Class 12 Notes Unit 6 Reproduction PDF

# Keys 4 Success: Quick Revision - Unit 6: Reproduction ## Index ### UNIT VI: REPRODUCTION 1. Reproduction in Organisms 3-8 2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 9-17 3. Human Reproduction 18-25 4. Reproductive Health 26-30 ## Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms - **Page Number:** 2-16 -...

# Keys 4 Success: Quick Revision - Unit 6: Reproduction ## Index ### UNIT VI: REPRODUCTION 1. Reproduction in Organisms 3-8 2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 9-17 3. Human Reproduction 18-25 4. Reproductive Health 26-30 ## Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms - **Page Number:** 2-16 - **Total Pages:** 15 - **Questions Asked:** 18 - **1-2 questions per page at an average** **BUT, LETS SEE WHICH PAGE HAS MAXIMUM WEIGHTAGE** - **Which page has the maximum** 7, 8, 12 = 3 Pages 52.8% QUESTIONS **2010-2022** | Page No. | No. of Questions Asked | |---|---| | 1 | 2,3,4,5,10,15,16 | | 2 | 9,13 | | 3 | 6,11,14 | | | 18, 16 | | | 10,11,12,13(2),19 | | | 10(2),11,13(2),14,15, 16,18,21,22 | | | 7,8,12 | ## Reproduction in Organism 1. **Life span:** The period from birth to the natural death of an organism. Life span of organisms are not necessarily correlated with their size. 2. **Reproduction:** Biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones (offspring) similar to itself. 3. Reproduction enables the continuity of the species, generation after generation. 4. The organism's habitat, its internal physiology and several other factors are collectively responsible for how it reproduces. 5. **Asexual reproduction:** Offspring produced by a single parent with or without the involvement of gamete formation. 6. **Sexual reproduction:** Two parents (opposite sex) participate in reproductive process and involve fusion of both gametes. 7. In Asexual reproduction, the offspring that are produced are not only identical to one another but are also exact copies of their parent. 8. **Clone:** Morphologically and genetically similar individuals. [NEET 2016] [NCERT-5] 9. Asexual reproduction is common among single-celled organisms, such as plants and animals with relatively simple organisations. e.g., Protista & Monera. - In which cell division is itself a mode of reproduction. 10. **Aseksual reproductive structure:** - **Zoospores** - Chlamydomonas - **Conidia** - Penicillium - **Budding** - Yeast & Hydra [NEET 2016] [NCERT-6] - **Gemmules** - Sponges [NEET 2015, 12] [NCERT-6] - **Binary Fission** - Ameoba & Paramecium [NEET 2015] [NCERT-6] 11. **Amoeba:** Unfavorable condition – Withdraw its pseudopodia and secretes 3 layer hard covering called encystation. Favourable condition – Multiple fission and sporulation. 12. **In plants, units of vegetative propagules:** Runner, Rhizome, Sucker, tuber, Offset, Bulb 13. **Offset** - Water hyacinth [NEET 2015] [NCERT-7] - **Leaf bud** - Bryophyllum - **Eye** - Potato - **Bulbil** - Agave - **Rhizome** - Ginger [NEET 2015] [NCERT-7] 14. **Water hyacinth (Terror of Bengal)** – Most invasive weeds found standing water, It drains oxygen from water & leads to death of fishes. [NEET 2016] [NCERT-8] 15. Asexual reproduction is common in relatively simple organism like Algae and Fungi and they shift to sexual mode of reproduction just before onset of adverse condition. ## Sexual Reproduction 16. Elaborate, complex and slow process, because of fusion of male and female gametes, sexual reproduction results in offspring that are not identical to the parents. 17. Period of growth is called **Juvenile phase** and It is known as **vegetative phase** in plants. 18. Plants - **Annual and Biennal type**, show clearcut vegetative, reproductive and senescent phase but in perreripal species it is very difficult to clearly define these phase. 19. **Bamboo species** – Flower only once in their life time, generally after 50-100 years, produce large number of fruits and die. [NEET 2018] [NCERT-9] 20. **Strobilanthus kunthiana (Neelakuranji)**, flowers once in 12 years during September-October and found in hilly areas in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. 21. Birds in poultry farms can be made to lay eggs throughout the years this laying eggs is not related to reproduction but a commercial exploitation for human welfare. 22. **Oestrus cycle:** In non-primate like cows, sheep, rats, deers, dogs, tiger, etc., (Seasonal breeders) 23. **Menstrual cycle:** In primates like monkey, apes and human (Continuous breeders). 24. **Events in sexual Reproduction** 1. Pre-fertilisation - Gametogenesis, Gamete transfer. 2. Fertilisation 3. Post fertilisation - Zygote, Embryogenesis. 25. **Pre-Fertilisation** - **Isogametes (Homogametes)** – In some algae the two gametes are similar in appearance e.g., Cladophora. - **Heterogametes:** Majority of sexually reproducing organism. In such organism the male gamete is called Anthrozoid / Sperm and female gamete is called egg/ovum. e.g., Fucus (Algae) and Human beings. 26. **Monoecious and Homothalic** – Denotes bisexual condition e.g., Several fungi and Plante. 27. **Dioecious and Heterothalic** – Denotes unisexual condition. 28. In flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is staminate and while female flower is pistillate. 29. **Monoecious Plante** - Cucurbits and coconut 30. **Diocious Plants** – Papaya and Date plam [NEET 2015] [NCERT-11] 31. **Bisexual (Hermaphrodites) Animals**-Earthworm, Sponges, Tapeworm and Leech. 32. **Unisexual animals** – Cockroach 33. Organism with **haploid plant body** – Monera, Fungi, Algae, Bryophytes. 34. Organism with **diploid plant body** – Pleridophytes, Gymnosperm, Angiosperms and Human beings. 35. In Diploid organisms, specialised cells called meiocytes (gamete mother cell) undergo meiosis. [NEET 2013] [NCERT-13] 36. **Chara** - Monoecious plants - Upper - Oogonium - Lower-Anthridium 37. **Chromosome Numbers in Some Organisms** | Name of organism | Chromosome number in meiocyte (2n) | Chromosome number in gamete (n) | |---|---|---| | Human beings | 46 | 23 | | House fly | 12 | 6 | | Rat | 42 | 21 | | Dog | 78 | 39 | | Cat | 38 | 19 | | Fruit fly | 8 | 4 | | Ophioglossum (a fern) | 1260 | 630 | | Apple | 34 | 17 | | Rice | 24 | 12 | | Maize | 20 | 10 | | Potato | 48 | 24 | | Butterfly | 380 | 190 | | Onion | 16 | 8 | 38. In several simple plants like Algae, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes, water is the medium for gamete transfer. 39. In seed plants, pollen grain are carried of male gametes and ovule have the eggs. ## Fertilisation 40. Most vital events of sexual reproduction is perhaps the fusion of gametes (Syngamy). Results in formation of zygote. 41. Term syngamy and fertilisation are interchangeably. 42. **Parthenogenesis** – Female gametes undergoes development to form new organism without fertilisation. e.g., Rotifers, Honeybees, some lizards and Birds(Turkey) [NEET 2019] [NCERT-14] 43. **External fertilisation occurs in** – Majority of Algae, Fishes (Bony) and Amphibians 44. **Internal fertilisation occurs in** – Fungi, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, Bryophytes Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms ## Post fertilisation events 45. Formation of dipole zygote is universal in all sexually reproducing organism. 46. Zygote is the vital link that ensure continuity of species between organisms of one generation and the next. [NEET 2013] [NCERT-15] 47. **Embryogenesis** – Process of development of embryo from the zygote. 48. Zygote undergoes cell division (mitosis) and cell differentiation. 49. In oviparous animals like reptiles and birds, the fertilised egg covered by hard calcareous shell are laid in a safe place in the environment. 50. Because of proper embryonic care and protection, the chance of survival of young once is greater in viviparous organism. 51. In plants, zygote develops into the embryo, ovules develop into the seed and ovary develops into the fruits and ovary wall develops into fruit wall pericarp. 52. After dispersal, seeds germinate under favorable condition to produce new plants. ## Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants - **Page Number:** 19-39 - **Total Pages:** 21 - **Questions Asked:** 50 - **2-3 questions per page at an average** **BUT, LETS SEE WHICH PAGE HAS MAXIMUM WEIGHTAGE** - **Which page has the maximum** 28, 29, 35 = 3 Pages 34.1 % QUESTIONS **2010-2022** | Page No. | No. of Questions Asked | |---|---| | 1 | 19,20,32,33,39 | | 2 | 22,37 | | 3 | 21,24,26,27,30,38 | |4 | 15(2),22 | | 5 | 10,11(3),13,14(2),15,17(2),18,20, 21(2),22 | | 6 | 10,12,13,14,16(2),17,18,19 | | 7 | 12(3),17,18(2),19(2)| | 8 | 10(2),11(2),12(2),14, 15,16,17, 22 | | 9 | 11,12,13,15,17,20,21, 22 | | | 25,31,36 | | | 23,34 | | | 29,35 | | | 28 | ## Sexual reproduction in flowering plants 1. Flowers are morphological & embryological marvels & the site of sexual reproduction. 2. Several hormonal & structural changes leads to the development of floral primodium. 3. A flower is a modified shoot for reproduction. 4. A typical stamen has two part. 1. Filament (Long & stender stalk) 2. Anther (Terminal, generally bilobed structure) 5. The proximal end of the filament is attached to the thalamus or Patal opf the flower (NEET-2016) [NCERT-21] 6. The number & length of stemens are varable in flowers of different species. 7. **Angiospermic Anther:** Bilobed, Dithecous & Tetrasporangiate (NEET-2019) [NCERT-21] 8. Bilobed nature of an anther is very distinct in the transverse section. 9. **Structure of Microsporangium:** Surrounded by four wall layer. 1. Epidermis - Perform the function of protection and help in dehiscence of anther to release the pollen 2. Endothesium - Nourishes the developing polengrain 3. Middle layer - Cells of the tapetum posses cytoplasm and generally have more than one nucleus. 4. Tapetum 10. **Microsporogenesis:** Cells of the sporogenous tissue undergo meiotic divisions to form microspore tetrads. Each micros pore mature into pollen grain. 11. As the anther mature & dehydrate, the microspore dissociate from each other & develop into pollen grains. ## Pollen grain 12. **Pollen grain:** Represents Male gametophytes. 13. Generally spherical, about 25-50 micrometer in diameter. 14. It has prominent two wall layer, Exine & Intine. - **Exine:** Outer, made up of sporopollinine (most resistent organic material) (NEET-2013, 2012) [NCERT-23] - **Intine:** Inner, thin & continuous, made up of cellulose & pectin. 15. Pollen grains are well-preserved as fossils because of the presence of sporopolline (NEET-2018) [NCERT-23] 16. Exine exhibits a fascinating arry of patters & designs. 17. Mature pollen grain contain two cells → Vegetative cells → Generative cells - **Generative cells:** Small & Float in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell. It is spindle shaped with dense cytoplasm & Nuclus. - **Vegetative cells:** Bigger, Abundant food reserve and large irregular shape of nucleus. - **2-Celled stage:** In over 60% of angiosperm (one vegetative + one generative). - **3-Celled stage:** 40% of Angiosperm (Generative cell divides mitotically to give rise to two male gametes) (one vegetave cell + 2 male gametes) 18. Pollen grain of many species causes severe allergies & bronchial afflictions leading to chronic respiratory disorder like Asthma & Branchitis. (NEET-2015) [NCERT-23] 19. Parthenium (carrot grass) came into india as a contaminated with imported wheat, causes pollen allergy. 20. Pollen grains rich in nutrients & use as pollen tablets as food supplements (to increase the performance of athlets & race horses) (NEET-2015, 2014) [NCERT-24] 21. Viability of pollen grain is highly variable & depends on temperature & Humidity. 22. Some cereals (Rice & Wheat) pollen grain lose viability within 30 minuts 23. Resaceae, Leguminaceae,Solanaceae maintain viability for months(NEET-2021) [NCERT-24] 24. Pollen grain stored in liquid Nitrogen at - 196°C (NEET-2018) [NCERT-24] 25. Each Pistil has three parts - stigma, style, ovary 26. Stigma, serve as landing platform of pollen grains. 27. Style - elongated stender part beneth the stigma. 28. Ovary - Basal bulged part of the pistil. 29. Inside the ovary is the ovarian cavity (locule). Placent located inside the ovarian cavity. ## Megasporangia 30. **Megasporangia** commonly called ovules. (NEET-2013) [NCERT-25] 31. **Structure of typical Angiosperm ovule:** 1. Ovule is small structure attached to the placenta by means of stalk called Funicle. 2. Body of the ovele fuses with funicle in the region called Hilum. 3. Junction between ovule & female - Hilum 4. One or two protective envelop of ovule called Integument 5. Micropyle: Small opening of the ovule at the tip where integument absent. 6. Opposite the micropyle is the Chalaza (Basal part of the ovule). 32. **Nucellus:** Mass of cells have abundant reserve food materials. 33. **Embryosac/Female gametophytes:** Located in the nucellus. 34. **Megasporogenesis:** Process of formation of megaspore from megaspore mother cell. (MMC) (NEET-2013) [NCERT-25] 35. Ovule differentiated at Micropylor region of the nucellus. 36. MMC undergoes meiotic division & results in the production of four megaspore. 37. In a majority of flowering plants, one of the megaspore is functional while other three degenerate. 38. **Functional megaspore develops into Female gametophytes (Embryosac)** (NEET-2017) [NCERT-26] 39. Nucleus of the functional megaspore divided by 3 mitotic division to form 2-nucleated, 4-nucleated & 8-nucleated stage of the embryo sac. 40. Mitotic division are strictly free nuclear, not followed immediately by cell wall formation. 41. Six of the eight nuclei are surrounded by cell walls & organised into cells, remaining two nuclei called polar nuclei. 42. **Distribution of cells within embryo sac.** - **Eggaparatus (3)** - Egg cell (1) - Synergids(2) - **Antipodals(3)** - **Central cell (single & large containing two polar nuclei)** 43. **Synergids:** Play important role in guiding the pollen tube into the synergids. 44. A typical angiosperm embryo sac, at maturity, through 8-nucleated & 7-celled. ## Pollination 45. Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma of the pistil. 46. Kinds of pollination: depending on the source of pollen, divided into three types. **• Autogomy** 47. Pollination is achieved within the same flower 48. Flower which opens & exposes the anthers & stigma, complete autogamy is rather rare 49. **Viola(Common pansy), Oxalis &Commelina produce two types of flowers** → Chasmogamous → Cleistogamous 50. **Cleistogamous flowers are invariably autogamous**, there is no chance of cross-pollen landing on the stigma & produce assured seed-set even in the absence of pollinators (NEET-2022, 2013, 2012) [NCERT-28] **• Geitonogamy** 51. Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma of another flower of same plants. 52. Geitanogamy is functionally cross-pollination & genetically similar to autogamy. **3. Xenogamy** 53. Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a different plant. (NEET-2021) [NCERT-28] 54. Only type of pollination which brings genetically different types of pollen grain to the stigma. ## Agents of pollinations 1. Biotic (Animals): Majority of plants use 2. Abiotic (wind & water) : Only small proportion of plant use 55. Pollination by wind is more common amongest abiotic pollinations [NEET-2022] [NCERT-29] 56. **Wind pollination Requires:** 1. Light pollen grain & Non-sticky 2. Well exposed stemen 3. Large & feathery stigma 4. Single ovlle containing (NEET-2017, 2012) [NCERT-29] ## Wind pollination 57. Wind pollination is quite common is grasses. 58. Pollination by water: Quite rare in flowering plants & limited to about 30 genera, mostly monocotyledons [NEET-2022] [NCERT-29] ## Water Pollinated Plants 59. Fresh water : Vallisneria & Hydrilla (NEET-2019)[NCERT-29] - Marine water: Zostera 60. Not all aquatic plants use water for pollination. 61. Majority of aquatic plants such as water hyacinth & water lily, pollination takes place by insects or wind. (NEET-2020, 2016) [NCERT-29] 62. Pollen grains in many such species are long, Ribbon like & carried, passively inside the water,. 63. Most of the water-pollinated species, pollen grains are protected from wetting by mucilaginous covering. 64. Both wind & water pollinated flowers are not very colourful & do not produce nector. ## Animals as pollinating: 65. Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Beetles, wasps, Ants, moths, Birds (Sunbird & humming Birds) & Bats. 66. Among the animals, insects (Bees) are dominant biotic pollinating agents. 67. Even larger animals as pollinating agents – Primates (lemurs), Arboreal (tree-dwelling) rodents, reptiles (gecko lizard & garden lizard) (NEET-2016) [NCERT-30] ## Insect-pollinated flowers 68. The flowers pollinated by flies & beetles secrete foul odours to attract these animnals. (NEET-2022, 2015) [NCERT-30] 69. Floral rewards: Nectar, pollen grain & Egg laying space (NEET-2017, 2015) [NCERT-30] 70. **Tallest flower:** Amorphophallus (6 Feet in height) 71. Moth & yucca plants can not complete their life-cycles without each other ## Outbreeding Devices (Prevent selt pollination) 1. Non-synchronisation : Pollen release & stigma receptivity are not synchronise 2. Different position of anther & stigma 3. Self-incompatibility: Genetic mechanism, prevent self pollination 4. Unisexual flowers: Prevent self-pollinations. 72. Monoecious plants prevent autogamy but not geitonogamy eg: castor & Maize. 73. Dioecious plants (each plant is either Male or Female) prevent both Autogamy & geitemogamy but not xenogamy (NEET-2019, 2017, 2013) [NCERT-31] ## Pollen-Pistil Interaction 74. Pollination does not gurantee the transfer of the right type of pollen. - It right type → Pistil accept the pollen → Promotes post pollination events → Leads to fertilisation - If wrong type → Pistil reject the pollen → Prevent Post pollination events → Fertilisation prevented 75. Study of pollen germination by dusting some pollen from flowers such as of sugar solution (about 10 percent). About after 15-30 minuts observe the slide under low power lens of the microscope. 76. Artificial hybridisation is one of the major approaches of crop improvement programme. This experiment is important to make sure that only desired pollen grains are used for pollination & stigma is protected from contamination. This is achieved by Emasculation & Bagging techniques. - Emasculation: Produces unisexual flowers - Bagging: Prevent unwanted pollen (contamination) 77. If the female parent produce unisexual flowers, there is no need of emaseculation only bagging occurs before the flowers open. ## Double fertilisation 78. Syngamy + Triple fusion (NEET-2019, 2018) [NCERT-34] 79. One male gamete + egg cell nucleus → fuse → syngamy, leads to formation of zygote (2n) 80. Another male gamete + two polor nuclei → fuse → Triple fusion, leads to formation of primary endospen Nuclus (3n) 81. Primary endosperm cell (PEC) develop into Endosperm & the zygote develops into Embryo. ## Endosperm 82. Endosperm development Preecdes embryo development because it provide nutrition to the developing embryo. 83. In the most common type of endosperm development, the PEN undergoes successive nuclear division to give rise to free nuclei called Free nuclear endosperm. 84. **Coconut:** - Cellular endosperm (white kernel) - Nuclear endosperm (Free nuclear) (NEET2016, 2015) (coconut water) [NCERT-35] 85. Endosperm may either be completely consumed by developing embryo before seed maturation or may persist in mature seed. 86. Endospermic seed: Castor, Coconut, Wheat, Maize, Barley 87. Non-endospermic seed: Pea, Groundnut, Beans. ## Embryo 88. Most zygote divide only offer certain amount of endosperm is formed, an adaptation to provide assured nutrition to the developing embryo. 89. Early stages of embryogeny are similar in both monocotyledon & dicotyledons. 90. **Stages of embryogeny in a dicotyledonous embryo:** - Proembryo → Globular → Heart-shaped → Mature embryo 91. **Dicotyledonous embryo consists of:** - Embryonal axis - Cotyledons (two) 92. In the grass family the cotyledon is called Scutellum that is situated towards one side (lateral) of the embryonal axis. 93. Coleorrhiza: undifferentiated sheath 94. Coleoptile: Hollow foliar structure. ## SEED 95. Fertilised ovule 96. In some seeds, remnants of nuclellus are also persistent, this residual & Persistant nucelluls called Perisperms. eg: Black pepper Beet. (NEET-2019, 2013) [NCERT-36] 97. Integaments of ovules harden as tough protective seed coats. 98. Small pore of seed coat – Mycropyle 99. Micropyle facilitates entry of oxygen & water into the seed during germination. 100. As the seed matures, its water content is reduced & seed become relatively dry (10–15 percent moisture by mass) 101. Transformation of ovules into seeds & ovary develops into fruit proceeds simultaneously. 102. Pericarp → wall of fruits - May be dry (Groundnut, Mustard) or may fleshy (Guava, Orange & Mango) 103. **Falsh Fruit:** Fruit develop not from ovary [NEET-2022] [NCERT-37] - eg: Apple, strawberry, cashew (thalamus contribute in fruit formation) 104. **Pathenocarpic fruit:** Fruit develop without fertilisation- eg: Banana (NEET-2015) [NCERT-37] 105. Seed have better adaptive strategies for dispersal to new habitats & help the species to colonise in other area. 106. Being product of sexual reproduction (seed), they generate new genetic combinations leading to variations. 107. **Lupin (Lupinus arcticus):** From Arctic Tundra, Oldest, Dormany is 10,000 years. 108. **Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm)** : From king Herod's palace near the Dead sea Dormancy 2000 years. ## Apormixis 109. Production of seed without fertilisation 110. Eg: Asteraceae & Grasses (NEET-2016) [NCERT-38] 111. Apomixis is a form of Asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction. 112. Diploid egg cell is formed without reduction division & develop into embryo without fertilisation. ## Polyembryony 113. Occurance of more than one embryo in a seed. 114. Eg: Citrus & Mango ## Hybrid seed (sexual) 115. Increased productivity 116. Problem - produce every year 117. Progency will segregate & do not maintain hybrid character 118. Costly ## Apomictic seed (Asexual) 119. No segregation of character 120. Do not buy every year ## Chapter 3: Human Reproduction - **Page Number:** 42-55 - **Total Pages:**14 - **Questions Asked:** 50 - **2-3 questions per page at an average** **BUT, LETS SEE WHICH PAGE HAS MAXIMUM WEIGHTAGE** - **Which page has the maximum** 51, 53 = 2 Pages 33.4% QUESTIONS **2010-2022** | Page No. | No. of Questions Asked | |---|---| | 1 | 42,55 | | 2 | 44,45,46 | | 3 | 54 | | 4 | 47,48,49 | | 5 | 43,52 | | 6 | 10 (2),15 | | 7 | 10,16 | | 8 | 10(2),12,13,15(2),16(2),17, 18, 22 (3) | | 9 | 10(3),11,12,14,15,16,19,20,21, 22 | | 10 | 10,12,13,16,18(2),20,21 | | 11 | 11(2),13,14(2)16,20(2),21 | | | 53 | | | 50,51 | ## Human Reproduction 1. **Reproductive Events:** - Gametogenesis → Insemination → Fertilisation → Implantation → (Gestation) Embryonic development → Parturition 2. Sperm formation continues even in old man but formation of ovum ceases in women around the age of 50 years. 3. Male reproductive system located in pelvic region and include a pair of testis, accessary duct, glands, external genitalia. 4. Scrotum help in maintaining the low temprature of testes (2-2.5°C) lower than normal body temprature [2011] [NCERT-43] 5. Testis is situated outside abdominal cavity and each testis has 250 compartment called testicular lobule and each lobule contain 1-3 highly coiled seminiferous tubule in which sperm are produced. 6. Seminiferous tubule lined inside by 2 type of cell [2010] [NCERT-43] - **a. Male germ cell (spermatogonia)** – undergo meiotic divisions and form sperm. - **b. Sertoli cell** - Provide nutrition to germ cell. 7. Region outside seminiferous tubule called interstitial space contain blood vessels and interstitial cell (leydig cell) 8. Leydig cell synthesis and secrete testicular hormone called Androgen [2020][2012] [NCERT-43] 9. Male sex accessory duct include rate testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens. 10. **Path of sperm** → - S.T→ Rate testis [2019,2016,2011] [NCERT-44] - Vasa efferentia → Epididymis → Vas deferens 11. Vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into epididymis located along posterior surface of each testis. 12. Epididymis leads to vas deferens that ascend to the abdomen and loop over urinary bladder. It receives a duct from seminal vesicle and open into urethra as ejaculatory duct. 13. **Ejaculatory duct** store and transport sperm. 14. **Male accessary gland include paired seminal vesicles, a prostate gland and paired bulbourethral gland**, secretion of these gland constitute seminal plasma rich in fructose, calcium and certain enzyme [2010] [NCERT-44] 15. Secretions of bulbourethral gland also help in lubrication of penis. 16. **Female reproductive system consist of a pair of ovaries along with a pair of oviduct, uterus, cervix, vegina and external genitalia** located in pelvic region. 17. **Ovaries are primary female sex organ that produce the female gamete (ovum) and several steroid hormone (ovarian Hormones)** 18. Each ovary is covered by thin epithelium which enclose the ovarian stroma. The stroma is divided into two zone-a peripheral cortex and an Inner Medulla. 19. **Oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus and vegina → Female accessary duct.** - **Fallopian tube 3 part –** - a. **Infundibulum** - Part closer to ovary and funnel shape also the edge of this posses finger like projections called fimbriae → Collect ovum - b. **Ampulla**- Infundibulum leads to wider part of oviduct called Ampulla - c. **Isthmus** - Last part of oviduct, narrow lumen and it join the uterus. 20. Uterus is single and it is also called womb (shape like Inverted pear). Uterus is attached to pelvic wall by support of ligament. 21. Uterus open into vegina through narrow cervix, the cavity of cervix i.e. cervical canal alongwith vegina form birth canal. 22. **Wall of uterus – (3)** - a. **Perimetrium** - External, thin membranous. - b. **Myometrium** – Middle, thick layer of smooth muscle. - c. **Endometrium** - Inner, glandular layer, line the uterine cavity. 23. **Female external genitalia** include mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, hymen and clitoris [2016] [NCERT-46] 24. **Labia majora** are fleshy fold of tissue which extend down from the mons bubis and surround the veginal opening. 25. **Clitoris** is a tiny finger-like structure which lies at the upper junction of two labia minora above the urethral opening. 26. **Mammary gland** - glandular tissue of each breast divided into 15-20 mammary lobe, containing clusters of cell called alveoli. The cell of alveoli secrete milk which is stored in the cavities of alveoli. 27. **Alveoli → Mammary tuble → M. duct → Ampulla → Lactiferous duct →Path of milk** 28. **Primary sex organ** – the testis in male and ovaries in the female produce gamete i.e. sperm and ovum. 29. **Spermatogenesis** – In testis immature male germ cell (spermatogonia) produce sperm by spermatogenesis that begins at puberty [2018] [NCERT-47] 30. **Order of spermatogenesis** - [2022] [2013] [NCERT-49] - Spermatogonia → 1º Spermatocyte meiosis 12º Spermatocyte (2n) (2n) (n) meiosis 2 - Spermatozoa ← Spermatid (n) (n