Construction Material Testing Quality Control PDF

**CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TESTING** THE QUALITY CONTROL 3 KEYS IN QUALITY CONTROL 1. OWNER -- there is work to be dones 2. IMPLEMENTER -- there will be work to be constructed 3. QUALITY -- works are in performance level - **QUALITY** -- is a judgement by the customer or users of a product...

**CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TESTING** THE QUALITY CONTROL 3 KEYS IN QUALITY CONTROL 1. OWNER -- there is work to be dones 2. IMPLEMENTER -- there will be work to be constructed 3. QUALITY -- works are in performance level - **QUALITY** -- is a judgement by the customer or users of a product or service. It is the extent to which the customers or users fell the product or service surpasses their needs and expectations. - **QUALITY CONTROL** -- is to regulate. This is accompanied by economical work, safety and beauty. - **WORKS OF QUALITY CONTROL** -- consist of all work elements carried out by the manager or by those in his organization, which contribute to the quality of the output of organization. THE PURPOSE OF QUALITY CONTROL - - THE QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES 1. *The Selection of Materials* Information regarding the location of materials sources that will be incorporated into the work may be represented by the following: a. Raw materials such as soil, sand and bank or river gravel (with little or no processing) b. Materials that are processed without basically changing their properties such as washed/manufactured sand, crushed rock and gravel, and etc. c. Manufactured materials such as bituminous materials, cement, paint, and structural reinforcing steel bar. d. Combination of materials that may be partly or totally manufactured, such as bituminous and Portland cement concrete. 2. *Handling and Storage of Materials* Materials which are not properly handled are prone to disturbance that may cause issues in the future. To avoid damage, it should be placed in a safe place protected from contamination or the action of water. Water may cause corrosion to the steel and may cause hardening to the cement. Thus, protection of the materials is highly important an should be accessible to the project site. 3. *Sampling and Testing of Materials* All materials for testing require proper sampling. These are indicated in AASHTO and ASTM. Quality control also required proper testing, construction method and workmanship. Minimum Testing Requirement Quality stated in the program of works is the basis of minimum testing requirement for each project. The requirements specify the kind and number of tests for each item and sizes. This indicates only the minimum and shall not be the only basis of number of testing. When a government representative inspected a project and there is doubt in a test, another testing can be done immediately. 4. Proper Construction Methods Construction methods come in any different ways. Usually, it comes with experience and practical methods but for some materials, methods of construction are given by instructions for each work. The following are the techniques in project handling and construction methods. a. Technical personnel assigned in the project should be knowledgeable and responsible enough to the project. b. Project Supervision shall be established first. The hierarchy starts from the Project Engineer, Project Inspector, Materials Engineer, Safety Engineer, Construction Foreman, Skilled and Unskilled Laborers. c. Construction methods shall be done for each work indicated in the design. d. The materials shall pass the required specifications. e. Continues quality control should be done in all terms of work as the construction progresses. f. Proper equipment for each work item shall be used. g. Materials quantity shall be well provided. Scarcity of one material can be the basis of delay for each work that may affect other item schedule. 5. Inspection and Project Monitoring Project inspected is vital in project monitoring. The progress reports require inspection of the actual work being carried out, and the work accomplished per week of operation. The purpose of this is to ensure that the materials and workmanship is being done by the hired contractor. How is Quality being controlled? Quality is controlled during construction by testing and inspection of the quality of materials and the method of construction, the latter commonly known as workmanship. THE QUALTIY CONTROL IN EARTH ROAD, EMBANKMENT, SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE Pavement Structure 1. Subgrade a. Remove the unsuitable materials from the upper layer in cut sections and replace with selected fill. Please refer to Item 104 of the Blue Book. b. Reject unsuitable material for embankments or use only in lower layers. c. Provide adequate surface drainage. d. Provide adequate subsoil drainage. e. Minimize increase in moisture content. f. Ensure thorough compaction based on the required for each layer and material. 2. Subbase Course Material Item (200) In highway engineering, subbase is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on the pavement, but it is necessary for surfaces used by vehicles. Subbase is often the main load-bearing layer of the pavement with CBR value 30% or higher. 3. Base Course Material (Item 201) "Base Course" refers to another sub-base layer of a pavement structure roadway but uses higher quality of grading. Generally consisting of larger grade aggregate, spread and compacted to provide a stable base for further layers of aggregates, concrete or asphalt pavement. The requirement for base course to be more than or equal to 80% CBR. 4. Stabilized Base Course This is a higher-grade base layer of pavement structure to withstand heavier loads primarily in urban areas. This refers to a class of paving materials that are mixtures of one or more sources of aggregate and cementitious material(s) blended with a sufficient amount of water, that result in a mixture having a moist, non-plastic consistency that can be compacted to form a dense mass and gain strength. The purpose of a stabilized base or subbase layer is to provide some transitional load-bearing strata between the pavement layer, which directly receives the wheel loadings of vehicular traffic, and the underlying subgrade soil. Stabilized base or subbase materials may be used to provide support for either flexible or rigid pavements, but are more frequently used with flexible pavements. 5. Surface/Wearing Course The wearing course is the upper layer in roadway, airfield, and dockyard construction. The term 'surface course' is sometimes used, however this term is slightly different as it can be used to describe very thin surface layers such as chip seal. In rigid pavements, the upper layer is a Portland cement concrete slab. Quality control of mentioned soil and soil aggregates and underlying structures of roads refers to proper construction method, supervision, and materials testing. Common quality control to know the compaction is through field density test with regards to its maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. The specification requirement is 95% and 100% in embankment and subbase/course materials percent compaction, respectively. Good compaction means subsequent settlement is minimized, stability is increased, and resistance to water absorption is increased; change in moisture content is minimized. Please see Item 200 for the other requirements such as CBR Value, abrasion, Moisture content, grading requirement, plasticity and compaction. QUALITY CONTROL IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT (PCCP) The two major parts of concrete are paste and aggregates. When we understand these two ingredients, we can now look at the bigger picture when they are combines together. In DPWH, there are two ways to concrete mix design. One is through the use of ACI 211.1 Standard Practice for selecting proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete. The other one is the traditional method being used in the Department. PPCP is designed to last at least 20 years when constructed with good concrete. In concrete construction, like any other, good concrete will be produced where effective control is exercised. On the other hand, defective will certainly result where there is little or no quality control. The quality control measures are briefly mentioned hereunder. 1. Selection of Materials 2. Design of concrete mixture 3. Aggregate Production Control 4. Concrete Production Control 5. Control of Consistency 6. Sampling requirements 7. Curing of concrete 8. Testing of concrete samples QUALITY CONTROL IN ASPHALT PAVEMENT/ASPHALT ROAD CONSTRUCTION A good asphalt road is designed to last at least 5 to 10 years when constructed with good quality control. A good asphalt is preferable than a good cement concrete road due to its lower initial cost and more uniform riding surface. Five basic equally important requisites of road building are satisfied and strictly adhered to. These are: 1. Good design 2. Good construction control or workmanship 3. Good quality of materials 4. Good foundation 5. Good drainage QUALITY CONTOL IN OTHER STRUCTURES The other structures are easier than the mentioned above because the testing requirement is based only on program of works and minimum testing requirements. QUALITY ASSURANCE -- is the certainty that the materials are regulated in accordance with specifications. QUALITY ASSURANCE IN PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION To ensure that quality control is being implemented effectively, Quality Assurance Unit (QAU) has been created to act as the inspectors of all public projects in the country. The Bureau of Quality and safety creates members of QAU per region that conducts inspection quarterly in every year. There are things to consider and must be prepared during their visit. \*\*\* END of LESSON 1\*\*\*