Classification of Fungi PDF

**Phylum** **Myxomycota** **Oomycota** **Chytridiomycota** **Zygomycota** **Ascomycota** **Basidiomycota** **Common Name** True slime molds / Plasmodial slime molds, Water molds Chytrids Conjugation fungi Sac fungi Club fungi **Habitat** Damp places, decomposing wood, and plant parts...

**Phylum** **Myxomycota** **Oomycota** **Chytridiomycota** **Zygomycota** **Ascomycota** **Basidiomycota** **Common Name** True slime molds / Plasmodial slime molds, Water molds Chytrids Conjugation fungi Sac fungi Club fungi **Habitat** Damp places, decomposing wood, and plant parts Aquatic (freshwater and saltwater) and terrestrial environments Aquatic or moist environments Terrestrial Terrestrial, some aquatic Terrestrial **Vegetative Body** Sporangium attached to stalk like thallus. Sporogenous tissues called capitellum Fungi like Thick walled spores into undifferentiated thallus Unicellular or filamentous, undiffrentiated thallus - Profusely branched and coenocytic hyphae fungi like Coenocytic and thalloid (simple or branched) Single terminal flagella w/o capsule Large vacuoles- store food Single nucleus- doesn't develop into mycelia coenocytic Coenocytic mycelium without transverse section UV protected melanin in repro struct, oil drops as store food apical growth of mycelia is fast phosphate molecules in salt form Septate mycelium Unicellular forms also present (e.g., yeasts) Multinucleated cells with perforated septa Dikarya (n+n) do not fuse \- Septate mycelium- Monokaryotic (primary) and dikaryotic (secondary) mycelium. Dolipore septum- girder like structure Dikaryotic stage (n+n) prominent **Cell Wall** Absent in the plasmodium stage Primarily β-glucans, mannans, with small amounts of cellulose and hydroxyproline Multilayered Chitinous Chitin and chitosan Chitin and glucans, unicellular - glucan mannans Chitin and other polysaccharide **Reproduction** **Asexual** Fragmentation of plasmodium or binary fission in myxamoebae- **Sexual**: Fusion of zoospores or myxamoebae to form zygotes Fragmentation **Asexual** Biflagellate zoospores (short whiplash, pithgiesal and flimmergiesal and long tinsel flagella) Phytopthora -- whiplash and flimmergiesal flagella **Sexual**: gametangial contact, antheridia(male) into oogonium(female) oospores (2n) into haploid thallus Haplo-biontic Overwinter structure- will continue to grow in certain conditions Fission **Asexual**: Zoospores- **Sexual**: syngamy do not have sex organs Fragmentation **Asexual**: sporangiospores- **Sexual**: Strain dependent heterothallism Zygospores Haplo biontic Fragmentation **Asexual**: Conidia, oidia, torula, chlamydospores- **Sexual**: gametangial contact antheridium (male) to ascogonium (female) through trichognye- Ascospores in ascus (reduction division of ascus) haplontic- Schizosaccharomyces diplontic- saccharomycodes haplo-diplontic- *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* Fragmentation **Sexual-** fusion of 2 mycelia, nuclei may pair or fuse\-- plasmogamy and karyogamy, most cases they pair. **Asexual**: **eubasidiomycetes** \[higher fungi\] found in mushrooms (hymenomycetes) also produces mycelial aggregates called rhizomorphs that produces plant tissue like tissue. Basidia, cup shaped structure, basidiospores in finger-like structures called sterigmata **[heterobasidiomycetes]** \[lower fungi\] \--Rust fungi, black stem rust of wheat. In wheat produces uredospores, teliospores, alternate host- Barberi plant (heterocious rust, produces pyreniospores and aeciospores) diplobiontic **Special Features** \- Fructifications (sporangium, aethalium, plasmodiocarp)- Meiosis during spore formation \- Intracellular mitosis and meiosis with centric division- Zoospore ultrastructure is unique Haplobiontic \- Produces motile cells (zoospores and gametes) with a single posterior whiplash flagellum \- Fusion of gametangia forms thick-walled ekinulate exine zygospores Ascocarps **cleistothecium,** *Penicillium, Aspergillus* **apothecium,** *Ascobolus* **perithecium** *Claviceps (produce ergot fungus)* \- Basidia produce spores externally- Dikaryotic phase lasts long- Basidiocarps in higher taxa **Motility** Plasmodium and amoeboid forms show movement Zoospores are biflagellate with distinct flagella types Zoospores and gametes are motile None None None **Examples** *Ceratiomyxa*- *Physarum* -*Phytophthora* (potato blight)- *Pythium* (root rot)- *Saprolegnia* (fish pathogen) *Synchytrium endobioticum* (parasitic fungi)- *Monoblepharis* (water mold)- *Rhizophidium* *Rhizopus* (bread mold)- *Mucor indicus* (mold)- *Phycomyces* *Saccharomyces* (yeast)- *Penicillium* (mold)- *Morchella* (morel mushroom) \- *Agaricus* (button mushroom)- *Puccinia* (rust fungi)- *Polyporus* (shelf fungi) **Economic Importance** \- Important decomposers in ecosystems Connecting link between protista and fungi Plasmodiophora -- disease in mustard or mustard like plants \- Plant pathogens (*Phytophthora infestans* causes potato blight)- Aquatic decomposers \- Decomposers- Pathogens in aquatic plants, algae, and amphibians *Batrachochytrium* causes chytridiomycosis Fin rot disease, wart disease in potato -20 degree C \- Food spoilage (e.g., *Rhizopus*)- nosocomial infections, amphoterelin b against cell wall and argosterone against mucoromyce \- Fermentation (e.g., yeast for alcohol, bread)- Antibiotics (e.g., *Penicillium marneffei*)- Pathogens (e.g., *Aspergillus flavus* (afla toxin -- carcinogenic toxin) \- Edible fungi (e.g., *Agaricus*)- Plant pathogens (e.g., *Puccinia*)- Wood decomposers ***DEUTEROMYCOTA*** - Mitosporic fungi -- lack sexual reproduction structures - Highest number of asexual reproductive structure production -- conidia, pyenidia, acervulus - Not a pure group -- if sexual stages are found, they are put in a. Basidiomycota b\. Ascomycota - *Drechslera oryzae* -- Bengal famine 1942 -- sexual stage -- *Cochliobolus Miyabeanus* in Ascomycota -- produces ascospores - Different types of conidia - E.g. *Drechslera, Alternaria etc* **Cleistothecium-** 1. Rare structure, round/ oval, produces ascospores 2\. Penicillium, Aspergillus - **Apothecium \--** "Apotheca" means plate or saucer - upper part- hymenium---has ascus, ascospores and sterile hyphae called paraphysis - sub hymenium or basal tissue/ aggregate of fungal mycelia e.g. *Ascobolus* - **Perithecium \--** Well-developed flask shaped structure, swollen venter and long neck - Venter has ascus, ascospores, and paraphysis - Neck is protected by sterile hyphae called periphysis e.g Claviceps ( ergot fungus) ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE **Category** **Details** ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **1. Role of Fungi in Medicine** Fungi produce antibiotics, antifungal agents, and other medicinal substances. \- **Penicillin** First antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming from *Penicillium notatum*, effective against bacterial infections, especially Gram-positive bacteria. \- **Griseofulvin** Antifungal drug used to treat skin infections like ringworm and athlete\'s foot, derived from *Penicillium griseofulvum*. \- **Ergot Alkaloids** Derivatives used to control bleeding during childbirth and as LSD (Lysergic acid), from *Claviceps purpurea*. \- **Calvacin** Anti-cancer substance from *Clavatia*, prevents stomach tumors. **2. Role of Fungi in Industry** Fungi are involved in various industrial processes, including fermentation, enzyme production, and the manufacture of organic acids. \- **Alcoholic Fermentation** Yeasts used in brewing (alcohol production) and baking (CO2 production for rising dough). Yeasts such as *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* are used for these processes. \- **Enzyme Preparations** Fungi like *Aspergillus flavus* and *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* produce enzymes used in starch conversion, textile processing, and digestion. \- **Organic Acids** Organic acids such as citric acid (*Aspergillus niger*), oxalic acid, and gluconic acid are produced through fungal fermentation for use in various industries. \- **Gibberellins** Plant hormones produced by *Gibberella fujikuroi* used to accelerate plant growth in horticulture. \- **Cheese Industry** Fungi like *Penicillium* species refine cheese, giving them their texture and flavor (e.g., Roquefort, Camembert). \- **Vitamins and Proteins** Fungi (e.g., *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*) are sources of vitamins (B-complex, Vitamin D) and proteins for nutritional supplements. **3. Role of Fungi in Agriculture** Fungi play both positive and negative roles in agriculture. \- **Negative Role** Fungi cause various plant diseases, leading to economic losses: 1\. **Damping off Disease** Caused by *Pythium*, affecting seedlings of various crops. 2\. **Potato Blight** *Phytophthora infestans* causes damage to potatoes, resulting in crop loss and famine. 3\. **Downy Mildew of Grapes** *Plasmopara viticola* infects grapevines, causing severe crop loss. 4\. **Ergot of Rye** *Claviceps purpurea* produces poisonous sclerotia, causing poisoning in humans and animals. 5\. **Apple Scab** *Venturia inaequalis* lowers the quality of apple fruits. 6\. **Brown Rot of Stone Fruits** Affects apricots, peaches, and cherries, reducing fruit yield and quality. 7\. **Rust Diseases** Fungal diseases such as wheat rust reduce yield and quality of cereal crops. \- **Positive Role** Some fungi benefit agriculture by improving soil health and controlling pests: 1\. **Soil Fertility** Fungi decompose plant material, return nutrients to the soil, and form mycorrhizal associations that help plants absorb nutrients. 2\. **Biocontrol of Pests** Fungi like *Metarhizium anisopliae* and *Beauveria bassiana* are used as biopesticides to control pests like aphids and nematodes. 3\. **Mycorrhizal Fungi** Form beneficial relationships with plant roots, aiding in nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus. **4. Role of Fungi as Food** Fungi are used as food for humans and animals, and some fungi also serve as food producers. \- **Edible Fungi** Species like *Agaricus campestris* (mushroom), *Morchella* (morel), *Lycoperdon* (puffball) are used as food and delicacies. \- **Yeasts as Food** *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* is used in baking and brewing, providing vitamins and proteins in the diet. \- **Mushroom Toxins** Some mushrooms, such as *Amanita* species, are toxic and cause poisoning. **5. Fungi as Test Organisms** Fungi, like *Neurospora crassa* and *Physarum polycephalum*, are used in genetic and biological research due to their fast life cycles and growth.