This limitation is particularly significant in areas with harsh climates where energy efficiency is paramount. Furthermore, the high energy requirements for producing Portland cement contribute to environmental concerns, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives. Numerous studies have explored alternatives to improve the thermal insulation of concrete. For instance, a study by Khatib (2016) demonstrated that incorporating supplementary cementitious materials can enhance the thermal properties of concrete. The research showed that using materials like fly ash or silica fume in conjunction with Portland cement can reduce thermal conductivity, resulting in better insulation performance. This finding suggests that relying solely on Portland cement may not be the most efficient approach for thermal insulation in construction. Another critical aspect of using Portland cement is its environmental impact. The production of Portland cement is energy-intensive and contributes to a significant amount of carbon dioxide emissions (Scrivener et al., 2018). This environmental concern has prompted researchers to investigate sustainable alternatives like coconut husk ash, which is a byproduct of coconut processing and is often disposed of as waste. By utilizing CHA, the construction industry can reduce its carbon footprint while simultaneously enhancing the thermal insulation of concrete structures. Studies conducted by researchers like Al-Mashhadani et al. (2019) have demonstrated that incorporating CHA in concrete mixtures can significantly reduce thermal conductivity. The porous structure of the ash enhances the insulation properties of concrete, making it a suitable alternative for improving energy efficiency in buildings. Additionally, using CHA not only improves thermal performance but also addresses waste management issues by utilizing by-products from the coconut industry. The use of coconut husk ash in place of a portion of Portland cement offers several benefits. It leads to improved thermal insulation, which can lower energy consumption for heating and cooling. Moreover, this practice supports sustainable construction efforts by reducing the carbon footprint associated with cement production. As highlighted by the research of Sadiq et al. (2021), the combination of CHA and Portland cement can yield a composite material that meets both structural and thermal performance requirements. While Portland cement remains a staple in the construction industry, its limitations regarding thermal insulation properties have led to the exploration of alternative materials. The incorporation of coconut husk ash presents a sustainable solution that not only improves thermal insulation but also addresses environmental concerns associated with traditional cement production. **On Coconut Husk Ash** Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) is a byproduct derived from the incineration of coconut husks, a material that is abundantly available in the Philippines due to the country\'s significant coconut production. This material has garnered attention in civil engineering for its potential application in enhancing the thermal insulation properties of Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) used in construction. The thermal insulation properties of building materials are crucial, especially in tropical climates, where managing heat transfer is essential for maintaining comfortable indoor environments. This renewable resource not only offers an environmentally friendly alternative but also contributes to the development of sustainable building materials. Research indicates that CHA can improve the thermal insulation of CHB wall plaster due to its unique properties. According to a study by Asokan et al. (2016), CHA exhibits low thermal conductivity, which is beneficial for reducing heat transfer through walls, thereby enhancing indoor comfort. The study concluded that incorporating CHA into CHB wall plaster can significantly decrease the thermal conductivity compared to conventional plaster, making it an effective material for insulation. Similarly, Sahu et al. (2016) highlighted that the porous structure of CHA provides significant thermal resistance, making it an effective insulator. The low density of the ash contributes to reducing the overall weight of the concrete mixture, which is advantageous for construction. Furthermore, the silica content in CHA has been shown to enhance the binding properties of concrete, resulting in improved durability and strength (Mishra et al., 2020). Additionally, a study by Alengaram et al. (2014) highlighted the pozzolanic properties of coconut husk ash, which contribute to the overall strength and durability of concrete mixtures. The mineral composition of CHA, including silica and alumina, reacts with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water, forming additional cementitious compounds that improve the mechanical properties of CHB plaster. This not only aids in thermal insulation but also enhances the structural integrity of the wall. As cited in the study of Abubakar et al. (2019) he reported that replacing a portion of cement with CHA in plaster mixtures not only improved thermal insulation but also reduced the energy consumption required for heating or cooling the buildings. This finding aligns with the global push for energy-efficient construction practices, emphasizing the importance of materials that can minimize energy use. Moreover, the use of CHA in construction contributes to waste reduction and promotes circular economy principles. According to a study by Omosanya et al. (2021), the utilization of agricultural waste products like coconut husk ash in construction not only addresses environmental concerns but also creates economic opportunities in rural areas by adding value to waste materials. This dual benefit supports sustainable development goals by fostering eco-friendly practices in the building industry. In the Philippines, where high temperatures are common, the use of CHA in construction can lead to significant energy savings by reducing the need for air conditioning. A study conducted by Mijares et al. (2018) emphasized the benefits of using locally sourced materials like CHA, which not only supports sustainable practices but also provides an economic advantage by lowering construction costs. The researchers found that incorporating CHA in wall plaster led to a reduction in the overall heat gain in buildings, thus promoting energy efficiency. Furthermore, CHA\'s lightweight nature allows for easier handling and application in construction, which can expedite the building process. A study by Iyer et al. (2015) confirmed that the addition of CHA to concrete mixtures resulted in a lighter final product without compromising strength, making it an attractive alternative for builders. Thus, the incorporation of Coconut Husk Ash in Concrete Hollow Blocks wall plaster offers a sustainable solution to improve thermal insulation. The properties of CHA, such as low thermal conductivity, pozzolanic activity, and lightweight nature, present significant advantages for construction in the Philippines, a country rich in coconut resources. Utilizing CHA not only enhances the thermal performance of buildings but also promotes environmentally friendly practices in the construction industry. **On Thermal Insulation** Thermal insulation is a critical aspect of construction that significantly affects energy efficiency and occupant comfort. It involves the use of materials that reduce the transfer of heat, thereby maintaining desired indoor temperatures. One innovative solution for improving thermal insulation in building materials is the incorporation of coconut husk ash (CHA) in concrete hollow blocks (CHB) wall plaster. This approach not only enhances thermal performance but also promotes sustainability by utilizing agricultural waste. Research conducted by Ghosh et al. (2019) demonstrated that incorporating CHA into cement mixtures resulted in lower thermal conductivity values compared to traditional plaster. This reduction in thermal conductivity translates to improved insulation, leading to reduced energy consumption for heating and cooling in buildings. The benefits of using coconut husk ash extend beyond thermal insulation. According to a study by Alinsunurin et al. (2021), CHA also contributes to the mechanical strength of concrete. The researchers found that up to 20% replacement of cement with CHA maintained the compressive strength while enhancing the material\'s thermal properties. This dual advantage makes CHA an attractive option for construction in tropical climates like the Philippines, where high temperatures can lead to increased energy costs. The properties of coconut husk itself play a significant role in the effectiveness of CHA as an insulating material. Coconut husks are rich in cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, which contribute to their lightweight and fibrous nature. These characteristics create air pockets within the material, further improving its insulation capabilities. The porous structure of CHA allows it to trap air, a poor conductor of heat, which minimizes heat transfer through the wall plaster. Numerous studies support the viability of CHA in construction applications. For example, a study by Ranjith et al. (2020) explored the use of agricultural waste, including CHA, in building materials and found that it significantly improved thermal performance while reducing environmental impact. This aligns with findings from the Philippines, where coconut is a major agricultural product, and utilizing its byproducts can promote sustainable building practices (Cruz et al., 2022). The integration of coconut husk ash in CHB wall plaster presents a promising solution for enhancing thermal insulation in construction. The rich availability of coconut husks in the Philippines, combined with the pressing need for energy-efficient building materials, underscores the importance of this research. By leveraging local resources, the construction industry can reduce its carbon footprint and improve living conditions in hot climates. **On Compressive Strength** Compressive strength is a critical property in construction materials, particularly for concrete hollow blocks (CHB) used in building walls. It refers to the ability of a material to withstand loads without failure, ensuring the safety and durability of structures. Recent studies have shown that incorporating coconut husk ash into Portland cement mixes can enhance the comprehensive strength of CHB wall plaster. A study conducted by Ramadhani et al. (2019) demonstrated that the addition of coconut husk ash improved the compressive strength of concrete by up to 25% when mixed with Portland cement. The researchers attributed this improvement to the pozzolanic reactions that occurred between the ash and cement, resulting in a denser and stronger material. Similarly, a study by Juma et al. (2020) highlighted the benefits of using coconut husk ash in construction, noting its positive impact on both compressive strength and thermal insulation properties. In the Philippine context, a study by Santos et al. (2021) investigated the use of coconut husk ash in local construction practices. The researchers found that incorporating coconut husk ash into CHB plaster not only enhanced the comprehensive strength but also significantly improved thermal resistance, making buildings cooler and more energy-efficient in the tropical climate. **On Thermal Conductivity** Thermal conductivity is a critical factor in construction materials, as it determines how well a material can conduct heat. Lower thermal conductivity means better insulation, which is vital for maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures and reducing energy costs. Recent studies have explored innovative ways to improve the thermal properties of building materials, one of which is the incorporation of coconut husk ash into concrete hollow blocks (CHB) wall plaster. According to research by Gagandeep et al. (2020), the addition of CHA to cement mixtures significantly reduces thermal conductivity, making it an effective insulating material. This improvement occurs because the fibrous structure of coconut husk provides air pockets, which impede heat transfer. When mixed in appropriate proportions, CHA not only enhances insulation properties but also contributes to sustainable construction practices by utilizing agricultural waste. Several studies have highlighted the benefits of using coconut husk ash in construction. For instance, a study conducted by Aderemi et al. (2021) emphasized how incorporating CHA into concrete can lead to a reduction in overall weight while maintaining structural integrity. This property makes CHA an attractive option for builders in regions like the Philippines, where coconut trees are abundant, and the climate is characterized by high temperatures. The use of CHA can thus contribute to energy-efficient buildings that are well-suited to the local environment. The properties of coconut husk are particularly beneficial in construction. Coconut husk is naturally resistant to decay and pests, making it a durable option for long-lasting building materials. Furthermore, its fibrous composition allows for excellent moisture retention, which can help regulate indoor humidity levels. With the Philippines being one of the largest producers of coconuts globally, utilizing CHA not only helps in waste management but also supports local economies. Additional studies, such as those by Reyes et al. (2019), have confirmed that CHA can effectively enhance the thermal insulation of CHB plaster. Their research demonstrated a marked improvement in energy efficiency when CHA was added to traditional plaster mixtures, resulting in buildings that are cooler in the hot tropical climate of the Philippines. This aligns with the growing demand for sustainable building practices that prioritize environmental conservation and energy efficiency. Thus, incorporating coconut husk ash into concrete hollow block wall plaster presents a viable solution for enhancing thermal insulation. The sustainable use of CHA not only improves the thermal conductivity of building materials but also promotes eco-friendly construction practices. As researchers continue to explore the potential of coconut husk ash, it becomes increasingly clear that this local resource can play a significant role in creating efficient and sustainable buildings in the Philippines. **On Specific Heat Capacity** Specific heat capacity is a vital property of materials that measures the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius. In the context of building materials, a higher specific heat capacity can lead to better thermal insulation, which is crucial for maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures and reducing energy costs. Coconut husk ash (CHA), when mixed with Portland cement, has been shown to improve the specific heat capacity of Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHBs), making it an effective solution for enhancing thermal insulation in wall plaster applications. The use of CHA in construction not only promotes sustainability by recycling waste materials but also provides significant thermal benefits. Several studies have demonstrated that integrating CHA into Portland cement mixtures can improve the specific heat capacity and overall thermal performance of CHB wall plaster. According to research conducted by Arumugham et al. (2018), the inclusion of CHA in cement composites increases the material\'s thermal resistance, which is essential for reducing heat transfer through walls. Coconut husk ash possesses several advantageous properties that contribute to its effectiveness as a construction material. It is lightweight, which can reduce the overall weight of building elements. Additionally, CHA contains silica, which enhances the binding properties when mixed with cement. The fibrous nature of coconut husk also contributes to its insulating capabilities, helping to trap air and reduce heat conduction. As noted by Bañez et al. (2020), the use of CHA not only improves the mechanical properties of the concrete but also significantly enhances its thermal insulation performance. **On Flowability** Coconut husk ash (CHA) has emerged as a significant material in construction, particularly in the enhancement of concrete hollow blocks (CHB) wall plaster. One of the key factors influencing the effectiveness of CHA in this application is its flowability when mixed with Portland cement. Flowability refers to the ability of a material to flow and fill molds or spaces during construction processes. Improved flowability is crucial as it ensures that the plaster can be easily applied, leading to a smoother finish and better adhesion to surfaces. Research indicates that integrating CHA into Portland cement mixtures can significantly improve flowability. According to a study by Ali et al. (2020), the inclusion of CHA in cement not only enhances the workability of the mixture but also contributes to better thermal insulation properties. This is particularly important in regions like the Philippines, where coconut trees are abundant and temperatures can soar. The utilization of coconut husk ash not only addresses construction needs but also promotes sustainable practices by recycling agricultural waste. Similarly, Fernando et al. (2018) revealed that when CHA is added to Portland cement in varying proportions, there is a noticeable increase in flowability. This is attributed to the finer particles of coconut husk ash, which fill voids and reduce the overall density of the mix. The improved flowability not only allows for smoother application but also ensures better adhesion of the plaster to the CHB surfaces, ultimately leading to a more durable finish. The properties of coconut husk are noteworthy. CHA is lightweight, has a high silica content, and possesses excellent pozzolanic properties, which contribute to its effectiveness in concrete mixtures. These characteristics enable CHA to improve the overall mechanical performance of the concrete, including its compressive strength and durability. In the study by Perera et al. (2019), findings demonstrated that incorporating CHA resulted in higher flowability and better thermal insulation in cement-based materials. **On Water Absorption** Water absorption is a critical property in construction materials, especially in the context of concrete hollow blocks (CHBs). Effective water management in building materials contributes to durability, structural integrity, and overall performance. Recent studies have explored the incorporation of coconut husk ash (CHA) in Portland cement mixtures, revealing its potential to enhance the water absorption characteristics of CHB wall plaster. This review highlights relevant research demonstrating the benefits of CHA, particularly in the context of improving thermal insulation and water absorption in construction applications. Research indicates that CHA, when mixed with Portland cement, can significantly improve water absorption rates. For instance, a study by Bui et al. (2018) found that the addition of CHA up to 15% by weight of cement led to a substantial reduction in water absorption, enhancing the material\'s resistance to moisture-related issues. The porous structure of coconut husk contributes to this improvement, allowing for a better balance between water retention and evaporation. Furthermore, the properties of coconut husk itself make it an ideal additive in construction. CHA is lightweight, fibrous, and possesses pozzolanic characteristics, which means it can react with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water to form compounds that improve the strength and durability of concrete. According to a study by Cordeiro et al. (2017), the inclusion of CHA not only improved the compressive strength of concrete but also optimized its thermal insulation properties. This is particularly beneficial in tropical climates like the Philippines, where high temperatures are prevalent. Several other studies support the use of coconut husk ash in construction. For example, a study conducted by Afolabi et al. (2019) demonstrated that CHA can effectively reduce thermal conductivity in concrete mixtures, which is crucial for energy-efficient building designs. In addition to its thermal insulation benefits, CHA\'s low density contributes to lighter construction materials, easing transportation and handling. In the Philippine context, where coconuts are plentiful, utilizing CHA in construction aligns with sustainable practices and economic benefits. The country\'s unique climate conditions amplify the importance of effective thermal insulation in building materials. A study by Magtibay et al. (2020) highlighted the potential of using CHA in local construction, emphasizing its ability to improve thermal comfort while reducing the reliance on synthetic insulation materials. **On Unit Cost** Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) is emerging as a vital component in the construction industry, particularly for improving thermal insulation properties in Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) wall plaster. In the context of rising material costs and the need for energy-efficient building solutions, the incorporation of CHA into Portland cement mixtures offers significant benefits, especially regarding unit cost. Unit cost is a critical factor in construction, as it impacts the overall affordability of building projects. The addition of CHA to Portland cement in CHB wall plaster has been shown to lower costs through the effective use of agricultural waste. According to a study conducted by Alavi et al. (2020), the inclusion of CHA in cement mixtures not only provides thermal insulation but also reduces the amount of expensive cement required, thereby decreasing overall material costs. The researchers found that a mixture containing 10% CHA led to a 15% reduction in unit cost compared to traditional cement plaster. The unique properties of coconut husk contribute significantly to its benefits in construction. CHA is lightweight, has a high surface area, and exhibits excellent pozzolanic activity, which enhances the strength and durability of concrete. As highlighted by Silva et al. (2019), the use of CHA in construction materials results in improved compressive strength and thermal conductivity. This study emphasizes the importance of using locally sourced materials, such as coconut husk, to address the heat challenges faced in tropical regions like the Philippines, where coconut trees are abundant. Numerous studies support the use of coconut husk ash for improving thermal insulation. For instance, a research paper by Abad et al. (2021) demonstrated that incorporating CHA into concrete increases its specific heat capacity and reduces thermal conductivity, making buildings more energy-efficient. The findings suggest that buildings using CHA-infused plaster maintain cooler indoor temperatures, reducing the need for air conditioning and ultimately lowering energy costs. In the Philippines, where coconut farming is prevalent, utilizing coconut husk ash not only supports the construction industry but also promotes waste management and sustainability. A study by Dela Cruz et al. (2022) reveals that the adoption of CHA in construction practices can significantly benefit rural communities by providing employment opportunities and reducing waste disposal challenges. Thus, the incorporation of coconut husk ash into Portland cement for CHB wall plaster presents numerous advantages. The benefits include enhanced thermal insulation, increased compressive strength, improved specific heat capacity, reduced thermal conductivity, better flowability, lower water absorption, and a decrease in unit cost. As the construction industry continues to seek sustainable and cost-effective solutions, coconut husk ash stands out as a promising alternative that can contribute to more energy-efficient and economically viable building practices. The summarized aforementioned studies served as vital information with which the researchers derived insights in their study. **CHAPTER III** **METHODOLOGY** This section presents the research design, samplings, data-gathering techniques, data-gathering procedures, statistical treatment of data, and ethical considerations of this study. [Research Design.] This study will utilize a descriptive experimental approach to evaluate the impact of coconut husk ash (CHA) as a partial replacement of cement in CHB wall plasters. This approach will facilitate the collection of quantitative data on the properties of various plaster proportions and the experimental manipulation of CHA content to establish its effectiveness in enhancing insulation and as an alternative in plaster construction. [Sampling.] A plaster sample will be prepared for testing, with dimensions of 50mm x 50mm x 50mm for Compressive Strength, 300mm x 300mm x 50mm for Water Absorption, and 25mm x 25mm x 25mm for Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat Capacity. This preparation will incorporate coconut husk ash as a partial replacement for cement. The samples will be organized into sets, each containing varying proportions of coconut husk ash at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. These mixtures will adhere to the DPWH standard specification for ITEM 1046.2.5 - masonry works with a ratio of 1:3. Three samples will be created for each proportion, including the control group, resulting in 75 specimens for the experimental phase. **Table 1. Number of samples on Compressive Strength Test, Thermal Conductivity Test, Specific Heat Capacity Test, Flowability Test, and Water Absorption Test** +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **Propert | **Compres | **Thermal | **Specifi | **Flowabi | **Water | | ies** | sive | Conductiv | c | lity | Absorptio | | | Strength | ity | Heat | Test** | n | | **(CHA)** | Test** | Test** | Capacity | | Test** | | | | | Test** | | | +===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+ | 0% | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 5% | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 10% | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 15% | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 20% | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ Table 1 presents the number of samples that will be used for various tests, including the Compressive Strength Test, Specific Heat Capacity Test, Flowability Test, and Water Absorption Test. The samples are proportioned to effectively evaluate the mechanical properties, thermal properties, flowability, and water absorption characteristics of the cement and coconut husk ash mixture. **Table 2. Proportions of Making plaster cubes with the ratio of 1:3** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **PERCENTAG | **CHA** | **CEMENT** | **SAND** | **WATER | | E | | | | ABSORPTION | | OF CHA** | **(KG)** | **(KG)** | **(KG)** | RATIO** | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | 0% | \- | 40 | 135.9 | 0.6 | | (Controlled | | | | | | Sample) | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 5% | 2 | 38 | 135.9 | 0.6 | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 10% | 4 | 36 | 135.9 | 0.6 | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 15% | 6 | 34 | 135.9 | 0.6 | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | 20% | 8 | 32 | 135.9 | 0.6 | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ Table 2 presents the proportions of cement, coconut husk ash, sand, and water used in plaster cubes, maintaining a ratio of 1:3 along with their respective percentages. [Data Gathering Instrument.] The data collection for this study will involve various instruments to assess different properties of the samples. The Universal Testing Machine (UTM) will be used to evaluate the compressive strength of the samples. A hot plate will determine thermal conductivity. For measuring specific heat capacity, a calorimeter set will be employed, which is a specialized instrument commonly used in cement testing to evaluate the heat generated during the early hydration reaction of cement paste. Additionally, a container filled with water will be utilized to measure the water absorption rate of the desiccated specimen. This process will involve immersing the specimen in water for 48 hours, after which it will be weighed again using a weighing scale. The increase in weight, expressed as a percentage of the original weight, will indicate the absorption rate. Lastly, to assess the flowability of the specimen, a flow table will be utilized. The flow table test evaluates the consistency and workability of wet mortar or cement plaster by measuring the flow of a specified amount of material. The materials selected for this study will include Type IT Holcim Cement, adhering to ASTM C150 (2019) standards, fine aggregate in the form of sand, potable water, and coconut husk ash, with their respective replacement percentages passing through a 0.425 mm sieve (No. 40). The Holcim Cement and sand will be sourced from construction material stores. Potable water will be supplied by the researchers, while the coconut husks will be sourced from Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. These coconut husks will be recycled and converted into ash for use as a partial replacement for cement. [Data Gathering Procedure.] In gathering the data needed in this study, the researchers will conduct an experimental analysis by collecting materials and converting coconut husk into ash. The mixture will be poured onto test samples and wait for a specified duration before testing. A letter of request will be sent to the authority/agency or the testing site to inform the intent and purpose of the activity. Once the schedule for testing the samples is agreed upon, the experiment will proceed as planned without any interruptions. The data collection method that will be used after the execution of the study will be based on the research design to effectively analyze and interpret the results. With these methods, a more concrete answer to the statement of the problems shall arrive. The results will undergo validation and will be analyzed by a statistician. **Preparation of Materials** 1. Gather and cleanse the coconut husk needed for the experiment. 2. Completely dry the coconut husks, then incinerate them in a controlled environment to produce ash via calcination. 3. Let the ash cool down, using either natural or controlled cooling techniques. 4. Perform a sieve analysis to ensure that the coconut husk ash achieves the required particle size distribution, successfully passing through a 0.425 mm sieve (No. 40). **Plaster Mixing Procedure** 1. Measure the necessary amounts of cement, coconut husk ash, and sand based on the mix design, using buckets or containers for precise batching. 2. Select a flat and clean area for mixing. 3. Arrange the materials into piles on the mixing platform, placing the dry materials in the center and creating a well in the middle for water. 4. Use a shovel to thoroughly mix the dry materials, turning them over multiple times to ensure an even blend of cement, sand, and coconut husk ash. 5. Gradually add water into the well at the center of the dry mixture, using a measured amount to achieve the desired consistency while preventing excessive addition. 6. Continue mixing the wet and dry components until the water is evenly distributed throughout the mixture, checking and adjusting the consistency as necessary. **Molding of the Samples** 1. Make sure the molds are thoroughly cleaned. 2. Place the cubic molds measuring 50mm x 50mm x 50mm for Compressive Strength Test, 300mm x 300mm x 50mm for Water Absorption Test, and 25mm x 25mm x 25mm for Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat Capacity Test on a stable, level surface. 3. Fill the molds with the prepared plaster mix, making sure to compact it properly. Use a trowel to achieve a leveled surface of the plaster within the molds. 4. Once the plaster is filled, leveled, and compacted, smooth the surface to ensure an even finish. **Curing** 1. The molded samples will be placed in the shaded area to prevent the evaporation of the unhardened plaster during the 28-day curing period. 2. The samples will be routinely moistened by spraying them with water. The samples will undergo curing for 28 days before conducting the compressive strength test. 3. The computations of the different proportions and preparation of the samples will be carried out in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. 4. All samples will be tested for their compressive strength, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, flowability, water absorption, and unit cost. **Compressive Strength Test** 1. The test will be conducted on the specimen immediately after it is removed from the curing conditions to prevent surface drying. 2. In the compressive strength test, the specimen will be placed between the compression platens or fixtures, ensuring that the load will be applied concentrically to the axis of the specimen. 3. The specimen will be carefully aligned to avoid any eccentric loading, ensuring uniform application of the load. 4. The compressive load will be gradually applied at a constant rate until the specimen fails. 5. The maximum load sustained by the specimen before failure will be noted. 6. The compressive strength of the material will be calculated using the formula: ***compressive strength =*** [\$\\frac{\\mathbf{\\text{Maximum\\ Load\\ }}}{\\mathbf{Cross\\ - \\ sectional\\ area\\ of\\ the\\ specimen\\ }}\$]{.math.inline} 7. The compressive strength values will be recorded. **Thermal Conductivity Test** 1. The cubic plaster specimens will be prepared with precise dimensions according to the testing standards or project requirements. 2. The hot plate will be set up. 3. The cubic specimen will be placed on top of the hot plate. 4. The hot plate will be allowed to transfer heat to the plaster cube for 30 minutes. 5. After heating the specimen for 30 minutes, the temperatures on both the heated side and the opposite side will be measured. 6. After measuring the temperatures on both sides of the cubic plaster specimen, the thermal conductivity will be calculated using the measured temperature difference, heat flow, and specimen dimensions. [\$\\mathbf{\\text{\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ }}\\frac{\\mathbf{Q}}{\\mathbf{T}}\\mathbf{\\ }\$]{.math.inline}**= KA (**[\$\\frac{\\mathbf{T}\_{\\mathbf{2}}\\mathbf{-}\\mathbf{T}\_{\\mathbf{1}}}{\\mathbf{D}}\$]{.math.inline}**)** Where:\ Q/T - Amount of heat transferred in a time interval K - Thermal Conductivity [*T*~2~]{.math.inline}- [*T*~1~]{.math.inline} - Temperature Difference D- Depth of the specimen A- Area of the specimen 7. The thermal conductivity value will be recorded. **Specific Heat Capacity Test** 1. The cubic cement specimens will be prepared with precise dimensions according to the testing standards or project requirements. 2. The calorimeter will be set up according to the manufacturer\'s guidelines and relevant testing standards. 3. The sample will be heated in a water bath to increase its temperature. 4. 175 mL of distilled water will be added to the calorimeter. 5. The mass and initial temperature of the sample will be recorded, along with the initial temperature of the water, before placing the sample inside the calorimeter. 6. The samples will be placed inside the calorimeter for 3 minutes, and the water will be stirred every minute using the stirrer. 7. After 3 minutes, the heat flow associated with the temperature in the cubic cement specimen and the final temperature of the water will be measured. 8. The heat capacity of the cubic cement specimen will be calculated based on the measured heat flow, temperature changes, and specimen mass, using the formula: [**c**~sample~]{.math.inline} **=** [\$\\frac{\\mathbf{M}\_{\\mathbf{\\text{water}}}\\mathbf{C}\_{\\mathbf{\\text{water}}}\\mathbf{\\mathrm{\\Delta}T}}{\\mathbf{M}\_{\\mathbf{\\text{sample}}}\\mathbf{\\mathrm{\\Delta}T}}\$]{.math.inline} 9. The specific heat capacity values will be recorded. **Flowability Test** 1. The plaster samples will be mixed using the specified mix design and water-cement ratio. 2. The molds will be placed on the flow table surface and filled with freshly mixed plaster. 3. The plaster in the mold will be compacted by giving it 15 light taps with the tamping rod, ensuring that the top surface of the material is level. 4. The mold will be lifted vertically to release the plaster and dropped 15 times, allowing it to spread freely on the flow table. 5. The diameter of the plaster spread will be measured using a tape measure. 6. The flow of the plaster will be quantified as the average spread diameter. The results will be reported in inches, where larger spread diameters indicate improved flowability. The flowability of the material will be calculated using the formula: **Flow% =** [\$\\frac{\\mathbf{(Spread\\ Diameter\\ in\\ inches - Base\\ Diameter\\ of\\ Mould)}}{\\mathbf{\\text{Base\\ Diameter\\ of\\ Mould}}}\\mathbf{\\times 100}\$]{.math.inline} 7. The flowability values for each specimen will be recorded. **Water Absorption Test** 1. **The specimens will be cast using the same mix design as the structure under consideration and will be cured in water for a specified period, typically 28 days.** 2. **The dry specimens will be weighed to establish their initial dry mass, and this mass will be recorded as** [*M*~*d*~]{.math.inline} 3. **The dried specimens will be submerged in water and allowed to saturate, typically for 48 hours.** 4. **After 48 hours, the saturated specimens will be removed from the water and surface-dried by blotting the excess water with a damp cloth.** 5. **The saturated specimens will be weighed immediately after surface drying, and this mass will be recorded as** [*M*~*w*~]{.math.inline} 6. **The water absorption will be calculated using the formula:** [\$\\frac{M\_{w} - M\_{d}}{M\_{d}}\$]{.math.inline} **× 100%** 7. **The absorption values for each specimen will be recorded.** **Unit Cost Analysis** 1. **The price of the coconut husks will be determined to be ₱ 0.00.** 2. **Cement is commercially priced at ₱ 250.00 per 40 kg, while sand is priced at ₱ 1400.00 per cubic meter.** 3. **The material cost for each proportion will be calculated, and the total will be multiplied by 30% to account for the labor cost. The material and labor costs will then be added to determine the total cost.** 4. **The unit cost will be calculated by dividing the total cost by the total quantity of each material.** **[Statistical Treatment of Data.] After the curing phase of the specimen, the collected data regarding the properties of Mechanical Property, Thermal Property, Flowability, Water Absorption, and Unit Cost will be analyzed, interpreted, and presented in both tabular and graphical form.** 1. **The weighted mean will be used to calculate the average values for compressive strength, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, flowability, water absorption, and unit cost across the three (3) samples of different proportions.** 2. **Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to examine how the means of two or more treatments differ from the control variable.** 3. **The Scheffé Test will be applied to determine the specific differences between the three (3) specimens of different proportions if their Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) shows significance.** 4. **The One-Sample T-Test will be used to determine whether an unknown average mean differs from a specific value.** **REFERENCES** Abad, R. 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