Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes PDF

1| महान कार्य को करने का र्ही तरीका है कक आप उसे पसंद करें जो आप करना चाहते हैं – स्टीव जॉब्स SS PATHSHALA POWERED BY SAMEER SHAH Kotla Village Mayur Vihar Ph-1 Delhi-110091 MOB: 8700396065 / 9868646883 ………………………………………………...

1| महान कार्य को करने का र्ही तरीका है कक आप उसे पसंद करें जो आप करना चाहते हैं – स्टीव जॉब्स SS PATHSHALA POWERED BY SAMEER SHAH Kotla Village Mayur Vihar Ph-1 Delhi-110091 MOB: 8700396065 / 9868646883 …………………………………………………………………………………………………. CONTEMPORARY INDIA (Geo) CHAPTER 1: Resources and Development RESOURCES: TYPES AND PLANNING  Resource: Resources are materials which can be transformed in such a way that they become more valuable and useful for fulfilling human needs.  Resources can be classified in the following ways: (a) On the basis of origin:  Biotic - Resource obtained from biosphere having life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries etc. o Abiotic - Things which are composed of non-living thing such as rocks and metals. (b) On the basis of exhaustibility: (1) Renewable - Some resource can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanised processes. For example: Solar and wind energy, water forests and wildlife. ii) Non-Renewable - These occur over a very long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. (c) On the basis of ownership: 1) Individual - These resources are owned by private individuals. Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells ete are example of individual resources. Class: 10th Geography, Notes Ch: 1 || Notes From, NCERT Line BY Line || Prepared By: Sameer sir || 2| महान कार्य को करने का र्ही तरीका है कक आप उसे पसंद करें जो आप करना चाहते हैं – स्टीव जॉब्स ii) Community - These are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Village common grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc., are example of community resources. ( iii) National - All resources belong to the nation. All the minerals, water resource, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (19.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation. (iv) International - These are international institutions which regulate some resources. For example: the oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual can use it without the concurrence of international institutions.  On the basis of development: Potential - These are the resources found in a region but have not been utilized. For example: Rajasthan been put to use. and Gujarat have enormous potential for development of solar and wind energy but till now it has not 1.Developed - These are resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilization. 2. Stock - These are materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these. 3.Resource - These are the subset of the stock which can be put into use with the help of existing technical 'know how' but their use has not been started.  Resource Planning: This is a technique or skill of proper utilization of resources. Resource planning consists of three stages - * Identification and inventory of resources - involves surveying, mapping and measurement of characteristics and properties of resources. Class: 10th Geography, Notes Ch: 1 || Notes From, NCERT Line BY Line || Prepared By: Sameer sir || 3| महान कार्य को करने का र्ही तरीका है कक आप उसे पसंद करें जो आप करना चाहते हैं – स्टीव जॉब्स * Implementation of resource development plans, which involves creating a planning structure equipped with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set-up. * Matching the resources development plans with overall national development plans. LAND AND SOIL AS RESOURCE > Land resources: India has a variety of relief features like mountains, plateaus and plains. 43% of the country is covered by plains and they provide cultivable land for growing crops. 30% of the country is covered by mountains and they provide natural resources like forests and wildlife. 27% of the country is covered by plateaus which contain mineral resources, forests and some arable land. > Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million square kilometres. 46.24% land of the total land area of India is the net sown area. 45.26% is covered by forests, 4.17% is cultivable waste, 3.37% is fallow land, 4.71% are permanent pastures, 4.95% land is not available for cultivation and 1.50% is covered by miscellaneous tree crops. › The land use pattern in India is determined by both physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types as well as human factors such as population density, technological capability, culture, traditions, etc. > The degradation of natural vegetation is caused by overgrazing by animals, deforestation, careless management of forests and degradation of land. At present, about 130 million hectares of degraded land exists in India. > Soil as a Resource: Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. > Soil Formation: The factors that contribute to the formation and fertility of the soil are parent rocks, climate, plant, animal and local topography. The soils are made out of rocks. * The rocks disintegrate and decompose under the processes of weathering and erosion.  Soil Types: The soils of India are classified into the following types - (i) Alluvial Soil: It is of two types - khadar and bangar. It is found mainly in the Northern Plains and Coastal Strips of the Eastern Coast. (ii)Black Soil: It is derived from the Deccan Traps. It occurs in areas like Maharashtra, Western Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. It is known for the cultivation of cotton. Class: 10th Geography, Notes Ch: 1 || Notes From, NCERT Line BY Line || Prepared By: Sameer sir || 4| महान कार्य को करने का र्ही तरीका है कक आप उसे पसंद करें जो आप करना चाहते हैं – स्टीव जॉब्स (iii) Red and Yellow Soil: This soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in area of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. Yellow and red soil are also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh (iv) Mountain Soil: It is characterised by the deposition of organic materials derived from the vegetative covers. It is found is Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern ranges, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu &e Kashmir 5,Laterite Soil: It is the intensively leached soil of the monsoon climate. It is found in the hills of the Deccan, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, and parts of Assam and Meghalaya. (vi) Arid Soil: It is found in the arid areas of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. (vii) Forest Soil: These types of soil are found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests exists. They are found in the source covered areas of the Himalayas. > Soil Erosion: The removal of upper layer of soil from one place to another by some natural agents is called soil erosion. Conservation of lands and various methods such as contour ploughing, terrace farming, shelter belts, plantation of trees etc., are the methods adopted to reduce soil erosion. > Measures for Soil Conservation (i) Contour ploughing (ii) Terrace farming iii) Strip cropping (iv) Shelter belts of trees 5,Plugging of gullies (vi) Afforestatio) Control of mining activities Class: 10th Geography, Notes Ch: 1 || Notes From, NCERT Line BY Line || Prepared By: Sameer sir ||