Scope, Importance, and Branches of Biotechnology PDF

Scope, Importance and branches of Biotechnology 1  Today we will learn about various Hello! branches of biotechnology and about their scope in this modern world 2 1. Blue Biotechnology This branch of biotechnology helps to control th...

Scope, Importance and branches of Biotechnology 1  Today we will learn about various Hello! branches of biotechnology and about their scope in this modern world 2 1. Blue Biotechnology This branch of biotechnology helps to control the marine organisms and water-borne organisms. It is a process that has to do with the marine or underwater environment. The use of this biotechnology is very rare. Blue biotechnology is used to protect marine organisms from harmful diseases underwater. 3 2. Bioinformatics Bioinformatics Bioinformatics is a combination is known and referred ofby computers and biotechnology. the term computational biology.It It helps playsin anfinding the analysis important and vitalofroledatain related areas liketo Biotechnology. Functional genomics, It is structural used for various purposes genomics,like anddrugs, for the development proteomics. These areas of medicines. contribute a lot andAndbecome it is alsoaused key to improve the contributor tofertility of crops and and the Biotechnology plants and also pharma for pest, drought and it is sector. resistant to diseases. 4 Key Terms Proteomics: the branch of molecular biology that studies the set of proteins expressed by the genome of an organism Proteome: the complete set of proteins encoded by a particular genome Genomics: the study of the complete genome of an organism Genome: the complete set of genes in an organism 5  3. Green Biotechnology Green Biotechnology is the term used for the agricultural sector. With the help of the process called the Micropropagation (a practice of producing a larger number of plants through the existing stock of plants), which helps in selecting the right quality of plants and crops. Also, with the help of Transgenic plants (plants whose DNA is modified), this design of transgenic plants helps to grow in a specified environment with the help of certain chemicals. 6 7 4. Red Biotechnology Red biotechnology is referred to as Medical Biotechnology. It is used for the production of drugs and antibiotic medicines. It also helps to create or design organisms. Through the process of genetic manipulation, it helps to cure genetic issues in organisms. It also helps in analyzing diseases in organisms. It also helps in developing new ways of diagnosis by performing tests. With the help of stem cell therapy, it helps the organs to grow, and it also cures the damaged tissues in organisms. 8  White Biotechnology 9 White Biotechnology is also called and known by the name Industry Biotechnology. This kind of biotechnology is used and applied in industries. The various uses of this Biotechnology include; biopolymers (Plastics) Substitutes, the new invention of vehicle parts and fuels for the vehicles, an invention of fibers for the clothing industry, it is also involved in developing new chemicals and the production process. 10 Bio-composites have become increasingly popular with car manufacturers because they can reduce vehicle weight, which improves performance and lowers CO2 emissions. They are used in car interiors for components like door and floor panels, but they also have more structural applications. 11 Industrial biotechnology – biological resources for industrial processes Industrial or white biotechnology uses microorganisms and enzymes to produce goods for industry, including chemicals, plastics, food, agricultural and pharmaceutical products and energy carriers. Renewable raw materials and increasingly also waste from agriculture and forestry are used for the manufacture of industrial goods 12 Countless metabolic processes take place in a single cell. These processes break down and convert nutrients that have been taken up into new products. Enzymes are involved in controlling and coordinating reactions that happen simultaneously or consecutively. Humans have been making use of microbial and enzymatic processes for a long time. Everyday examples include the production of bread, yoghurt and vinegar using microorganisms and the use of enzymes in detergents. 14 15 16 And yet another example of how biotechnology can be used: Lamy, a well-known German company that produces writing instruments, has been polishing the nibs of fountain pens with walnut shells and polishing paste in place of organic solvents for around eight years now. However, the company had to find a solution to the problem that the tiny particles of walnut shell got jammed in the hollow spaces of the nibs. 17  Initially, the University of Mannheim particles were removed manually, which was rather a cumbersome process. Nowadays, Lamy uses an enzyme cocktail developed by researchers from Mannheim University of Applied Sciences. The enzyme cocktail makes the walnut granules smaller. Ultrasound is subsequently used to wash the remaining walnut shell pieces from the nib slits. 19  Medical Biotechnology 20 From new vaccines developed to cure deadly diseases — such as during the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2014 — to comprehensively mapping human DNA, the medical biotechnological industry has been on the forefront of technological advancement. Medical biotechnology is the use of living cells and cell materials to research and produce pharmaceutical and diagnostic products that help treat and prevent human diseases. Some of the latest areas of medical biotechnological 21 advancement include pioneering work in genetic testing, advanced drug treatments and artificial tissue growth. Stem Cell Stem cell, an undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce some offspring cells that continue as stem cells and some cells that are destined to differentiate (become specialized). Stem cells are an ongoing source of the differentiated cells that make up the tissues and organs of animals and plants. There is great interest in stem cells because they have potential in the development of therapies for replacing defective or damaged cells resulting from a variety of disorders and injuries, such as Parkinson disease, heart disease, and diabetes. 22 Stem cells can be used to study development Stem cells may help us understand how a complex organism develops from a fertilised egg. In the laboratory, scientists can follow stem cells as they divide and become increasingly specialized, making skin, bone, brain, and other cell types. Stem cells have the ability to replace damaged cells and treat disease This property is already used in the treatment of extensive burns, and to restore the blood system in patients with leukaemia and other blood disorders. 23 Stem cells could be used to study disease In many cases it is difficult to obtain the cells that are damaged in a disease, and to study them in detail. Stem cells, either carrying the disease gene or engineered to contain disease genes, offer a viable alternative. Scientists could use stem cells to model disease processes in the laboratory, and better understand what goes wrong. Stem cells could provide a resource for testing new medical treatments New medications could be tested for safety on specialized cells generated in large numbers from stem cell lines – reducing the need for animal testing. Other kinds of cell lines are already used in this way. Cancer cell lines, for example, are used to screen potential anti-tumour drugs. 24 What are monoclonal antibodies? Monoclonal antibodies (also called moAbs or mAbs) are proteins made in laboratories that act like proteins called antibodies in our bodies. Antibodies are parts of your immune system. They seek out the antigens (foreign materials) and stick to them in order to destroy them. Laboratory-made monoclonal antibodies help stimulate your own immune system. The word “monoclonal” refers to the fact that the antibodies created in the laboratory are clones. They are exact copies of one antibody. The generic names of the products often include the letters “mab” at the end of the name. What is the difference between monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies? The difference between the two types of antibodies is in the names. “Mono” refers to one and “poly” refers to many. Monoclonal antibodies are clones of just one antibody, and they bind to one antigen only. Polyclonal antibodies come from several different types of immune cells and will bind to more than one antigen. Monoclonal Antibodies for Therapy One of the most important advancements in medical biotechnology is the ability to use one’s own immune system to beat diseases. These antibodies can serve a number of functions, including flagging cancer cells for the immune system to fight and blocking immune system inhibitors. In general, monoclonal antibody treatment has fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy treatments, making it a popular alternative to chemotherapy or as a parallel treatment.  Genome Sequencing One of the current and Doctors can now anticipate future avenues of medical whether certain diseases will b biotechnology is in genome passed genetically from sequencing. parents to children. In 1999, researchers were Although human genome able to map the entire DNA research continues, the sequence of human technology has entered the chromosome 22, the first private market. Companies like time a human chromosome 23 and Me or startups such as had been fully mapped. Helix, Veritas and Color provide Since then, technology has the public with lab-produced advanced to the point that genome sequencing tests to thousands of genomes have see discover ancestry been fully or partially information or whether sequenced. individuals are susceptible to a heredity-linked diseases. The Human Genome Project (HGP) is one of the greatest scientific feats in history. The project was a voyage of biological discovery led by an international group of researchers looking to comprehensively study all of the DNA (known as a genome) of a HUMAN select set of organisms. Launched in October 1990 and completed in April 2003, the Human Genome Project’s signature accomplishment – generating the first sequence of the human genome – provided GENOME fundamental information about the human blueprint, which has since accelerated the study of PROJECT human biology and improved the practice of medicine.  The therapy, The future ofcalled Luxturna, is the medical first “directly administered biotechnology is certainlygene Gene-Therapy therapy approved intertwined in the U.S. that with gene-therapy targets drugs. a disease caused by mutations in a specific gene.” The therapy The recentworks by delivering in developments a normal copy of the RPE65 gene gene therapy have offered hope directly into retinal cells. This helps to many suffering from genetic the cells produce the normal diseases thathelp enzymes that theyconvert can be light cured. In intoDecember sight. 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a new gene-therapy Drugs treatment for a rare, genetically inherited form of blindness.  Advancements in biotechnology have made it possible to produce vaccines that cannot transmit a virus Vaccines or bacterium. This method has helped create more than 20 new vaccines against infectious agents, improved existing vaccines, and increased the amount of vaccine that can be produced. 31  Biotechnology is fueling the development of new Vaccines vaccines for a variety of cancers. Biotech scientists have created vaccines for some of the world’s most common cancers, including the cervical vaccines 32 The hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene that codes for the antigen is inserted into baker’s yeast genome and then expresses the antigen protein. The antigen protein is harvested and purified to be used for the vaccine. 33 34  A biomarker (short for biological marker) is BIOMARKERS an objective measure that captures what is happening in a cell or an organism at a given moment. Biomarkers can serve as early warning systems for your health. For example, high levels of lead in the bloodstream may indicate a need to test for nervous system and cognitive disorders, especially in children. High cholesterol levels are a common biomarker for heart disease risk. Biomarkers are This enabled better molecules that help understanding of in identifying the mechanisms of biological condition disease initiation, of an individual and development, and play an important progression. In the role in disease future, the diagnosis and integration of treatment. With the biomarkers identified advancement in the using emerging field of biotechnology high-throughput in the last two technologies into decades, a lot of medical practice will research has been enable done in the field of “personalization” in biomarkers. treatment and 36 disease prevention. A bio-marker, or biological marker is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated to examine normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapy. Biomarkers are used in many scientific fields. 37 A biomarker can be a traceable substance that is introduced into an organism as a means to examine organ function or other aspects of health. For example, rubidium chloride is used as a radioactive isotope to evaluate perfusion of heart muscle. 38 Study of proteomics has discovered those molecular markers which can indicate the sign of disease even before symptoms have appeared. 40 41  What did you find fascinating in the subject till now? Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll ⓘ while presenting.  Genetically engineered vaccines insert ____ in the patients. Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll ⓘ while presenting.  Stem cells are Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll ⓘ while presenting.  Subtilisin is obtained from Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll ⓘ while presenting.  The complete set of proteins in an organism is called Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll ⓘ while presenting. Plant Biotechnology 47 Agricultural biotechnology is a science that allows plant breeders to make precise genetic changes to place beneficial traits – such as pest resistance, disease resistance or herbicide tolerance – into plants. Since the introduction of biotechnology-derived commercial crop in 1996, farmers have used this science to grow plants that yield more per acre with reduced production costs while being resistant to disease and pests and also beneficial to the environment. 48 In the near future, we’ll see crops that will be resistant to environmental stresses like drought, and crops that use soil nutrients more efficiently, boosting productivity in areas of the world with inadequate rainfall or poor soil. Scientists are also looking to use biotechnology to fortify some food plants with higher nutritional content and to produce pharmaceuticals in plants affordably and efficiently. 49 Future crops designed to tolerate environmental stresses, such as salty or toxic soils, drought, and freezing temperatures, will make agriculture more efficient and sustainable by producing more food, fuel and fiber on less land. Biotech plants being tested also use nitrogen more efficiently, leading to the potential decrease in fertilizer usage. Biotechnology can also be used to produce renewable plant-based energy and industrial products and biological agents to clean up contaminated soils. 50 Black Is the color of ebony and of outer space. It has been the symbolic color of elegance, solemnity and authority. 51  Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza Transgenic plants sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice. It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A. This is a deficiency which each year estimatedly kills 670,000 children under the age of 5 and cause an additional 500,000 cases of irreversible childhood blindness. Rice is a staple food crop for over half of the world's population, providing 30–72% of the energy intake for people in Asian countries, and 52 becoming an effective crop for targeting vitamin deficiencies.  53 Tomatoes have a short shelf-life in which they remain firm and ripe. This lifetime may be shorter than the time needed for them to reach market when shipped from winter growing areas to markets in the north, and the softening process can also lead to more of the fruit being damaged during transit. To address this, tomatoes intended for shipping are often picked while they are unripe, or "green", and then prompted to ripen just before delivery through the use of ethylene gas which acts as a plant hormone. The downside to this approach is that the tomato does not complete its natural growing process, and the final flavor suffers as a result. Through genetic engineering, Calgene hoped to slow down the ripening process of the tomato and thus prevent it from softening, while still allowing the tomato to retain its natural colour and flavour. This would allow it to fully ripen on the vine and still be shipped long distances without it going soft. The Flavr Savr was made more resistant to rotting by adding an antisense gene which interferes with the production of the enzyme polygalacturonase. The enzyme normally degrades pectin in the cell walls and results in the softening of fruit which makes them more susceptible to being damaged by fungal infections. Bt Crops What are Bt Crops? Bt Crops are transgenic crops that produce the same toxin as the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis in the plant cell, thereby, protecting the crops from pests. The bacterium secretes specific proteins known as “cry proteins” that are toxic to insects. A few of the Bt crops include cotton, brinjal, corn, etc. When an insect feeds on the transgenic plants, the toxic cry protein present in the plants crystallizes the digestive system of insects that leads to the death of the organism. However, it has no harmful effects on the human “Bt crops are transgenic crops that are genetically engineered digestive system. from the DNA of bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis.” Bacillus thuringiensis is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria which is mainly found in the soil. It produces proteins that are toxic to insects. Organic farmers use this bacterium in a solution and spray it on the plants to protect them from pests. The practice of using Bacillus thuringiensis began in the year 1996 with small quantities of genes from the bacterium. This facilitated the production of cry proteins in plant cells that helped to kill pests. Pests like European and southwestern corn borer, tobacco and cotton budworm, pink bollworm and Colorado potato beetle largely destroyed the crop yields. Bacillus thuringiensis protected the crops against such pests. 57 Types of Bt crops The following types of Bt crops were produced by the researchers: Bt Cotton The Bt cotton variety is genetically transformed with the Bt gene to protect the plants from bollworm, a major pest of cotton. The worms present on the leaves of Bt cotton become lethargic and sleepy and thus, cause less damage to the plants. The toxic proteins produced by the crops are ingested by the pests which kill them, thereby, protecting the crops. Bt Brinjal Bt brinjal is also produced by genetic transformation of a crystal protein gene cry 1 Ac from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Bt brinjal was developed to provide resistance against lepidopteron insects. The proteins produced by Bt genes bind to the receptors present on the insect’s membrane, which forms pores on the membranes. This disrupts the digestive process and leads to the death of the insect.  Advantages of Bt Crops It helps in improving the crop yield, thereby, raising the farmer’s income. This results in increased farm production. They help in controlling soil pollution as the use of synthetic pesticides is reduced. Bt crops help in protecting beneficial insects. It can easily feed an increasing population due to increased yields in a short time. It leads to the production of disease-free crops owing to the reduction of pesticides. It leads to more productivity in a small area of land. 59 Environmental Biotechnology Environmental biotechnology is a system of scientific and engineering knowledge related to the use of microorganisms and their products in the prevention of environmental pollution through biotreatment of solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes, bioremediation of polluted environments, and biomonitoring of environment and treatment processes. The advantages of biotechnological treatment of wastes are as follows: biodegradation or detoxication of a wide spectrum of hazardous substances by natural microorganisms; availability of a wide range of biotechnological methods for complete destruction of hazardous wastes; and diversity of the conditions suitable for biodegradation. 61  Wastewater treatment plants are nothing without bacteria. These invisible single-celled organisms put their metabolism to good use in the purification of polluted wastewater. Environmental biotechnology is something that was applied with no expert knowledge hundreds 62 of years ago. However, now is subject to in-depth investigation and has led to the emergence of an entire branch of industry and science. For example, environmental biotechnologists aim to make bacterial biochemical degradation pathways even more efficient by analysing the composition of bacterial communities in wastewater treatment plants. 63 Biotechnology has also Biosensors used for proven useful for the the detection of remediation of harmful substances in contaminated soils. The water, air and soil are company IBL Umwelt- the key tools of und Biotechnik GmbH in environmental Heidelberg has developed an in situ technology biotechnology. where naturally occurring Researchers are soil microorganisms can developing systems be activated in several based on enzymes of steps, leading to the microorganisms that degradation of mixtures can help indicate of toxic substances such environmental toxins. as benzene, toluene and aliphatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 64 An oil-eating bacterium that can clean up pollution and spills Oil spills and their impact on the environment are a source of concern for scientists. These disasters occur on a regular basis, leading to messy decontamination challenges that require massive investments of time and resources. Seeking a solution, researchers are now studying Alcanivorax borkumensis, a bacterium that feeds on hydrocarbons. 65 Back in the 1970s, a scientist named Ananda Chakrabarty received the first patent for a genetically modified lifeform, an oil eating "Superbug" from the bacterial strain Pseudomonas putida. The feat was doubly hailed as a major step in bioremediation and a travesty of nature. 66 67 THANK YOU! 68