Class 10 Part 2 Malayalam PDF

]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kndn-b≥ k¨tU-kvIqƒ At m-kn-tb-j≥ sbcp-itew hn`mKw ]mTm-hen ]Øv `mKw 2 t{ijvTm-\p-a-Xn-tbmsS {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv k¨tU-kvIqƒ tI{µ Hm^okv tZh-tem-Iw, tIm´-bw-˛4 t^m¨: 2572890 1 AN OSSAE PUBLICATION Sunday School Padavali-X First Edition: June 2015 Sixth Edition: November 2022 Copies: 4000 Price: ` 80.00 Printed at Alois Graphics, Kottayam [email protected] 2 D≈-S°w bqWn‰v 4 k`m-N-cn{Xw ]mTw 16 s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W-{]-ÿm\w................................................................. 5 ]mTw 17 k`m-hym-]\w BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬................................................................. 9 ]mTw 18 ae-¶-c-k` 17 apX¬ 19 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒhsc................................................ 13 ]mTw 19 ImtXm-en-°m- knw-lm-k-\ -N-cn{Xw........................................................... 17 bqWn‰v 5 hn. Ip¿∫m\: Hcp ]T\w ]mTw 20 am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm..............................................................20 ]mTw 21 Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iqj......................................................................................25 bqWn‰v 6 hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ ]mTw 22 ]cn-ip≤ {XnXzw.................................................................................................28 ]mTw 23 {InkvXob ]utcm-lnXyw..............................................................................32 ]mTw 24 bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w.................................................................................................36 bqWn‰v 7 al-Zvhy‡n ]cn-Nbw ]mTw 25 ]cn. _tk-en-tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm........................................................................................40 ]mTw 26 tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm (1922-˛1996)........................................................................45 ]mTw 27 ^m. tUm. hn. kn. kmap-h¬ (1912-˛1998).................................................49 bqWn‰v 8 \√- io-e-ßƒ ]mTw 28 kº-Øns‚ \oXn-]q¿∆-amb hn\n-tbmKw..............................................53 ]mTw 29 Iu¨kn-enwKv.....................................................................................................58 ]mTw 30 ssZh-hnfn..............................................................................................................64 D]-]m-T` - mKw ]cnip≤ h´-t»-cn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sS -Po-h-N-cn{Xw..................68 3 ]mT-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°n-b-h¿ ^m. tUm. H. tXmakv ^m. tUm. sdPn amXyp ^m. tUm. t__n hdp-Kokv ^m. sI. hn. tXmakv ^m. tXmakv hdp-Kokv 4 bqWn‰v \mev k`m-N-cn{Xw ]mTw 16 s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W-{]-ÿm\w (Protestant Reformation Movement) ]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: BtKmf k`m-N-cn-{X-K-Xnsb am‰n-a-dn® s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°p-I. \ho-I-cW Bi-b-ß-tfmSp icn-bmb kao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI. a\x-]mTw: ""kphn-ti-j-sØ-°p-dn®v F\n°v e÷-bn-√; hniz-kn-°p∂ Gh\pw BZyw blq-Z\pw ]ns∂ bh-\\pw AXp c£-bv°mbn ssZh-i-‡n-bm-Ip-∂-t√m'' (tdm-a¿ 1:16). ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: hn. thZ-]p-kvX-Iw, {]m¿∞-\m-{I-aw, hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{Iaw BapJw kaq-l-Ønepw k`-bnepw Xn∑-Iƒs°-Xnsc {]Xn-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-Wv. kzm¿∞- Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Bkq-{XnX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ C∂v k`- bnepw kaq-l-Ønepw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. A¿∞-h-Ømb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS am{Xta Chsb Xn-cp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-I-bp-≈q. C{]-Imcw \S∂ Hcp N-cn-{X- kw`-h-amWv "\ho- I-cW'sa∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu \ho-I-cW {]ÿm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]Tn-°mw. ]mT-`mKw 16-˛-mw -\q-‰m-≠n¬ ]›n-a-bq-tdm-∏n¬ XpS-°-an-´ Hcp aX-hn-π-h-amWv \ho-I-c-Ww. am¿´n≥ eqY¿ F∂ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m ]ptcm-ln-Xs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ P¿Ω-\n- bn¬ Bcw`n® Cu {]ÿm\w temI-N-cn-{X-Ønse Xs∂ kp{]-[m\ kw`-h-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv. CXv hni-Z-ambn \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. \ho-Ic - W Imc-Wß - ƒ 1. \thm-∞m\ Nn¥m-KXn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]pkvXI - ß - f- p-sSbpw Iem-cq-]ß - f - p-sSbpw kzm[o-\w P\-ß-fn-ep-≠mbn. 2. `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßƒ. 3. A®-Sn-bpsS I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-eqsS hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw km[m-cW P\-ßƒ°v e`y-am°phm-\p≈ km[y-Xbp-≠m°n. 4. tZio-b-X-bv°m-bp≈ P\-ß-fpsS apd-hn-fn h¿≤n®p. 5. am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsS A{]-am-Zn-Xzhpw Aan-Xm-[n-Im-c-ßfpw tNmZyw- sN-ø-s∏´p. 6. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ \ne\n∂ A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw Agn-a-Xn-I-fpw. DZm: ]m]-tam-N-\-®o´v. 5 \ho-Ic - Ww Ing-°≥ P¿Ω-\n-bnse hn‰≥_¿Kv ]≈n-bpsS hmXn-en¬ 1517 HIvtSm-_¿ 31-˛mw XobXn am¿´n≥ eqY¿ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bnse ]m]-tam-N-\-®o´v Dƒs∏- sS-bp≈ Zpcm-Nm-c-ßsf Jﬁn®v 95 hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ (95 Theses) ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- XmWv \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ P∑-ap-lq¿Ø-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `qX-Im-e-sØbpw `mhn-Im-e-sØbpw ]m]-ßƒ tamNn-°s∏´v "_kv]p¿°m-\'bnse (ip-≤o-I-cW ÿew) A·n-bn¬\n∂v c£n-°s - ∏-Sp-hm-≥ hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v tdmanse ]m∏-m \¬Ip∂ kΩ-X-]-{X-amWv "]m]-tam-N-\-®o´v' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp \n›n-X -XpI \¬In B¿°pw CXv kz¥-am-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. \ho-Ic - W - {- ]-ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ hf¿® eqY-dns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ henb Xma-k-an-√msX P¿Ω-\n-bnepw a‰p {]tZ-i-ß- fnepw hym]n-®p. kzn‰vk¿e-≠n¬ Dƒdn®v kznw n (Ulrich Zwingli), P\o-h-bn¬ tPm¨ Im¬hn≥ (John Calvin), kvtIm´ve-≠n¬ tPm¨ Ivt\mIvkv (John Knox), Cw -≠n¬ sl≥{Sn Ggm-a≥ cmPmhv (Henri VII) apX-emb-h¿ eqY-dns‚ ka-Im-eo-\-cmb \ho-I-c- W-{]-h¿Ø-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Bi-b-ß-fn¬ sNdnb hyXym-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ \ho-I-cWw krjvSn-°p-hm\pw AXv temIw apgp-h≥ hym]n-∏n-°m\pw Ch-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v km[n-®p. C{]-Imcw tdma≥ ItØm- en°m k`bn¬\n∂v hn´p-t]m-b-h¿, "s{]m´-Ã‚ v k`' AYhm "\ho-I-c-W-°m¿' F∂mWv ]n¬°m-eØv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \ho-Ic - W - X - X - z-ßƒ BZn-a-k-`-bpsS Imew apX¬ ss{IkvXh thZim-kv{X-Ønepw IqZm-i-I-fnepw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw ]cn-]m-en-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßsf tNmZyw sNøp∂ XXz-ß-fmWv Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-Xv. a. k`-bpsS BNm-c-ßfpw N´-°q-Sp-I-fp-a-√, thZ-]p-kvX-I-amWv {InkvXob Pohn-X- Øn-s‚bpw hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw B[m-c-am-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xv. b. Xncp-h-Øm-ghpw kv\m\hpw am{X-amWv k`-bnse IqZm-i-Iƒ. c. kIe hnizm-kn-Iƒ°pw ]utcm-lnXy ÿm\-ap≠v; AXp-sIm≠v {]tXyI ]utcm- ln-Xy-Øn\v kmwK-Xy-an-√. d. ssZh-ap-ºmsI am{X-amWv a\p-jy≥ \oXo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. e. ]cn-ip-≤tcm-Sp≈ kwk¿§hpw hmßn-t∏m-b-h¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]m¿∞-\bpw A¿∞-iq-\y-ß-fm-Wv. ta¬∏-d™ XXz-ßsf Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. {]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw (Counter Reformation) CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶nepw \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ aqe-Im-c-W-ß-fn¬ NneXv kXy-am- sW∂v t_m≤y-s∏´ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k` ]n∂oSv AXn-\p-≈n¬Xs∂ Nne Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ hcp-Øn. CXv \ho-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ßsf XS-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw k`- bpsS hnizm-k-Po-hn-X-ßsf \n¿Ω-eo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw Imc-W-am-bn. tdma≥ ItØm-en- °m-k-`-bn¬ DS-se-SpØ ]cn-jvIm-c-{]-ÿm-\-amWv "{]Xn-\-ho-I-c-Ww.' 1545 apX¬ 1563 hsc s{S‚ v F∂ ÿeØp IqSnb Iu¨kn¬ Cu e£ysØ km[q-I-cn-°p∂ 6 H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. k`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ß-sfbpw hnizm-k-ß-sfbpw Aev]w ]cn-jv-Im-c- ß-tfmsS ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-hm≥ CXn¬ km[n®p. Ct·-jykv etbm-fbpw At±lw ÿm]n® "Cutim k`bpw' (Jesuits) CXn¬ ap≥\n-c-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-h-cm-Wv. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k`bv°v \jv-Ss∏´ {]Xn-—mb Iptd-sb-¶nepw hos≠-Sp-°p-hm≥ CXn- eqsS km[n-®p. \ap°v {]m¿∞n°mw (hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw hmbn-°p∂Xn-\p apºp≈ {]m¿∞-\) Icp-W-bp≈ ssZh-ta, hnip≤ thZ-]p-kvX-IsØ hmbn®p a\- n-em-°p- hm≥ Rß-fpsS lrZ-b-I-Æp-Isf {]Im-in-∏n-°-W-ta. BΩo≥. \ap°v ]mSmw (hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ Gh≥tK-teym≥ hmb-\-bv°p-tijw Be-]n-°p∂ Hcp KoXw.) AJnew Rm\m-cm-™n´pw ssZh-`-bsØ anI-s®m∂pw Rm≥ Z¿in-®n√ ˛ X¬kvt\-l-Ømse [m¿Ωn-I\mw butk-∏m¿∂p ant{kw cmPXzw aln-X≥ aqi hn`m-Kn-®m≥ hSn-bm¬ hmcn-[nsb lm\-\n-bm-Zy-∑m-c-Xn-\m¬˛ A·n-bn¬\n∂pw c£n-X-cmbv X¶-sØ-°m-f-Xp- Imayw a[p-hn-ep-a-Xp-a-[pcw ]mcw ssZhm-cm-[-\sb ˛ kvt\ln-t∏m≥ [\y≥. \n›bw k`m-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ \n-∂p-sIm≠v \∑-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp PohnXw Rßƒ \bn-°pw. s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-cW Bi-b-ß-tfmSp icnbmb kao-]\w ImØp-kq-£n-°p-hm≥ Rßƒ {ian-°pw. \ap-°v Nn-¥n°mw 1. \ho-I-c-W-Im-c-W-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? 2. ]m]-tam-N\- ® - o-´ns‚ {]k‡n F¥v? am¿´n≥ eqY¿ CXn-t\mSp Fßs\ {]Xn- Icn®p? 3. \ho-I-c-W-Øn¬ ap∂n´v {]h¿Øn-®-h¿ Bsc√mw? 4. \ho-I-cW XXz-ßƒ Gh? Ahbv°v \ΩpsS k-`-bn-ep≈ {]k‡n F¥v? 5. {]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw hni-Z-am-°p-I. 6. ""\-ho-I-cWw temI-N-cn-{X-Ønse Hcp {][m\ kw`-h-amWv.'' AXns‚ C∂sØ {]k‡n F¥v? 7 \ap°v Hm¿°mw ""hy‡n-]-c-amb CjvS-ßfpw Xmev]-cy-ßfpw km[n-°Ww F∂p hnNm-cn-°msX ssZthjvSw \S-°W - s - a-∂m-bn-cn-°Ww F√m-bvt∏mgpw \nß-fpsS Dt±iyw'' ˛ ]. _tk- en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm. {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ 1. \ho-I-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp t{]mPIvSv Xøm-dm-°p-I. 2. \ho-I-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hy‡n-I-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v B¬_w Xøm- dm-°p-I. 3. \nßƒ \ho-I-cW ImesØ Hcp tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp-s∂- ¶n¬ \ho-I-c-Wm-i-b-ß-tfmSp Fßs\ {]Xn-I-cn°pam-bn-cp∂p? Hcp D]-\ymkw Xøm-dm-°p-I. XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v Xncp-h-N-\-hm-b-\bpw [ym\hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse \S-Øp-I. 8 ]mTw 17 k`m-hym-]\w BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ ]T-t\m-t±iyw: {InkvXob k`-bpsS ]n¬°me BtKm-f-hn-I-k-\-sØ-°pdn®v a\ n- em-°m≥. a\x-]mTw: ""BI-bm¬ \nßƒ ]pd-s∏-´v, ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw ]p-{X-s‚bpw ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂm- hn-s‚bpw \ma-Øn¬ kv\m\w Ign-∏n®pw Rm≥ \nß-tfmSp Iev]n-®s - Xm-s°bpw {]am-Wn-∏m≥ X°-hÆw D]-tZ-in-®pw-sIm≠v kIe PmXn-I-sfbpw injy-cm°n- s°mƒhn≥'' (a-Ømbn 28:19-˛20). BapJw: temI-saßpw t]mbn km£n-I-fm-Ip-I F∂ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ hm°p- Iƒ A\p-kc - n® injy-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]n≥Km-an-If - p-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \ap°v ]cn-Nn-Xa- m-Wv. ]n¬°m-eØv k`m-hym-]\ - Ø- n\v ]pXnb am\-ßfpw A¿∞-Xe - - ßfpw D≠mbn. hnhn[ coXn-bn¬ hntZ-ic - m-Py-ßf - n-te-bv°v IpSn-tb-dnb {InkvXo- b-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw k`bpw Ah-ch - ¿ sN∂-bn-Sß - f - n¬ {InkvXp-aX- {- ]-Nm-cØ - n\v {]m[m-\yw \¬In. Ah-sb-°p-dn®v Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]-Tn-°mw. ]mT-`mKw 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse s{]m´-Ã‚ v -\-ho-I-cWw k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse Hcp hgn-Øn-cn- hmbn. AXn-\p-tijw tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m -˛- s{]m-´-Ã‚ v k`-Iƒ Xß-fpsS \ne- \nev]n\pw {]Nm-c-Øn-\pw -th≠n i‡n-tbmsS {]h¿Øn-®p. tImf-\n-h-XvI-c-Whpw kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-Whpw tbmPn-∏n® Hcp ssien-bmWv CXn-\mbn Ccp-Iq-´cpw D]- tbm-Kn-®Xv. k`m-hym-]-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb kphn-ti-j-co-Xn-Ifpw {]ÿm-\-ßfpw GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. tImf-\n-hX - vIc - W - hpw kphn-ti-jo-Ic - W - hpw t]m¿®p-K¬, kvs]bn≥, {^m≥kv, U®v, {_n´¨ apXemb cmPy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p tImf-\n-h-XvI-c-WØn\v XpS-°w-Ip-dn-®-Xv. hmWn-Py-Øn\pw a‰p Bh-iy-ßƒ°p-ambn a‰p cmPy-ß-fn¬ sN∂ Ch¿ {ItaW B cmPy-ß-sf -X-ß-fpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-°n. CXmWv tImf-\n-h-XvI-c-Ww. F. Un. 1500-˛1800 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ t]m¿®p-Kepw kvs]bn\pw Cu Imcy-Øn¬ ap∂n´v \ns∂-¶n¬ {ItaW a‰p cmPy-ßfpw CXn¬ `mK-`m-°m-bn. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-jh - X - vIc - Ww tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw {][m-\-ambpw B{i-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv t]m¿®pK¬, kvs]bn≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw t]m∏n-s\-bp-amWv. AXmXv `cWm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Ah-c-h¿ Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kphn-ti-j- h-XvI-cWw \S-Øm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw t]m∏v \¬In. {][m-\-ambpw c≠p -{]-h¿Ø-\- co-Xn-I-fmWv tdma≥ ItØm-en°m k` kzoI-cn-®Xv: 1. s]t{Um-htUm anj≥ (Pedroado Mission): kvs]bn≥, t]m¿®p-K¬ F∂o cmPy- ß-fnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS \S∂ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-Ww. 2. s{]m∏-Km≥Um anj≥ (Propaganda Mission - hnizm-k{- ]-am-Wk - ` - ): tdma≥ ItØm- 9 en°m k` kz¥w \ne-bn¬ \S-Ønb kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-Ww. s{]m´-Ã‚ v kphn-ti-jh - X - vIc - Ww 17-˛mw \q‰m≠v s{]m´-Ã‚ v k`sb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kz]-cn-c-£-bp-sSbpw k`m-ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚bpw Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. {_n´o-jv, {^©v, U®v tImf-\n-I-fpsS hf¿® s{]m´-Ã‚ v kphn-ti-jo-I-c-W-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°pw Imc-W-ambn. {][m-\- ambpw Gjy, B{^n-° `qJ-ﬁ-ß-fnepw ]k-^nIv Zzo]-k-aq-l-ß-fn-ep-amWv Ah¿ {i≤ tI{µo-I-cn-®-Xv. hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, kmaq-lnIw F∂o taJ-e-I-fnse ]ptcm-K-a\ -{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ {]mtZ-in-I-]-cn-`m-jbv°v Du∂¬ sImSp-ØXpw ChcpsS anj-\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v am‰p-Iq´n. {][m\ kphn-ti-jk - w-Lß - ƒ _m]v‰nÃv anj-\dn skmssk‰n (BMS), e≠≥ anj-\dn skmssk‰n (LMS), N¿®v anj-\dn skmssk‰n (CMS), {_n´ojv & t^mdn≥ ss__nƒ skmssk-‰n (BFBS), Ata-cn-°≥ _m]v‰nÃv anj-\dn skmssk-‰n (ABMS), _msk¬ anj≥ (BM), {]kv_n-t‰-dn-b≥ t^mdn≥ anj≥ skmssk‰n (PFMS) apXemb-h-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m\ s{]m´-Ã‚ v anj-\dn kwL-ßƒ. kphn-ti-jh - X - vIc - Ww `mc-XØ - n¬ `mc-X-Øn¬ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw BZy-ambn \S-Øn-bXv am¿tØmΩm «olm- bm-Wv. ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ {InkvXob kaqlw Xß-fp-tS-Xmb X\Xv ]mc-º-cy- ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-hXvI-c-W- Øns‚ BK-a-\-tØmsS Xt±-iob k`-bn¬\n∂v Bfp-Isf AS¿Øn-am‰p∂ {]h- WX kwPm-X-am-bn. sUman-\n-°≥, {^m≥kn-kvI≥, I¿Ω-eo-Ø≥, sPkyq-´pIƒ apXemb k\ym-k- k-aq-l-ß-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv `mc-X-Øn¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j- hXvIc- Ww {][m-\a - mbpw \S-∂n-´p-≈X - v. {^m≥knkv tkhy¿, tdm_¿´v Un t\m_nen, ^m. {_nt´m, ^m. s_kvIn apXemb-h-cm-bn-cp∂p tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j- h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ apJy-[mcm {]h¿Ø-I¿. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-WsØ XpS¿∂p `mc-X-Øn¬ i‡n- {]m-]n-®Xv s{]m´-Ã‚ v kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. _¿Ø-temanb koK≥_mKv, sl‚n°v πqtjm, hneyw -tI-dn, tXmakv t\m¿´≥, _©-an≥ s_-bven, tPmk^v s^≥, sl≥dn t_°¿ apXemb-h-cm-bn-cp∂p {][m\ s{]m´Ã‚ v anj-\-dn-am¿. kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` `mc-X-a-Æn¬ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\v Xß-fp-tS-Xmb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ Bcw-`-Im-e-L´w apX¬t° \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. ]nXm-°-∑m¿ XßfpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-fn-eqsS CXns\ bmYm¿∞yam-°n. F∂m¬ Hcp kwL-Sn-X- kp-hn-ti- j-h-XvI-c-W-{]-{In-b-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv ]cn. ]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta- \n-bpsS Ime-L´w apX¬°m-Wv. ]cn. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n- Xp-S-°-an´ Cu kphn-ti-j- h-XvI-c-W-{]-{In-b-Iƒ i‡n-{]m-]n-°p-∂Xv ]t{Xmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp- ta-\n-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ k` HutZym-Kn-I-ambn anj-\dn {]ÿm\w Bcw- `n-°p-Ibpw `mc-X-Øn-\p-≈nse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kphn-ti-j-sh-fn®w FØn- 10 °p-hm≥ CXn-eqsS km[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn\v Np°m≥ ]nSn® ]nXm-°-∑m- cmWv tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n, kvtX^m-t\mkv am¿ tXthm-tZm-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n F∂n-h¿. kphn-ti-jh - X - vIc - W - Ø - ns‚ ^e-ßƒ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw BtKmf ss{IkvX-h-k-`m-X-e-Ønepw kmaq-lnI taJ-e- bnepw henb am‰-ß-fmWv krjvSn-®-Xv. Ah NphsS tN¿°p-∂p. 1. ss{IkvXh k`m-hnI-k\w km[y-am-bn. 2. hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ Xt±-io-b -]-cn-`m-j-Iƒ D≠m-bn. 3. hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-Øns‚ Db¿®. 4. sshZy-imkv{X taJ-e-bnse D∂-a\w. 5. kmaq-lnI A\m-Nm-c-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm¿÷\w. 6. [¿Ω-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw. \ap°v {]m¿∞n°mw (hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw hmbn-®p-I-gn-™n-´p≈ {]m¿∞-\) Imcp-Wy-hm-\mb ssZhta, \o Rßƒ°v X∂n-´p≈ {]tbm-P-\-Ic-amb, hn-ip≤ ]pkvX-I-Ønse Poh-h-N-\-ßƒ°v th≠n \ns∂bpw \ns‚ ]nXm-hn-s\bpw \ns‚ ]cn-ip≤ dqlm-sbbpw Ct∏mgpw Ft∏mgpw kvXpXn®v kvtXm{Xw sNøp-∂p. \ap°v ]mSmw (cm{Xn- \a-kvImc k-a-bØv Be-]n-°p∂ am-hp¿t_m. ivloam \a-kvIm-c-Øn¬\n-∂pw) XmX-∑msc ]ﬁn-Xcmw aev]m-∑mtc! ]mcw tamZn-∏n≥ hN-\-a-XmIpw hnØp-h-f¿t∂-h≥tK-teym\n¬ \mY≥ t\cm-b-cp-fn-b-t]m¬ ap∏-Xp-a-dp-]-Xp-sam-cp-\qdpw ta\n hnizm-k-aXm-Ip∂ ^ew temI¿°-cp-fn-b-tXm¿Øm-em-›cyw \n›bw ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ sI´p-]-Wn-°mbn Rßƒ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw \S-Øpw. \ap°v Nn¥n°mw 1. tImf-\n-h-XvI-cWw F∂m¬ F¥v? CXv kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-hp-ambn Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p? 2. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX F¥v? 11 3. s]t{Um-h-tUm, s{]m∏-Km≥Um Ch hni-Z-am-°p-I. 4. BZyIme tdma≥ ItØm-en°m kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-WsØ C∂sØ Ime-L-´- hp-ambn XmcX-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. 5. ""s{]m´-Ã‚ v kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw Ah-cpsS \ne-\n-ev]ns‚ {]iv\-am-bn-cp∂p.'' hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I. 6. s{]m´-Ã-‚ v kphn-ti-jo-I-cW coXn-Iƒ Gh? 7. s{]m´-Ã‚ v kphn-ti-j-kw-L-ßƒ Gh? 8. `mc-X-Øn¬ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv Bsc√mw? 9. ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bnse kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hni-Z- am-°p-I. 10. kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ ^e-ßƒ Gh? \ap°v Hm¿°mw ""hnizm-k-Øn\v AXn-cp-I-fp-≠v. F∂m¬ ssZh-kvt\-l-Øn\v AXn-cp-I-fn√'' ˛ tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm. {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ 1. tdma≥ ItØm-en°m ˛ s{]m´-Ã‚ v anj-\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv anj\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn XmcXayw sNbvXv Hcp {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-I. 2. ae-¶c k`-bnse anj-\dn kwL-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw anj-\-dn-am-sc-°p-dn®pw Hcp eLp- hn-h-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I. 3. Hm¿ØtUmIvkv hnizm-kn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ tdma≥ ItØm-en°m ˛ s{]m´-Ã‚ v anj\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nßƒ Fßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p? 12 ]mTw 18 ae-¶c k` 17 apX¬ 19 hsc-bp≈ \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]T-t\m-t±iyw: 17 apX¬ 19 hsc-bp≈ \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ Ac-tß-dnb \n¿Æm-b-I-kw-`-h-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°m≥. a\x-]mTw: ""CXm Rm≥ \ns∂ DuXn-°-gn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. sh≈n-sb-t∏mse A√m-Xm\pw. Rm≥ \ns∂ Ijv S - X - b psS Nqf- b n- e m- I p∂p DuXn- ° - g n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v '' (sbiømhv 48:10). BapJw GXp `c-W{- I-aØ- n\pw {]ÿm-\ß- ƒ°pw Hcp kph¿Æ-Im-eL - ´w D≠m-bn-cn°pw. ae-¶c- k - ` - b - nse Hcp kph¿Æ-Im-eL - ´- a - m-bn-cp∂p 17 apX¬ 19 hsc-bp≈ \q‰m≠pIƒ. hnhn[ kw`-h-ßƒ°v ae-¶-c-k` Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ km£yw hln-®p. Ah-sb-°p- dn®v Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]Tn-°mw. ]mT-`mKw ae-¶c - k - ` kzX-{¥-Xo-cp-am-\ß - s - f-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXn-\\ - p-kr-Xa - mbn apt∂m´p\oßp- Ibpw sNbvX Hcp Ime-{I-a-amWv 17-˛mw \q‰m≠v apX-ep-≠m-b-Xv. Iq\≥Ip-cniv kXy- tØmsS ae-¶-c-bpsS kzXz-t_m[w DW¿∂p. F∂m¬ hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-k- ‘n-Iƒ°pw Cu Ime-L´w hnt[-b-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ch \ap°v hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim- [n-°mw. Iq\≥Ip-cniv kXy-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ ae-¶-c-k` 1653-˛se Iq\≥Ip-cniv kXy-tØmsS ae-¶ck` hntZ-im-[n-]X - y-Øn¬\n∂v tamNn- X-am-bn. A∂p-ap-X¬ "am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-∑m¿' F∂ Xt±iob sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS `cW- Øn≥Io-gn¬ ae-¶c - k - ` \ne-sIm-≠p. k`-bpsS Bcm-[\- m-{I-ao-Ic - W- ß - ƒ°pw At∏m- kvtXm-enI ]mc-º-cy-Øn-\p-am-bn, apºv ae-¶-c-k` _‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ t]¿jy≥ k`-bpƒs∏sS hnhn[ k`-Isf kao-]n-®p. F∂m¬ 1665-˛¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ k` am{X- amWv CXn-t\mSp A\p-Iq-e-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv. Aßs\ ae-¶-c-k` Xß-fm-{K-ln-®- Xp-t]mse kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ ho≠pw \ne-sIm-≠p. 1653 apX¬ 1817 hsc H≥]Xv am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS kp[oc t\XrXzw ae¶-c-k-`-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. am¿tØmΩm H≥]Xm-a\v Xs‚ `c-W-]-c-amb A[nImc- ßƒ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ A∂sØ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ km[n-®n-√. 1815-˛¬ ]pen- t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v dºm≥ "am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv' F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-\m-hp-Ibpw cmP- Iob hnfw-_-c-Øm¬, "am¿tØmΩm' F∂ A[n-Im-c-Øn\v Xpeyamb "ae-¶c sa{Xm- t∏m-eoØm' ÿm\w Gev°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-∑m¿°v tijw "am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv' F∂ \ma[m-cn-If- mb "ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm'-am-cmWv k`sb \bn-®-Xv. ae-¶ck-`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]e kw`-h-ßfpw Ac-tß-dn- bXv Cu Ime-L-´-ß-fn-emWv; {]tXy-In®pw 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬. Ah hni-Z-ambn \ap°v At\z-jn-°mw. 13 h´n-∏Ww (1808) am¿tØmΩm Bdm-as‚ {ia-^-e-ambn kzcq-]n® 3000 ]qh-cm-lm≥ (G-I-tZiw 10500 cq]) At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Kman am¿tØmΩm Ggm-a≥ {_n´ojv CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-bn¬ F´p iX-am\w ]en-ibv°v \nt£-]n-®-Xm-Wn-Xv. h¿jw-tXmdpw kap-Zm- b-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI tkh-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°mbn Cu ]eni hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-bn- cp∂p e£yw. ]g-bs - k-an-\mcn ÿm]\w (1815) 1813-˛¬ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v dºm-\mWv (]n-∂oSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠ma≥) CXns‚ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv. A∂sØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cm⁄n dmWn e£v a n- ` m- b n, CXns‚ \n¿Ωm- W - Ø n- \ mbn 16 G°¿ ÿew Icsamgnhmbpw 20000 cq], \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb XSn F∂nh Zm\-ambpw \¬In. Xncp-h√ ]men-tb-°c ]≈n sslµh {_m“-W¿ Xosh-®p-\-in-∏n-®-Xn\v tIW¬ a¨tdm Npa-Ønb ]ng-bpsS ]IpXn XpIbpw skan-\mcn \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn \¬In. kn. Fw. Fkv. anj-\-dn-am-cp-sSbpw tIW¬ a¨tdm-bp-sSbpw kl-I-c-W-tØmsS 1815-˛¬ skan-\mcn {]h¿Ø\k÷-am-bn. amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme (1836) kn. Fw. Fkv. anj-\-dn-am-cp-am-bp≈ kl-I-cWw Bcw-`-Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬ kulr- Z-]-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse Bcm-[-\m-]m-c-º-cy-ß-fn- tebv°v s{]m´-Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-Wm-i-b-ßƒ Xncp-In-°-b-‰p-hm≥ Ch¿ {ian-®Xv Ccp-Iq- ´cpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w De-bp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. 1835-˛¬ I¬°-´-bnse Bw n-°≥ _nj∏v hn¬k¨ Xs‚ Bdn\ \n¿t±-i-ß-fp-ambn ae-¶-c-bn¬ FØn. Ch-sb-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-hm-\mbn 1836 P\p-hcn 16-˛\v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv \mem-a≥ (tN-∏m´v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv) amth-en-°c ]pXn-b-Imhv ]≈n-bn¬ Hcp ]≈n-{]-Xn- ]p-cp-j-tbmKw hnfn®p tN¿Øp. tbmKw _nj∏v hn¬ks‚ \n¿t±-i-ßsf X≈n-°- f-bm\pw Xßƒ XpS¿∂ph∂-psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \ne- \n¬°m\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. Cu Xocp-am-\-amWv "amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv (1876) "amth-en-°c ]Sn-tbme'bneqsS \ho-I-c-Wm-i-b-ß-tfmSp ae-¶-c-k` hnS]d-™p- sh-¶n-epw, amcm-a¨ ]me-°p-∂Øv G{_lmw aev]ms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp-Iq´w Bfp-Iƒ AXn-t\mSp A\p-`m-h-]q¿∆-amb \ne-]m-SmWv kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Ch¿°v k`bn¬\n∂pw cq£-amb FXn¿∏v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. XXv^-e-ambn 1841-˛¬ G{_lmw aev]m≥ Xs‚ A\-¥n-c-h-\mb amXyqkv siΩm-is\ At¥ym-Jy-mbn-te-bv°-b®v "amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv' F∂-t]-cn¬ sa{Xm-\m-°n. 1843-˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ Xncn-sI-sb-Ønb ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv A∂sØ `c-W-Iq-SsØ kzm[o-\n®v Xs‚ ÿm\w Dd-∏n-®p. X∑qew am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv \mem-a\v Xs‚ ÿm\w Hgn-tb-≠-Xmbn h∂p. F∂m¬ ae-¶c k`m-a-°ƒ, ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v IØ-\msc At¥ym-Jy-bn-te-°b - ®v 1865-˛¬ "am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv' F∂-t]-cn¬ sa{Xm- \m-°n. 1866-˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ aS-ßn-sb-Ønb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ Xs‚ "ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm'ÿm\w Dd-∏n-°m≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw AXn\p km[n-®n-√. Ah-km-\w, CXns\mcp Xo¿∏p-≠m-°p-hm-\mbn am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw Iq´cpw ]m{Xn- 14 b¿°o-kns\ ae-¶-c-bn-tebv°v £Wn-®p. Aßs\ 1876-˛-¬ FØnb ]t{Xmkv XrXo- b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[y-£-X-bn¬ apf-¥p-cpØn am¿tØm-Ω≥ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v aq∂p-Zn-hkw ssZ¿Ly-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ "apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv' IqSn. am¿ AØm- \m-tkym-kns‚ A[n-Im-c-sØbpw \S-]-Sn-I-sfbpw tNmZyw-sNbvX kp∂-l-tZm-kv, ae-¶c - k - `- bv°v Nne `c-W{- I-aß - ƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\m-Sp≈ hnt[- bXzw {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. `{Zm-k\ hn`-P-\hpw sa{Xm≥ hmgvNbpw apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv amXyqkv Hc¿∞-Øn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°os‚ A[o-iXzw AwKo-I-cn-°-em-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw Iq´cpw Xß-fpsS XpS¿{]- h¿Ø-\ß - f- n¬ CXn-\\ - p- Iq-ea - mbn {]h¿Øn-®n-√. CXv a\- n-em-°nb ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ Adn-thm, kΩ-Xtam IqSmsX H∂m-bn-cp∂ ae-¶-c-k-`sb Ggp `{Zm-k-\-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°p-Ibpw Bdp ]pXnb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-amsc hmgn- °p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIm´-bw, Xpº-a¨, A¶-am-en, \nc-Ww, I≠-\m-Sv, sIm®n, sIm√w F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p ]pXnb `{Zm-k-\-ßƒ. ]utemkv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kv, Koh¿Kokv am¿ bqen-tbm-kv, Koh¿Kokv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kv, Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KotKm-dn- tbm-kv (]-cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n), ]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv (]n-∂oSv ae-¶-c-k-`- bpsS H∂mw ImtXm-en-°), sia-hq≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂n-h¿ Bbn-cp∂p ]pXnb sa{Xm-∑m¿. tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n (1889) apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv amXyqkv am¿ AØ-m\m-tkym-kns‚ "a-e-¶c sa{Xm- t∏m-eoØm' ÿm\sØ Xnc-kvI-cn-s®-¶nepw tImSXn aptJ\ A¥naXo¿∏p-≠m- °m≥ `c-WI - qSw Bh-iy-s∏-´p. AX-\p-kc - n®v 1879-˛¬ "skan-\mcn tIkv' F∂ t]cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Pn√mtImS-Xn-bn¬ ka¿∏n® tIkn¬, 1889-˛¬ tdmb¬ tImS- Xn-bn¬\n∂pw A¥na hn[n-bp-≠m-bn. tdmb¬tIm-SXn hn[n-bn-eqsS am¿ Zoh-∂m- tkym-kns‚ "ae¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm' ÿm\w Dd-∏n-®p. IqSmsX ]m{Xn-b¿°o- kn\v ae-¶-c-bn¬ Bﬂob A[n-Imcw am{X-ta-bp-≈q-sh∂v Ak-∂n-Kv≤-ambn {]Jym- ]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \ap°v {]m¿∞n°mw (hn-f°v sImfp-Øptºmgp≈ {]m¿∞-\, ]mºm-°pS \a-kvImcw) {]Imiw \nd-™n-cn-°p∂ tbipth, kIe krjvSn-I-sfbpw {]Im-in-∏n- °p∂ kXy-{]-Imiw \o BI-bm¬ \ns‚ {]Im-i-Øn-em-Ip∂p Rßƒ {]Imiw ImWp∂-Xv. kz¿§ob ]nXm-hns‚ IXn-cm-bp-≈-ht\, \ns‚ tim`-bp≈ {]Im-i-Øm¬ Rßsf {]Im-in-∏n-°-W-ta. BΩo≥. \ap°v ]mSmw (ivloam \a-kvImcw ˛ sh≈n {]`m-Xw) k`sb! \n≥ hmXn¬-˛-Im-h¬°m-sc∂pw kmØm-\n¬ \n∂pw-˛-Im-°p∂p \ns∂ iotam-\m-[m-cw-˛-]u-temtkm inev]n tbml-∂m-\n-jvS≥-˛-ip-{iq-j-°m-c≥ lm... dqlm-X≥ hoWm-˛-\mZw ZmhoZmw 15 \n›bw k`-bpsS ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Ic-ßƒ°v i‡n-]-I¿∂v k`m-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ Rm≥ AN-©-e-\m-bn-cn-°pw. \ap°v Nn¥n°mw 1. Iq\≥Ip-cniv kXy-Øn\v tijw ae-¶-c-k-`sb \bn-®-Xmsc√mw? 2. "h´n-∏Ww' F¥mWv? 3. kn. Fw. Fkv. anj-\-dn-am-cpsS {]h¿Ø\w ae-¶c k`bv°v t\´hpw tIm´-hp- am-bXv GXp-hn-[-Øn¬? 4. apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv hnP-btam? ]cm-P-btam? hniZoI-cn-°p-I. 5. ]m{Xn- b ¿°okv cq]o- I - c n® `{Zm- k - \ - ß ƒ GsX√mw? hmgn® sa{Xm- ∑ m¿ Bsc√mw? 6. tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n F¥m-bn-cp∂p? {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ 1. ""19-˛mw \q‰m≠v ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v \n¿Æm-b-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.'' \nß-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. 2. ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn, apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv F∂nh-sb-°p-dn®v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øp-I. 3. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse \n¿Æm-b-I-kw-`-h-ßsf kw_-‘n® Hcp B¬_w Xøm-dm- °p-I. \ap°v Hm¿°mw ""\ΩpsS k`-bn¬ kw`-hn-®n-´p≈ h≥Im-cy-ß-sf√mw \ΩpsS _p≤n-i-‡n- sImt≠m `c-W-ssh-`-hw-sImt≠m BsW∂v \ap°v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-hm≥ \nhr-Øn- bn√'' ˛ tUm. ]utemkv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm. 16 ]mTw 19 ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\ Ncn{Xw ]T-t\m-t±iyw: ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `c-W-kn-cm-tI-{µ-amb ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\- sØ-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°m≥. a\x-]mTw: ""Fs∂ A\p-Ka- n-®n-cn-°p-∂h - c - mb \nßƒ ]p\¿P-\\ - Ø - n¬ a\p-jy-]p{X≥ Xs‚ al-Xz-Øns‚ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ \nßfpw ]{¥≠p knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Ccp∂p bn{km-tb¬ tKm{Xw ]{¥-≠n-s\bpw \ymbw hn[n°pw'' (aØmbn 19:28). BapJw `c-W-Øn¬ kncm-tI-{µ-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv AXnse `c-W-I¿Øm-°-fm-Wv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-am-bmepw GIm-[n-]-Xy-am-bmepw AXn\p Hcp ]c-tam-∂X Xe-h≥ D≠m- bn-cn-°pw. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `cW kncm-tI-{µ-amb ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-sØ- °p-dn®v Cu ]mT-Øn¬ ]Tn-°mw. ]mT-`mKw ]cn-ip≤ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Bÿm\w tIm´bw tZh-temIw ImtXm-en-t°‰v Aca\bpw Xe-h≥ ImtXm-en°m _mh-bp-am-sW∂v \ap-°d- n-bmw. am¿tØmΩm «olm- bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn-emWv ImtXm-en°m _mhm hmW-cp-fp-∂-Xv. Cu ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v \ap°v {]th-in-°mw. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\w I¿Ør-in-jy-\mb am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS ss]Xr-I-amWv \mw Ah-Im-i-s∏- Sp-∂-Xv. ""am¿tØmΩmbpsS am¿§hpw hgn-]mSpw'' (hn-izm-khpw PmXn-bpw) F∂mWv CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. BZn-a-Imew apX¬t° D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ am¿tØmΩ≥ ss]Xr-Ihpw A[n-Im-c-hp-amWv am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-ambn IW- °m-°p-∂X - v. ae-¶c k`-bn¬ Imem-Im-eß - f - n¬ `c-WI - ¿Øm-°f - mb thZ-Øe- h - ∑m¿, PmXn°p I¿Ø-hy-∑m¿, A¿°Znbmt°m-∑m¿, am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-∑m¿, ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿, ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ F∂n-h-cmWv am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ Ah-Im-in-Ifpw ]n¥p-S¿®-°m-cpw. ImtXm-en° tdma≥ km{am-Py-Øn\v shfn-bn-ep≈ k`m-X-e-h-∑m-sc-bmWv "ImtXm-en-t°mkv' F∂ t]cn¬ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\v `c-W-I¿Ømhv F∂mWv A¿∞w. t]¿jy≥ km{am-Py-Ønse skep-jym-˛-sÃ-kn-t^m-Wnse sa{Xm-\mWv "ImtXm-en°m' F∂ t]cv BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. F. Un. 410, 420, 424 Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ ktΩ-fn® t]¿jy≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ ImtXm-en-°-bpsS A[n-Im-c-h-Im-i-ßƒ \n¿Æ-bn-®p. ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w BZn-ak`bn¬ Xt±-io-b-amb hym]-\-am-bn-cp∂p k`-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. "ImtXm-en°' F∂ kw⁄ ae-¶-c-bn¬ D]-tbm-K-Øn-em-Ip-∂Xv 1912-˛se ImtXm- en°m knwlm-k-\-ÿm-]-\-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse ap≥Im-e-`-c-W-I¿Øm- °-sf√mw ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\-Øn\v Xpey-amb `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-amWv \n¿∆-ln-®n- 17 cp-∂-Xv. "thZ-Ø-e-h-∑m¿' XpSßn "ImtXm-en°m' hsc-bp≈ A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ßƒ Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]cn-Wmaw {]m]n®v h∂-XmWv (historical evolution). ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\ - ÿ - m-]\w 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 15˛\mWv ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ÿm]n-°p- ∂-Xv. A∂sØ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bn-cp∂ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdmas\ (h-´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n) At¥ym-Jy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmb am¿ A_vZp≈m apS-°n-b- XmWv ChnsS kzX{¥ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn ÿm]n-°Ww F∂ Bh- iy-Øn\v i‡n-Iq-´n-b-Xv. A_vZp≈m ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kv, Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdmas\ apS-°n-b-bp-S≥ Xs∂ ae-¶-c-k-`m-a-°ƒ A_vtZZv ainlm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ae-¶-c- bn¬ kzX{¥ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \nb-am-\p-kr-Xa - mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw F∂m¬ Xp¿°n kp¬Øms‚ AwKo-Imcw \jv-S-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ `c-W-ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂v cmjv{So-b-ambn {`jvS-\m-°-s∏- Sp-Ibpw sNbvX ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmWv am¿ A_vtZZv ain-lm. ae-¶-c-bnse \nP-ÿn- Xn-bd- n™ A_vtZZv ainlm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv 1912-˛¬ ae-¶c - b - n¬ FØp-Ibpw \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬h®v apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s\, "am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv ]utemkv' F∂ t]cn¬ ImtXm-en-°-bmbn hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ ae-¶- c-bnepw kzX{¥ `c-W-{I-a-Øns‚ {]Xn-cq-]-amb ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-ÿm- ]\w bmYm¿∞y-am-bn. 1934-˛¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ Imew sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw ae-¶c sa{Xm- t∏m-eo-Øm-ÿm-\hpw ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\hpw Hcm-fn¬Xs∂ \n£n-]vX-am-bn. aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°mbmb _tk-en-tbm-kv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mh-bmWv C{]-Imcw BZy-ambn Ccp-ÿm-\-ßfpw Hcp-an®p hln-®Xv. AXn-\p-tijw ÿm\-ta‰ F√m ImtXm-en-°-amcpw Ccp-ÿm-\-ßfpw Hcp-an-®mWv hln-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. 1934-˛¬ ae-¶c k` AXns‚ `c-W-L-S-\bv°v cq]w-sIm-Sp-Øp. kzX-{¥-`m-c-X- Øns‚ `c-W-L-S-\m-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v 16 h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºv cq]o-Ir-X-amb `cW-L- S-\-bn-eqsS ae-¶-c-k` AXns‚ hy‡n-Xzhpw ]q¿Æ kzmX-{¥yhpw hy‡-am-°n. ImtXm-en°m, k`-bpsS Bﬂo-bhpw `uXn-I-hp-amb Xe-h-s\∂v kwi-b-t`-Z-sat\y CXn- e qsS {]Jym- ] n- ° - s ∏- S p- I bpw sNbv X p. t]¿jy- b nse skeq- j y- b nepw sX{Koknepw AXXp {]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰pw a{^n-bm-t\‰pw ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xp-t]mse ae-¶-c-bnse {]tXy-I-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ChnsS ÿm]n- X-amb ImtXm-en-t°‰v k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse Hcp s]m≥Zo-]-ambn C∂pw ]cn-e-kn-°p∂p. \ap°v {]m¿∞n°mw (G-I-]-cn-ip-≤-t\m-Sp≈ {]m¿∞-\) ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hmb am¿ tXmam-«olm, ssZhw Aß-bpsS kpIr-XØn¬ Rßsf kw_-‘n-∏n-°p-Ibpw \ns‚ {]m¿∞\ aqew Ft∂bv°pw ssZh- Øns‚ Icp-W-Iƒ°pw Zb-hn\pw Rßsf tbmKy-cm-°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-am-dm-I-W-ta. BΩo≥. \ap°v ]mSmw am¿tØmΩm knwlm-k-\Øn¬ Bcq-V-\mIpw ]nXmth Ing-°n-s‚-sbm-s°bpw hµy ImtXm-en°m Btam-Z-ambv hmgvI \oWmƒ (2) (am¿tØm-Ωm...) 18 \{km-b-\m-taip injy¿°p \¬Inb AXn-t{i-jvTm-Nm-cyXzw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ (2) ssIa-dn-s™-Ønbo hµy ]nXm-hn-em˛ Zo]w sImfpØn \o Bbn-c-ambv (2) (am¿tØm-Ωm...) ]´n-Wn-∏m-h-ßƒs°∂pw XpW-bmbv tcmKn-Iƒ ZpxJn-X¿°m-ew-_-ambv (2) ]Xn-\m-bn-c-ßƒ X≥ a°ƒ°n-S-b-\mbv sFiz-cy-k-ºq¿Æ-\mbv hmgvI (2) am¿tØmΩm... Btam-Z-ambv hmgvI \oWmƒ (3) \n›bw k`-bpsS kzXzhpw X\n-abpw kzmX-{¥yhpw ImØp-kq-£n-°m≥ ImtXm-en-t°‰n≥ Iogn¬ Rm≥ F∂pw ASn-bp-d®v \n¬°pw. \ap°v Nn¥n°mw 1. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS knwlm-k\w F∂-Xp-sIm≠p \nßƒ A¿∞-am-°p- ∂Xv F¥v? 2. ImtXm-en° F∂m¬ BcmWv? ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ct∏m-gsØ ImtXm-en° BcmWv? 3. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ {]k‡n F¥v? 4. ae-¶c - k - ` - b - n¬ Im-tXm-en°m knwlm-k\ - ÿ - m-]\w bmYm¿∞y-am-bXv Fßs\? 5. ae-¶-c-k`bpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn-eqsS k`bv°v e`y-amb t\´-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? \-ap°v Hm¿°mw ""\ΩpsS k`-bpsS \ne-\n-ev]n\pw t£a-Øn\pw ta¬K-Xn°pw Hgn-®p-Iq-SmØ AXym-h-iy-sa-s¥∂v \nß-fn¬ ]ecpw \tΩm-Sp-IqSn ]c-am¿∞-ambn hniz-kn-°p- ∂Xpw CXp-h-sc-bmbn ]e {]bm-k-ßƒ kln®v \msa-√m-hcpw kwc-£n-®p-sIm-≠n- cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ImtXm-en°m ÿm]-\sØ ]pe¿Øn-s°m≠v t]mIm-\p≈ Npa-X- ebpw \mw \nß-fn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cnepw ka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p'' ˛ ]cn-ip≤ h´-t»cn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncpta\nbpsS A-¥y-I-ev]-\bn¬\n-∂pw). {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ 1. ae-¶c- k - `- sb Imem-Im-eß - f - n¬ `cn® ]nXm-°∑ - m-sc-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm°pI. 2. ImtXm-en°, ]m-{Xn-b¿°o-kv F∂nh XΩn-ep≈ kmay-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ I≠p-]n- Sn-°p-I. 3. ""ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzmX-{¥yØns‚ {]Xo-I-am-Wv.'' N¿® sNøp-I. am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-a≥ (h-enb am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv) AYhm am¿tØmΩm Bdm-a≥ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥ (]p-en-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv H∂m-a≥) am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv aq∂m-a≥ (]p-∂{X am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv) am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv \mem-a≥ (tN∏mSv am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv) am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ (]p-en-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv c≠m-a≥) am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥ (h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv) 19 bqWn‰v A©v hnip≤ Ip¿_m\ Hcp ]T\w ]mTw 20 am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm ]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: "am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm' F∂ kvXpXn∏v KoX-Øns‚ A¿∞hpw {]m[m-\yhpw a\- n-em-°p-I. `h-\-Øn¬ {]`m-X-{]m¿∞-\m-k-a- bØv Cu {]m¿∞\ sNm√p-I. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v Cu KoXw sNm√p-tºmƒ A¿∞w a\- n-em-°n, `‡n-tbmsS ]s¶- Sp°p-I. a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: ""Fs‚ D≈w I¿Øm-hns\ aln-a-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p; Fs‚ Bﬂmhv Fs‚ c£n-Xm-hmb ssZh-Øn¬ D√-kn-°p∂p'' (hn. eqt°mkv 1:46, 47). ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{I-aw, hn. thZ-]p-kvX-Iw, {]m¿∞-\m-{I-aw. BapJw hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ F√m-hcpw ]Xn-hmbn ]s¶-Sp-°m-dp-≠-t√m. hn. Ip¿∫m\ ]c-ky-ambn Bcw-`n-°p-tºmƒ F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v sNm√p∂ KoXamWv ""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤∑m¿...'' Cu KoX-Øns‚ t]cv am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm F∂mWv. amXm-hn-s\bpw hnip-≤-scbpw \mw Hm¿°p-Ibpw I¿Øm-hns‚ P\-\hpw IjvSm-\p- `-hhpw {Iqip-a-c-Whpw Dbn¿∏pw Hm¿°p-Ibpw ]cn-ip≤ {XnXz-Øn¬ ic-W-s∏-Sp- Ibpw sNøp∂ t{ijvT-amb Hcp KoX-am-Wn-Xv. Cu KoXhpw AXns‚ A¿∞hpw {]m[m-\y-hp-amWv \Ωƒ C∂p ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. ]mT-`mKw am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm F∂p \mw hnfn-°p∂ KoX-Øns‚ KZy-cq]w ]mºm-°pS \a-kvIm-c-Ønepw a‰pw ""kz`mh{]Imcw ac-W-an-√m-Ø-h\pw...'' F∂p XpS-ßp∂ {]m¿∞-\-bmbn sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. C∂p \mw sNm√p∂ KoX-Øns‚ ]Zm-\p-]Z KZyw \man-t∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{I-a-Øn-ep≠v. F¥mWv "am\okm?' "am\okm' F∂ kpdn-bm-\n-]-Z-Øn\v "kvXpXn∏v' F∂m-W¿∞w. \ΩpsS k`- bpsS Bcm-[-\-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kvXpXn∏pIƒ hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw BZna- k-`-bpsS Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-Ønepw ImWp∂ kvXpXn-∏p-I-fpsS kz`m-h-Øn-emWv {Iao- I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]utemkv «olm Ft^-ky-te-J-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p: ""Bﬂmhv \nd-™-h-cmbn k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fmepw kvXpXn-I-fmepw Bﬂo-b-Io¿Ø-\-ß-fmepw XΩn¬ kwkm-cn®pw \nß-fpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hn\p ]mSnbpw Io¿Ø\w sNbvXpw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hmb tbip-{InkvXphns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ssZhhpw ]nXm-hp- ambh\v F√m-bvt∏mgpw F√m-‰n-\pw-th-≠nbpw kvtXm{Xw sNbvXp-sImƒhn≥'' (Ft^. 5:19-˛20). 20 Bcm-[-\-bnse aq∂p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ kwKo-X-ßsf∏‰n-bm-Wn-hnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p- ∂-Xv. k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ (Psalms), kvXpXn-∏p-Iƒ (Hymns), Bﬂo-b-Ko-X-ßƒ (Spiritual songs) F∂n-h-bmWv ]utemkv ]d-bp∂ KoX-ßƒ. "\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿' F∂p XpS-ßp∂ ]m´v CXn¬ c≠m-aXp ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ Iq´-Øn-ep≈XmWv. Ch shdpw ]m´p-Iƒ F∂-Xn-ep-]cn k`-bpsS hnizmkw {]Jym-]n-°p∂ Ah-k-c- ßƒ IqSnbmWv. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-c-l-kysØ kw_-‘n-®mWv am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ]mSn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXns‚ D≈-S°w kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n- ®m¬ CXp kvXpXn-∏n-t\m-sSm∏w Hcp \√ hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]\w (Creed) IqSn-bm-sW∂p a\- n-em-°mw. At¥ym-Jy-bnse am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv (F. Un. 465-˛538) ]uckvXyk-`-I-fnse henb ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcp-h-\mbncp∂ am¿ tkth-dn- tbmkv {InkvXp-h¿jw 465-˛¬ ]nkn-Zym-bnse skmtkm-t]m-eokv (Sozopolis of Pisidia) F∂ ]´-W-Øn¬ P\n-®p. Ipeo-\-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ ]nd∂ Ct±lw henb kmwkvIm- cnI tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-{¥n-b-bn-emWv `mjbpw {]kw-K-I-e-bp-sams° A`ykn®-X.v AXn-\p-tijw s_bvdq´n¬ (Beirut) t]mbn tdma≥ \nb-aØ - n¬ AhKmlw t\Sn. AhnsS h®mWv Ct±lw I∏-tZm-Iy≥ ]nXm-°∑ - m-sc-∏‰n Adn-bp-∂Xpw {InkvXo- b-kv\m\ta‰-Xpw. Xo£vW-amb k\ym-k-{h-X-ßƒ kzoI-cn® am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv henb \nb-a-]-ﬁn-X-\m-bn-´p-IqSn sbcp-i-te-an¬ Xmakn®v k\ym-kn-bmbn Pohn- °p-hm-\mWv CjvS-s∏-´-Xv. Xs‚ ]nXr-kz-Øp-°-sf√mw ]mh-ßƒ°v Zm\w sNbvX tkth-dn-tbmkv "ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ kaXzw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-hm≥ hnNm-cn-°msX a\p- jym-h-Xmcw sNbvX {InkvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn®v' ]mSpI am{X-a-√, Xs‚ kz¥w Pohn-X- Øn¬ AXp {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. I¬°-tZm≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\p-tijw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ ssZh-Xzhpw a\p- jy-Xzhpw XΩn-ep≈ tbmPn-∏ns\ kw_-‘n-®p≠mb X¿°-Øn¬ "Ccpkz`m-h-hmZn- Isf' i‡-ambn t\cn´ ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ A{K-K-Wy-\m-bn-cp-∂p am¿ tk-th-dn-tbmkv. At±-l-Øns‚ {KŸ-ßfpw IØp-Ifpw thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-I-fp-ambn \S-Ønb kwhm-Z-ß- fp-sa√mw {InkvXpimkv{X-]-c-ambn kphy-‡-ambn Adnhp ]I-cp-∂-h-bm-Wv. F. Un. 512-˛¬ At¥ym-Jy-bnse ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°s - ∏´ Ct±lw Xs‚ ÿm\m- tcm-l-W-{]-kw-K-Øn¬Xs∂ \nJym, IpkvX-¥o-t\m-t∏m-eokv, Ft^-kqkv F∂o kp∂-l-tZm-kp-I-fnse hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-ßsf ]pI-gvØp-Ibpw I¬°-tZm≥ kp∂ltZmkn¬ thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-I-fmbn h∂-hsc X≈n-∏-d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. I¬°- tZm≥ kp∂-l-tZm-kp-Isf X≈n-∏-d-™-hsc (Non-Chalcedonians) {Iqc-ambn ]oUn-∏n- ®n-cp∂ A°m-eØv At±-lw [mcmfw IjvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw CuPn-]vXn-tebv°v ]emb\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ahn-sS-h®v F. Un. 538-˛¬ At±lw Cl-tem-Ih - mkw shSn™p. ""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿...'' F∂ KoXw t]mse-bp≈ al-\ob IrXn-Iƒ Na® At±-lsØ A©mw Xp_vtZ-\n¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ""kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS Inco-Shpw- ssZ-h-Øns‚ hnip≤ k` apgp-h-s‚bpw hnth-I-ap≈ hmbpw, XqWpw, aev]m\pw, ]pjv]-ßƒsIm≠v \nd™ ta®n¬ ÿehpw kwibw IqSmsX adnbw ssZh-am-Xm-sh∂v F√m-bvt∏mgpw {]kw-Kn-®-h\pw'' F∂m-Wv. ""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿...'': Hcp ]T\w \ΩpsS Bcm-[-\-Iƒ hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-ß-fpsS \nan-j-ß-fm-Wv. hn. Ip¿∫m-\- bnse BZysØ hnizmk-{]-Jym-]-\-\n-an-j-amWv ""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿...'' F∂p 21 XpS-ßp∂ KoXw Be-]n-°p∂ ka-bw. tbip-X-ºp-cms‚ a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-c-l-kysØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Cu KoXw Xs‚ Ipcn-im-tcm-l-W-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Dbn¿∏p-hscbp≈ kwK-Xn-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≠ncn°p-∂p. am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ {InkvXpimkv{X-]-c-amb D]-tZiw ]n¬°m-eØv KoX-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-Øo¿∂-Xm-Wv. 1. Bcw`w hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bm-cw-`n-°p-tºmƒ ad-h-en-°p∂ kabw [q]w hoin-sIm≠p {][m\ Im¿Ωn-I≥ sNm√p∂ ""adnbw Zote-tØm-°v...'' (\ns∂ {]k-hn-® adn-bmapw \ns∂ amtam- Z okm ap°nb tbml- ∂ m\pw Rßƒ°p- t h≠n \nt∂m- S - t ]- £ n- ° p∂p; I¿Ømth Rß-tfmSp IcpW tXm∂-W-ta) Cu KoX-Øns‚ {]mcw-`-ambncp∂n-cn- °-Ww. ]n¬°m-eØv CsXmcp {]tXyI {]m¿∞-\-bmbn CXn¬\n∂pw AS¿Ønam‰n- b-Xm-h-Ww. F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw P\-ßƒ sNm√p∂ KoX-Øn¬ sNdnb hyXym-k- tØm-Sp-IqSn CXv H∂p-IqSn Bh¿Øn-°p∂p: ""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿ F∂n-h¿ X≥ {]m¿∞-\-bm¬...''. ]´-°m-c≥ hn.- I-\y-I-a-dn-bm-an-t\m-sSm∏w tbml-∂m≥ kv\m]- Is‚ t]cp-]-d-bp∂Xn\p ]Icw ChnsS kIe hnip-≤-scbpw Hm¿°p∂p F∂ hyXymkw am{X-ta-bp-≈q. 2. {InkvXp-im-kv{X-]-c-amb D]-tZiw Cu KoX-Ønse {InkvXp-im-kv{X-]-c-amb D]-tZ-isØ a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øns‚ c£- bv°p-th≠n ]nXmhmw ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ kaXzw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-t°Ww F∂p hnNm-cn- °msX Xs∂-Øm≥ Hgn®v thj-Øn¬ a\p-jy-\mbn Ah-X-cn® tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ (^n-en. 2:5˛11) kw_-‘n-®p≈ c≠p `mK-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw. a. H∂mw `mKØv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\∏‰n ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h- bm-Wv. 1. tbip-{InkvXp Xs‚ bYm¿∞-kz-`m-h-{]-Imcw ac-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-\-√. 2. Xs‚ hne-tb-dnb Ir]-bm¬ a\p-jy-Ipew apgp-h-s‚bpw c£-bv°mbn Xm≥ a\p-jym-h-Xmcw sNbvXp. 3. tbip ""hnip-≤nbpw al-Xzhpw shSn-∏p-ap≈'' hn. I\y-I-a-dn-bm-an¬\n∂pw icocw kzoI-cn-s®-¶nepw Xs‚ bYm¿∞ kz`m-h-Øn\v am‰w D≠m-bn-√. 4. X∂n¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ \ap-s°-√m-h¿°pw th≠n Xm≥ Ipcn-in¬ Xd-bv°- s∏-´p. 5. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ ssZh-Øns‚ hN-\hpw cmPm-hp-amb I¿Ømhns\ kvXpXn°pw. b. c≠mw `mKØv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ Dbn¿∏ns\ kw_-‘n®pw ]cn-ip≤ {Xn-Xz- hp-am-bp≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn®pw Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. 1. tbip-{InkvXp Xs‚ kz¥w ac-W-Øm¬ \ΩpsS ac-WsØ C√m-sX-bm°n (tdm-a. 6:4˛6). 2. ]p{X≥X-ºp-cm≥ ]cn-ip≤ {XnXz-Øn¬ Hcp-h\pw ]nXmhmw ssZh-tØmSpw Poh\p≈ ]cn-ip≤ dqlm-tbm-sSm∏w kvXpXn-°s∏´p hµn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\m- Ip∂p (a-Ømbn 28:19; 2 sImcn. 13:13). am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\o-kmbpw a‰p hnizm-k{- ]-Jym-]\ - ß - fpw k`-bpsS {InkvXp-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Hcp hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu KoXsØ hnizm-k{- ]-am-WØ- nse c≠mw Jﬁn-It- bmSpw ]cn. ]utemkv «olmbpsS D]-tZ-i-tØmSpw (^n-en. 2:5˛11) Xmc-X-ay-s∏-SpØn ]Tn-°p-∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. 22 ""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿...'' F∂ KoX-Øn¬ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ P\\w apX¬ Dbn¿∏p-hscbp≈ Imcy-ßƒ am{Xta ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≈q. F∂m¬ hnizm- k-{]-am-W-Øn-em-Is´ Xs‚ kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]nXmhmw ssZh-Øns‚ he-Xp-`m-KØv Xm≥ Ft∂bv°pw Ccn-°p∂p F∂pw Poh-\p-≈-h-scbpw acn-®p-t]m- b-h-scbpw hn[n-°p-hm-\mbn Xm≥ C\nbpw hcpw F∂p≈ hmKvZØsØ kw_- ‘n®pw ]d-bp-∂p. acn®v Dbn¿°-s∏-´-h-\mb tbip-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ""kz¿§-hm-kn- Ifpw `qan-bn-ep-≈-hcpw At[m-tem-I-Øn¬ hkn-°p-∂-hcpw'' hniz-kn®v Ahs‚ apºmsI ap´p-IpØn Ahs\ hW-ßp-sa∂pw (^n-en. 2:5˛11) tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-eqsS ]nXm-hmw- ssZ-h-Øn\v al-Xz-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw hn. ]utemkv ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. D]-kw-lmcw hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂Xv \ΩpsS c£-bv°mbn a\p-jym-h- Xmcw sNbvX tbip-{InkvXphns‚ c£m-I-c-\-S-]-Sn-Isf A\p-kva-cn-°pI F∂ al\ob I¿Ω-am-Wv. t_Xve-tl-an¬ P\n-®p-hoW tbip-hns\ Ipºn´p hW-ßnb ZqX-∑m-tcmSpw B´n-S-b-∑m-tcmSpw hnZzm-∑m-tcmSpsam∏w \mapw Ahs\ hW-ßp∂p F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p-hm-\mbn ]´°m-c≥ hn. t- {Xm-tWm-kns\ hew h®v [q]w hoipIbpw a\p-jym-h-Xmc clkyw \nd™ kXykphn-tijw \ap-s°-√m-h¿°p-ambn [q]m¿∏- W-tØmsS Adn-bn-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. [q]w kzoI-cn®v hW-ßn Ipcn-ip-h-c-bv°p∂ hnizm-kn-Iƒ Cu kphn-ti-jhpw {InkvXp-hn-ep-≈- hn-izm-khpw kzoI-cn®v G‰p-]-d- bp-∂p. \ap°v {]m¿∞n°mw ip≤n-a-Xn-bmb amXmth, Rßƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ At]-£sb \o apS°- cp-tX. \ns‚ GI-]p-{X≥ Rß-sf-√m-h-tcmSpw Ir]-sN-bvhm-\m-bn´v Rßƒ°p-th≠n At]-£n-t°-W-sa. kI-eØ - n-s‚bpw I¿Øm-th, \ns∂ kvt\ln-®h- c- mb \n_n-b∑ - m-cp-sSbpw \ns‚ kphn-tijw {]kw-Kn-®-h-cmb «ol-∑m-cp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\-I-fmepw At]-£-I-fmepw temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \ns‚ \nc∏pw kam- [m-\hpw hkn-∏n-°-W-sa. BΩo≥. \ap°v ]mSmw [t\y amXmth˛\nt∂m-Sp-≈≥]m¬ ]m]-Øn≥`mcw˛\mY≥ \o°s´ \ymb-Øo¿∏n-¶¬˛]mbn-°m-X-tΩ... {]m¿∞n-t°Ww \o˛\n≥ ]p{X≥ apºn¬ lmte-epøm˛Dlm-te-epøm \n≥ bmNn-s∏∂pw˛Rßƒ°m-ew_w \n›bw am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ]nXm-hns‚ t{ijvT-amb am\o-km-bpsS A¿∞hpw {]m[m-\yhpw Rßƒ a\- n-em°n `h-\-Øn¬ {]`m-X-Øn¬ {]m¿∞n-°p-tºmgpw hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-tºmgpw a‰p kµ¿`-ß-fnepw Cu KoXw sNm√p-tºmƒ Rßƒ A¿∞w a\- n-em°n `‡n-tbmsS Be-]n-°pw. 23 A`ym-kß - ƒ 1. "am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\okm' F∂m¬ F¥m-Wv? 2. \ΩpsS k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ At¥ym-Jy-bnse hn. tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ ÿm\-sas¥∂p hy‡-am-°pI. 3. Hcp hnizm-kn-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ ""\n≥ amXmhp hnip-≤-∑m¿...'' F∂ KoXØns‚ {]m[m-\yw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I. 4. am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kns‚ am\o-km-bnse hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-ßƒ Gh? 5. Cu KoXsØ \nJym-hn-izm-k-{]-am-W-Ønse c≠mw Jﬁn-I-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ay- s∏-Sp-Øp-I. 6. Cu KoX-Ønse Bi-bhpw ]utemkv At∏m-kvX-e≥ ^nen-]y-te-J-\-Øn¬ (^n-en. 2:5-˛11) ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-hp-am-bp≈ kmayw Is≠-Øp-I. XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v Xncp-h-N-\-hm-b-\bpw [ym\hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse Cubm-gvNbpw XpS-cp-I. 24 ]mTw 21 Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iqj ]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: hn. Ip¿∫m-\b - nse Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iq-jb- psS {]tXy-IX - I - ƒ a\- n-em-°p-I. hn. Ip¿∫m-\b - n¬ A¿∞w a\- n-em-°n, `‡n-tbmsS ]s¶-Sp-°p-I. a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: Fs‚ amwkw km£m¬ `£-Whpw Fs‚ c‡w km£m¬ ]m\o- b-hp-am-Ip-∂p. Fs‚ amwkw Xn∂p-Ibpw Fs‚ c‡w IpSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂- h≥ F∂nepw Rm≥ Ah-\nepw hkn-°p∂p (hn. tbml. 6:55, 56). ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{I-aw, hn. thZ-]p-kvX-Iw. BapJw \ΩpsS hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bnse hfsc t{ijv-T-amb Hcp `mK-am-W v Xp_vtZ-\p-Iƒ. Ah-sb-°p-dn®v Ign-™-h¿jw (¢m- v 9, bqWn‰v 5) ]Tn-®-p. Xp_vtZ≥ hmb-\-Iƒ Ign™v "A≥]p-S-tbm-s\...' F∂ KoXw Be-]n-°p-tºmƒ ad-he - n®v hn. aZv_l - m-bn¬ \S-°p∂ cl-ky-ip-{iq-js - b-bmWv "Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iqj' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. tbip-X-ºp-cm≥ hn. Ip¿∫m\ ÿm]-\-th-f-bn¬ ]d™ \mep-hm- °p-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ (tbip Xs‚ Xrss°I-fn¬ A∏w FSpØp, hmgvØn, apdn-®p, sImSp-Øp) \ΩpsS hn. Ip¿∫m-\sb \mep-L-´-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°m-dp-≠v. "FSp-°pI' F∂Xv Hcp-°i - p-{iq-js - bbpw hN-\i - p-{iq-js- bbpw Ipdn-°p-∂p. "hmgvØpI' F∂Xv ]´-°m-c≥ ]Z-hn-ta¬ Ib-dn-\n-∂p-sIm≠v Xp_vtZ≥ hsc \S-Øp∂ ip{iq- j-If - m-Wv. "apdn-°pI' F∂ I¿Ω-amWv Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iq-jb - n¬ \S-°p-∂X - v. "sImSp- °pI' F∂Xp I¿Xr-{]m¿∞\ apX¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\ kzoI-cWw hsc-bp≈ L´- amWv. Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iq-j-bnse hnhn[ kwK-Xn-Iƒ \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. ]mT-`mKw c≠mw Bio¿hmZw hn. Ip¿∫m-\b - nse aq∂v Bio¿hm-Zß - f - n¬ c≠m-at- ØXv \S-Øn-°g- n-bp-tºmgmWv ad hen-®n- Sp-∂Xpw "A≥]p-St- bm-s\...' F∂ KoXw Be-]n-°p-∂X - pw. a‰p c≠v Bio¿hm- Z-ßƒ {XnXz-\m-a-Øn-em-sW-¶nepw Cu ka-bsØ Bio¿hmZw ]p{X≥X-ºp-cms\ tI{µ-am-°n-bp-≈X - m-Wv. ""hen-bh- \pw \ΩpsS c£-I\ - p-amb tbip ain-lm-bm-Ip∂ ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-W, Fs‚ ktlm-Zc - ß - s- f, \nß-sf-√m-ht- cmSpw IqSn Ft∂bv°pw D≠m-bn-cn-°s´'' F∂p ]d-bp∂ Cu Bio¿hmZw ]utemkv At∏m-kvXe - ≥ 1 sImcn. 16:23, Kem-Xy¿ 6:18 F∂o `mK-ßf - n¬ ]d-bp∂ Bio¿hm-ZØ - n\p ka-am-Wv. Imtkm-en°n ad-he- n-®p-Ig - n™v \mw Be-]n-°p∂ KoX-sØ kpdn-bm-\n-`m-jb - n¬ "ImtXmen°n' AYhm "Imtkm-en°n' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. "s]mXp-hmb {]m¿∞\' F∂mWv Cu ]Z- Øns‚ A¿∞w. Cu KW-Øn¬ hnti-jZ- n-hk - ß - ƒ°v {]tXyI- KoX-ßƒ D]-tbm- Kn-°m-dp-≠v. F¶nepw km[m-cW - b- mbn \mw c≠p KoXß-fmWv sNm√m-dp-≈X - v. 1. A≥]p-S-tbm-s\... F∂ KoXw kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ "_vXdHm ZotemIv' F∂m-cw-`n-°p∂ Cu KoXw [ym\m-ﬂ-I- ambn Be-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ KoXamWv. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ Xncp-i-co-csØ kqNn-∏n- 25 °p∂ hn. Ip¿∫m-\-b∏w apdn-°p∂ thf-bn¬ \mw ssZh-tØmSp Icp-W bmNn°p∂ Km\-am-Wn-Xv. \ap°pth≠n Ipcn-in¬ acn® \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hn-t\mSp \mw I-cpW bmNn-°p∂ \nan-j-hp-am-Wn-Xv. 2. {km∏n-Isf It≠-im-bm... sbi-øm {]hm-N-I≥ ImWp∂ kz¿§ob Z¿i-\-Ønse ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ (sbi. 6:1˛8) Na-bv°-s∏´ Hcp KoX-am-WnXv. amem-J-am-cpsS hrµw c£-I-\mb {InkvXp- hns\ Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xmbn \mw a\- n-em-°p∂ kz¿§ob \nan-j-am-Wn-Xv. AXn-\m- emWv Cubh-k-c-Øn¬ Bcpw-Xs∂ ]≈n°p ]pd-Øp-t]m-hp-Itbm, a‰p- Im-cy-ß- fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Itbm sNø-cp-sX∂v \njvI¿jn-°p-∂-Xv. Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iqj ]oem-km-bn¬ h®n-cn-°p∂ hn. Ip¿∫m-\-b-∏sØ Im¿ΩnI≥ apdn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm- ≠mWv Cu ip{iq-jsb "Jﬁn-∏ns‚' ip{iqjsb∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu ip{iq-j- bn¬ aq∂p Imcy-ßƒ \S-°p∂p: a) A∏-Øns‚ hn`-P\w; b) apdn® A∏sØ Imkm- bn-ep≈ Xncp-c-‡w-sIm≠v ap{Z-bn-Sp∂ `mKw; c) Xncp-i-cocw Xncp-c-‡-Ønepw Xncp- c‡w Xncp-i-co-c-Ønepw Ie¿Øp∂ `mKw F∂n-h-bm-W-h. cl-ky-ambn \SØp∂ Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iq-j-bn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv _¿…o_n F∂ ]nXmhv Fgp-Xnb Hcp {]m¿∞-\-bmWv Im¿Ωn-I≥ sNm√p-∂-Xv. CXv Hcp {]m¿∞-\-sb-∂-Xn-ep-]cn k`- bpsS as‰mcp hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]\w IqSn-bm-Wv. Cu hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬ Xmsg- ∏-d-bp∂ kwK-Xn-I-fmWv Im¿Ωn-I≥ G‰p-]-d-bp-∂Xv. a. tbip-hns‚ {Iqip-a-c-W-Øn-eqsS hN-\-amb ssZh-amWv a\p-jy-c-£-bv°mbn apdn-°s∏-Sp-Ibpw _en-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. b. {Iqinse acWw aqew \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ ico-c-Øn¬\nt∂m Bﬂm-hn¬ \nt∂m ssZhXzw th¿s]-´n-√. c. krjvSn apgp-h-s‚bpw ]m]-]-cn-lm-cm¿∞-amWv tbip Ipcn-in¬ acn-®Xv; AXp- aqew CS-tØ-Xn-\-Sp-Ø-h-cmb (]m-]n-I-fm-b) \mta-hcpw he-tØ-Xn-\-Sp-Ø-h-cmbn (hn-ip-≤-cm-bn) cq]m-¥cw {]m]n-°p-∂p. d. Xs‚ c‡-s®m-cn-®n¬sIm≠v tbip temI-Øn¬ tbmPn-∏n-®-Xn-\p-tijw aq∂mw- Zn-hkw Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰p. kz¿§o-b-scbpw `uan-I-scbpw kzPm-Xn-I-sfbpw hnPm- Xn-I-sfbpw XΩn¬ \nc-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ (reconciliation) ssZhn-I-ip-{iq-j-bm-bn-cp∂p tbip-hns‚ Ipcn-inse _en. ]´-°m-c≥ cl-ky-ambn sNm√p∂ Cu {]m¿∞\ Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv ""C{]-Imcw Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.- C-ßs\ Rßƒ G‰p- ]-d-bp-∂p, Cßs\ Rßƒ Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p'' F∂p sNm√n-bm-Wv. epØn-\n-bm-Iƒ "A≥]p-S-tbm-s\...' F∂ KoX-am-e-]n-®-tijw ip{iq-j-°m-c≥ sNm√p∂ At]- £-I-f-mWv epØn-\n-bm-Iƒ (Litanies). kakvX temI-Øn\pw th≠n Ipcn-in-t∑¬ bmK-am-bn-Øo¿∂ \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hn-t\mSp Ir]-Isf bmNn-°p∂ coXn-bnemWv Cu {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ Fgp-X-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. D]-kw-lmcw ]m]w aqew \jvS-s∏´ ]dp-Zo-km-bn-tebv°v \ap-°p≈ {]th-i\w km[y-am-°nb \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ {Iqip-a-c-W-sØbpw Dbn¿∏n-s\bpw A\p-kva-cn-®-tijw ad-h- en-®p-\o°n \mw I¿Ør-{]m¿∞\ sNm√p-hm-\m-bn- Xøm-dm-Ip-∂p. F{_m-b-te-J-\- Øn¬ \mw hmbn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse (F-{_m-b¿ 10:19-˛22) ""tbip Xs‚ tZlw F∂ 26 Xnc-ioebn¬°qSn \ap-°mbn {]Xn-jvTn® Poh-\p≈ ]pXp-h-gn-bmbn Xs‚ c‡- Øm¬'' \mw ]nXmhmw ssZh-Øn-¶-tebv°v ASp-Øp-h-cp-∂p. ""A∫m-]n-Xm-th...'' F∂p hnfn-°p-hm-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-tØmsS (K-em-Xy¿ 4:6˛7) \mw ""kz¿§-ÿ-\mb ]nXmth'' F∂ {]m¿∞\ sNm√p-∂p (a-Ømbn 6:9˛13). \ap°v {]m¿∞n°mw (hn.- Ip¿∫m-\m\p-`-h-Øn\p apºp≈ {]m¿∞-\) ssZh-amb I¿Ømth, \ns‚ ]cn-ip≤ icocw `£n-∏m\pw ]m]-]-cn- lmcw \¬Ip∂ \ns‚ c‡w ]m\w sN-øp-hm\pw Rß-sf- tbm-Ky-cm-°- W-sa. Fs‚ I¿Ømhpw Ft-∂bv°pw Rß-fpsS ssZh-hpta, \ns‚ Xncp-hn-jvSsØ {]km-Zn-∏n-®n-´p≈ kI-e-tcmSpw IqsS kz¿§-cm-Py-Øn\v Rßƒ Ah-Im-in-I-fm-bn-Øo-c-W-sa. -BΩo≥. \ap°v ]mSmw A·n-a-b-∑m¿ Bsc t\m°n¬ hnd-®o-Sp∂p Ahs\ tai-bn¬ A∏w ho™mbv \o ImWp∂p Bsc an∂-ep-Sp-tØm¿ t\m°p-In¬ Fcn-bp-∂p-Ss\ Ahs\ a¨a-b¿ `£n-®p -apJw sXfn-bp-t∂‰w \n›bw hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bnse Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iq-j-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Rßƒ a\- n-em-°n. C\n taen¬, Cu ip{iq-j-bpsS ka-bØv Rßƒ `‡n-tbmsS AXn¬ ]s¶-SpØv {]m¿∞n-°pw. \ap°v Nn¥n°mw 1. hn. Ip¿∫m\ ÿm]-\-Øn¬ I¿Ømhp ]d™ \mep {Inbm-cq-]-ßƒ Gh? hn. Ip¿∫m-\sb CX-\p-k-cn®v Fßs\ L´w-L-´-ambn th¿Xn-cn°mw? 2. hn.- Ip¿∫m\bnse aq∂v Bio¿hm-Z-ß-fn¬ c≠m-asØ Bio¿hm-Z-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX F¥v? 3. Cu Bio¿hm-Z-Øn\p ka-ambn hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Bio¿hm-Z-taXv? 4. "Imtkm-en°n' F∂ kpdn-bm-\n-]-Z-Øns‚ A¿∞-sa¥v? 5. ""{km∏n-Isf It≠-im-bm...'' F∂ KoX-Øns‚ thZ-]p-kvX-Im-Sn-ÿm\w F¥v? 6. Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iq-j-bn¬ \S-°p∂ aq∂v Imcy-ßƒ GsX√mw? 7. ""Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iq-jm-ka - bw Im¿Ωn-I≥ sNm√p∂ {]m¿∞\ k`-bpsS as‰mcp hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]\w IqSn-bmWv'' ˛ ka¿∞n-°p-I. 8. Cu ip{iq-j-bpsS Ah-km-\-`m-KsØ "epØn-\nbm'IfpsS {]tXy-IX F¥v? {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ 1. ""A≥]p-S-tbm-s\...'' F∂ KoXØns‚ `mK-ßƒ KZy-cq-]-Øn-¬ Iuam-bpsS Hcp {]m¿∞-\-bn-ep≠v; I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I. 2. Jﬁn-∏ns‚ ip{iq-jm-k-abw sNm√p∂ epØn-\n-bm-I-fpsS Hcp enÃv Xøm-dm- °p-I. Ah Hmtcm∂pw {i≤-tbmsS hmbn®v A¿∞w a\- n-em-°p-I. XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v Xncp-h-N-\-hm-b-\bpw [ym\hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse Cubm-gvNbpw XpS-cp-I. 27 bqWn‰v 6 hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ ]mTw 22 hn. {XnXzw ]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: {InkvXob k` ]n¥p-S-cp∂ {XnXz-hn-izm-ksØ°pdn®v a\- n- em-°p-I. {XnXz-hnizm-k-Øns‚ ]g-b-\n-ba ]pXn-b-\n-ba ASn-ÿm-\-ßƒ a\ n-em-°p-I. {XnXzhnizm-k-Øn\v k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn-ep≈ {]m[m\yw a\ n- em-°p-I. ssZhsØ {XnXz-\m-a-Øn¬ kvXpXn-°p-I. a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: ""Ffn-b-h-tcmSv kZz¿Ø-am\w tLmjn-∏m≥ btlmh Fs∂ A`n- tjIw sNbvXn-cn-°-sIm-≠v, btlm-h-bmb I¿Øm-hns‚ Bﬂmhv Fs‚-ta¬ Ccn-°p∂p'' (sb-i. 61:1). ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: I¿Øm-hns‚ amtam-Zo-km-bpsS Hcp Nn{Xw, hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw, hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{Iaw, IpSpw-_m-cm-[-\-{Iaw. BapJw {InkvXo-b-k-`-bpsS {]tXy-IX {XnXz-hn-izm-k-am-Wv. ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, ]cn-ip- ≤m-ﬂmhv F∂ aq∂p Bf-Xz-ßƒ ASßnb GI-ssZ-h-Øn-emWv \mw hniz-kn-°p- ∂-Xv. aq∂p Bf-Xz-ßfpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw ssZh-Xz-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ ssZh-ßƒ Ds≠∂v {InkvXo-b-k` ]d-bp-∂n-√. Htc-k-abw {XnXzhpw GI-hp-am-Wv ssZhw. AXp- sIm-≠mWv {Xntb-I-ssZhw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ssZhw FÆ-Øn\pw \n¿h-N-\-Øn\pw AXo-X-\m-Wv. Hscm‰ ssZhw, aq∂p ssZh-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ ssZhsØ kwJy-I- fn¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√. a\p-jy-_p-≤n°v AXo-X-amb cl-ky-amWv ssZhw. a\p-jy-_p-≤nsb krjvSn-®Xv ssZh-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ kr-jvSn°v {kjvSm-hns\ Dƒs°m- ≈m-\m-hn-√. F¶nepw hn.- {Xn-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-ßƒ \mw a\- n-em-t°- ≠-Xm-Wv. Ah-bmWv C∂v \Ωƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. ]mT-`mKw F√m {]m¿∞-\-I-fnepw {XnXz-hn-izmkw \mw G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p≠v: ""]nXm-hn\pw ]p{X\pw ]cn-ip≤ dqlmbv°pw kvXpXn'' F∂p≈ {XnXz-kvXp-Xn-tbm-sS-bm-W-t√m {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Imt\m-\nI {]m¿∞-\- Iƒ°pw IqZm-i-bnse KoX-ßƒ°pw CS-bn¬ "ip_-tlm...' F∂p kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ sNm√p-∂Xpw ta¬∏-d™ {XnXz-kvXpXn Xs∂-bm-Wv. {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-°p- ∂Xpw {XnXz-\m-a-Øn-ep≈ Bio¿hm-Z-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ timi∏m BtLmjw Ign™v {XnXz-\m-a-Øn¬ ]´-°m-c≥ P\-ßsf Bio¿h-Zn-°p-∂p. ""]nXmhmw ssZh-Øns‚ kvt\lhpw GI-Pm-Xs‚ Ir]bpw ]cn-ip≤ dqlm-bpsS kw_-‘hpw \nßƒ F√m-h-tcmSpw IqsS Ccn-°p-am-dm-I-s´.'' hn. ]ueqkv c≠mw sImcn-¥y-te-J\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cu Bio¿hm-Z-tØm-sS-bmWv (2 sImcn. 13:14). 28 hn. Ip¿∫m-\b - n¬ ""Cu hnip-≤X - I - ƒ hnip-≤∑ - m¿°pw shSn-∏p-≈h - ¿°pw am{Xw'' \¬I-s∏-Sp∂p F∂ {]Jym-]-\-tØmsS A∏-ho-™p-Iƒ Db¿Øn BtLm-jn-®-Xn- \p-tijw "]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, ]cn-ip≤ dqlm' "\tΩm-Sp-IqsS' F∂ {]Jym-]\w \S- Øp-∂p-≠v. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bnepw a‰p {]m¿∞-\-I-fnepw \mw Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p- ∂Xv hn. {XnXz-Øns‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬ BsW∂pw hn. {XnXz-Øn-\mWv Bcm-[\ A¿∏n-°p-∂-sX∂pw Cu {]m¿∞-\-I-ƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ {XnXzw ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fmWv blq-Z-∑m¿. ""bn{km-tb-te, tIƒ°; btlmh \ΩpsS ssZh-am-Ip∂p, btlmh GI≥ Xs∂'' (B-h. 6:4). blq-Z-∑m-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-am-W- am-bn-cp∂p Cu hmIyw. F∂m¬ {XnXz-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn- ep-S-\ofw ImWp-∂p-≠v. BZm-ans\ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv {XnXz-Ønse Bf-Xz-ßƒ C{]-Imcw ]ckv]cw kwkm-cn®p: ""A\-¥cw ssZhw: \mw \ΩpsS kzcq-]-Øn¬ \- ΩpsS kmZr-iy-{]-Imcw a\pjys\ D≠m-°pI'' (D-ev]. 1:26). ""Cßs\ ssZhw Xs‚ kzcq-]-Øn¬ a\p-jys\ krjvSn®p. ssZh-Øns‚ kzcq-]-Øn¬ Ahs\ krjvSn®p'' (D-ev]. 1:27). C-hnsS BZysØ hmIy-Øn¬ _lphN\hpw ("\mw' "\ΩpsS') c≠m- a-tØ-Xn¬ GI-h-N-\hpw ("X-s‚') D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ssZhw {XnXzhpw GI- Xzhpw BsW∂v Cu hmIy-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ hN-\-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂm-hn-s\-∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ kqN-\-Iƒ ImWp∂p: ""btlm-h- bpsS (]n-Xm-hv) hN-\-Øm¬ (]p-{X≥) BIm-ihpw Ahs‚ hmbnse izmk-Øm¬ (dq-lm) AXnse kIe ssk\yhpw Df-hmbn'' (k¶o. 33:6). ChnsS "izmkw' F∂- Xn\v lo{_p-hnepw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw dqlm (B-ﬂm-hv) F∂ hm°mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n- cn-°p-∂-Xv. temI-kr-jvSn-bn¬ ]nXmhmw ssZh-tØm-sSm∏w {]h¿Øn® ]p{X-s\bpw ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂm-hn-s\-∏-‰n-bp-amWv ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂Xv (k-¶o. 147:18 ImWpI; hN\w Im‰v AYhm dqlm F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p). ""\ns‚ ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂm- hns\ F∂n¬\n∂v FSp-°b - p-ac - ptX'' (k-¶o. 51:11) F∂v k¶o¿Ø-\° - m-c≥ {]m¿∞n- °p-∂p. ""Ffn-b-h-tcmSp kZz¿Ø-am\w tLmjn-∏m≥ btlmh Fs∂ A`n-tjIw sNbvXn-cn-°-sIm≠v btlm-h-bmb I¿Øm-hns‚ Bﬂmhv Fs‚-ta¬ Ccn-°p∂p'' (sb-i. 61:1). \t{k-Ønse kp\-tKm-Kn¬, im_-Xn¬ Cu {]h-N-\-`mKw hmbn-®p- sIm-≠mWv tbip-{InkvXp ]c-ky-ip-{iqj Bcw-`n-®Xv (eq-t°mkv 4:16-˛19). ]cn-ip≤ -{XnXzw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ hn. {XnXzsØ∏‰n `mKn-I-amb shfn-]m-Sp-I-fmWv ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-ep-≠m-b-Xv. F∂m¬ ]q¿Æ-amb shfn-]mSv ]pXnb\nb-a-Øn-ep-≠m-bn. ]nXm-hv, ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂm-hv F∂o c≠v Bf-Xz-ß-sf-∏‰n tbip-{InkvXp shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. XpS¿∂v hn. ]ueqkv XpS-ßnb ]pXn-b-\n-ba Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Ah¿°v e`n® ssZhn-I-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ A\p- k-cn®v hn. {XnXz-sØ-∏‰n ]Tn-∏n-®p. hn. -{XnXzw BZy-ambn shfn-s∏-´Xv I¿Øm-hns‚ amtam-Zo-km-bn-em-Wv. tbip- {InkvXp tbm¿±m-\n¬ kv\m\-ta¬°p-tºmƒ: ""kz¿§w Xpd∂v ssZhmﬂmhv {]msh- ∂-t]mse Cdßn Xs‚-ta¬ hcp-∂Xv Ah≥ (tbm-l-∂m≥) I≠p; Ch≥ Fs‚ {]nb ]p{X≥; Ch-\n¬ Rm≥ {]km-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂p kz¿§-Øn¬\n∂p Hcp i_vZh- pw D≠mbn'' (a-Øm. 3:16-˛17; eqt°mkv 3:21-˛22; a¿t°mkv 1:10-˛11; tbml. 1:32-˛34). ]p{X≥ a\p-jy-cq-]-Ønepw ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂmhv {]mhns‚ cq]-Ønepw ]nXmhv Xs‚ 29 i_vZ-Ønepw tbm¿±m-\n¬ km∂n[yw Adn-bn-®p. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ D]-tZ-i-ß- fn¬ ]nXmhmw ssZh-sØ-∏‰n [mcm-f-amb ]cm-a¿i-\-ß-fp-≠v. I¿Ør-{]m¿∞\ "kz¿§-ÿ-\mb ]nXm-hn-s\'-bm-Wt√m kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hn. {XnXz- Ønse H∂m-asØ Bf-XzsØ "]nXmhv' F∂v tbip-{InkvXp kwt_m[\ sNbvXn- cn-°p∂psh¶nepw ]nXm-hns‚ shfn-]mSv i_vZ-Øn-eqsS am{X-amWv ]pXn-b-\n-b-a- Øn-ep-≠m-b-Xv. ssZhw a\p-jy-Nn-¥bv°pw _p≤n°pw AXo-X\pw AZr-iy-\p-am-Wv. tbm¿±m-\nse shfn-]mSp IqSmsX tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ Xmt_m¿aebnse alXz- {]-Xy-£o-I-c-W-k-a-bØpw ]nXmhv i_vZ-Øn-eqsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]p{Xs\ km£n- °p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""Ch≥ Fs‚ {]nb-]p-{X≥, Ch-¶¬ Rm≥ {]km-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂p; Ch\p sNhn-sIm-Sp-∏o≥'' F∂p Hcp i_vZ-hp-ap-≠mbn (a-Øm. 17:1˛9; a¿t°mkv 9:2˛10; eqt°mkv 9:28-˛36; 2 ]t{Xm. 1:17-˛18). ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂmhpw AZr-iy\pw a\p-jy-_p- ≤n°v AXo-X-\p-am-Wv. {]mhns‚ cq]-Øn¬ tbm¿±m-\nepw A·n-\m-hp-I-fpsS cq]- Øn¬ s]¥n-t°mkvXn Zn\-Ønepw (A. {]. 2:1˛4) Im‰ns‚ cq]-Øn¬ krjvSn-bpsS Bcw-`-Ønepw (D-ev]. 1:2) ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂmhv shfn-s∏-´p. cq]-cln-X-\m-b-Xp-sIm≠mWv hyXykvX cq]-ßƒ shfn-]m-Sn¬ ssZhm-ﬂmhv kzoI-cn-®Xv. ]cn-ip≤ {XnXzw k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ {XntbI ssZhw Hcp "kaql'amWv. amtam-Zokm aqew {InkvXp-hn-t\mSp tN¿°- s∏-Sp-Ibpw hn. Ip¿∫m\ A\p-`hw hgn {InkvXp-hn¬ hkn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ hnizm- kn-Iƒ Cu kaq-l-tØmSv ASp-Øp-sN-√p-∂p. AXn-\mWv kw_‘w (communion) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. hn.- {Xn-Xz-tØmSv tN¿∂p≈ Pohn-X-sØ-bmWv Cu hm°v kqNn- ∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hn. {XnXztØm-Sp≈ kw_‘w km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv {]m¿∞-\-bn-eq-sS-bmWv. hn. amtam-Zo-km-bn¬ \mw {InkvXp-hn-t\mSp tNcp-Ibpw aqtdm≥ A`n-tj-I-Øn-eqsS ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂmhv \Ωn¬ hkn-°p-Ibpw \mw kz¿§o-b-]n-Xm-hns‚ a°-fm-bn-Øo-cp- Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hmtcm {]m¿∞-\bpw {XnXz-tØm-Sp≈ _‘sØ ZrV-am-°p-∂p. ""\nßƒ a°ƒ BI-sIm≠v "A∫m-]n-Xmth' F∂p hnfn-°p∂ kz]p-{Xs‚ Bﬂm- hns\ ssZhw \ΩpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ Ab-®p. Aßs\ \o C\n Zmk-\√ ]p{X- \s{X; ]p{X-s\-¶ntem ssZh-ln-X-Øm¬ Ah-Im-inbpw BIp∂p'' (K-em. 4:6˛7; tdma¿ 8:15). {XnXz-\m-a-Øn¬ hn. amtam-Zokm \¬Ip-hm-\mWv I¿Ømhv injy-∑m-tcmSp Iev]n- ®Xv (a-Øm. 28:19). ImcWw ]nXmhmw ssZh-Øn¬\n∂pw ]m]w aqew AI-∂p- t]mb a\p-jy-h¿§sØ ssZh-kw-k¿§-Øn¬ XncnsI sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp∂p a\pjym-h-Xmc-Øns‚ e£yw. AXns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-amWv hn. amtam-Zo-kmbpw hn. Ip¿∫m-\m-\p-`-h-hpw. \ap°v {]m¿∞n°mw hn. {XnXz-tØm-Sp≈ {]m¿∞\ ChnsS F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v sNm√p-I. (Ip-Spw-_m- cm-[\ {Ia-Øn¬ Ah-km-\-`mKØv {]tXyI {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ F∂ `mKsØ BZy {]m¿∞-\) ]cnip≤ ]nXmth (_m-hm), \ns‚ ]cn-ip≤ Xncp-\m-a-Øm¬ Rßsf \o ImØp-sIm-≈-W-sa. c£n-Xm-hmb ]p{Xm, Pb-ap≈ \ns‚ -…o-_m- bm¬ Rßsf \o ad-®p-sIm-≈-W-ta. ]cn-ip≤ dqlm, ip≤-ap≈ \ns‚ IpSn-bn-cn-∏ns‚ `h-\-ß-fmbn Rßsf \o Na-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa. Rß-fpsS 30 ssZh-amb I¿Ømth, F√m ka-bØpw F√mt\-cØpw \ns‚ ssZh-Xz- Øns‚ Nnd-Ip-I-fpsS \ng-en≥Io-gn¬, Ft∂bv°pw Rßsf \o ad®v Rß-fpsSta¬ A\p-{Klw sNø-W-sa. BΩo≥. \ap°v ]mSmw ac-a-Xn-\p-b-sc I¿Øm-th I≈\p In´nb \ns‚ hcw {XnXzsØ sIm≠mSn acn˛ t®mcpw ssIs°m-≠o-tSWw \n›bw hn. {XnXz-Øns‚ thZ-]p-kvXI ASn-ÿm-\hpw k`-bpsS Bcm-[-\-bnepw hn. IqZm-i-I-fnepw hn.- {Xn-Xz-Øn-\p≈ {]m[m\yhpw Rßƒ a\- n-em-°n ssZhsØ {XnXz-\m-a-Øn¬ Rßƒ kvXpXn-°p-Ibpw hmgvØp-Ibpw sNøpw. \ap°v Nn¥n°mw 1. {Xntb-I-ssZhw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-sX¥v? 2. \ΩpsS Bcm-[-\-bn¬ {XnXz-\maw Hm¿°p∂ KoX-ßƒ Gh? 3. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ hn. {XnXz-Øn-\p≈ {]m[m-\y-sa¥v? 4. hn. {XnXz-Øns‚ thZ-]p-kvXI ASn-ÿm\w ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬\n∂v D≤-cn- °p-I. 5. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ hn. -{Xn-XzsØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ Gh? 6. {XnXz-hn-izmkw {]m¿∞-\-I-fn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv {]I-S-am-°n-bn-cn°p-∂Xv? 7. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ {XnXzsØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ kqN-\-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p-I. 8. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]cn. {XnXzw shfn-s∏´ c≠p kw`-h-ßƒ Gh? 9. kw_‘w (communion) F∂ hm°ns‚ Bibw hnh-cn-°p-I. 10. k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ hn. {XnXz-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w F¥v? XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v Xncp-h-N-\-hm-b-\bpw [ym\hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse Cubm-gvNbpw XpS-cp-I. 31 ]mTw 23 {InkvXob ]utcm-lnXyw ]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: {InkvXob ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-ßƒ a\- n- em-°p-I. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-sebpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Ønsebpw ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Ønse hnhn[ ]´w-sIm-S-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS {]m[m\yw apXembh a\- n-em-°p-I. ]utcm-ln-Xy-ÿm-\n-Isf _lp-am-\n-°p-I. a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: ""BI-bm¬ ssZh-]p-{X-\mb tbip BIm-i-Øn¬°qSn IS-∂p-t]m- sbmcp t{ijvT-a-lm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mbn \ap°v D≈-Xp-sIm≠v \mw \ΩpsS kzoImcw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm-≈pI'' (F-{_m-b¿ 4:14). ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw, hn.- Ip¿∫m-\-{Iaw, {]m¿∞-\m-{Iaw BapJw \ΩpsS k`-bnse hnhn-[- ]u-tcm-lnXy ÿm\n-Iƒ, _nj-∏∑m¿ (F∏nkvtIm∏m), I»o-im-am¿ (sshZn-I¿), siΩm-i-∑m¿ F∂n-h-cm-Wv. Ch-cpsS {]tXyI Npa-X-eIƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv? ]utcm-lnXy ÿm\n-Isf _lp-am-\n-t°-≠Xv \ΩpsS IS-a-bm-Wv. {InkvXob ]utcmlnXy-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw {]m[m-\yhpw BWv \Ωƒ ]Tn-°p- ∂Xv. ]mT-`mKw {InkvXob ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ ]utcm-ln- Xy-am-Wv. ""a¬°o-k-tZ-°ns‚ {Ia-{]-Imcw alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb tbip'' F∂mWv F{_m-b-te-J-\-Øn¬ {InkvXp-hns\ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv (F-{_m. 6:20). ""hcp- hm-\p≈ \-∑-I-fpsS alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb tbip h∂p F∂pw (F-{_m. 9:11), ""\nXym- ﬂm-hn¬ ssZh-Øn\v X∂-Øm≥ \njvI-f-¶-\mbn kzbw A¿∏n®p'' (F-{_m. 9:14) F∂pw F{_m-b-te-J\w ]d-bp-∂p. Im¬h-dn-bnse Ipcn-ip-a-c-Ww, ]ptcm-ln-X≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ tbip{InkvXp \S-Ønb bmKm¿∏-W-am-Wv. bn{km-tb¬ P\-Xbpw cmP-Iob ]utcm-ln-Xyhpw ""\nßƒ F\n°p ]ptcm-ln-X-cm-P-Xzhpw hnip≤ P\hpw BIpw'' (]p-d-∏mSv 19:6) F∂v ssZhw bn{km-tb-en-t\mSp Acp-fn-s®-bvXp. "]ptcm-ln-X-cm-PXzw' (Kingdom of Priests) F∂ hnti-j-W-Øns‚ A¿∞w bn{km-tb¬ cmPy-Ønse Hmtcm ]uc\pw "]ptcm-ln-XZ- uXyw' \nd-th-‰W - s - a-∂m-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-Wbpw kvt\lhpw kIe a\p-jy-scbpw Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°p-th≠n {]m¿∞n-°p-hm-\pap≈ ZuXy-amWv Hmtcm blq-Z-s\bpw ssZhw Gev]n-®-Xv. bn{km-tb¬ P\-Xsb "]utcm-ln-Xy-cmPyw' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n-epw, Bcm-[\ \bn-°p-hm\pw bmKm¿∏-W-Øn-\p-ambn tehy- scbpw Ah-cn¬\n∂v Al-tdm-s\bpw ]p{X-∑m-scbpw ssZhw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ {InkvXob k`sb ]pXnb bn{km-tb-em-bn-´mWv Nn{Xo-I-cn- ®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ""\nßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp PmXnbpw cmP-Iob ]ptcm-ln-X- h¿§hpw hnip-≤-hw-ihpw kz¥-P-\hpw BIp∂p'' (1 ]t{Xmkv 2:9) F∂p ]d-bp- 32 ∂Xv k` ]pXnb bn{km-tb-em-sW∂v ImWn-°p-hm-\m-Wv. "cmP-Iob ]ptcm-ln-X- h¿§w' F∂ ]Zhn k`bv°v e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm {In-kvXym-\nbpw ssZh-Øns‚ kvt\lhpw Icp-Wbpw temIsØ Adn-bn-°p-hm\pw k¿∆-tem-I-Øn\pw th≠n {]m¿∞n-°p-hm\pw hnfn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ]gb bn{km-tb-en-se-t∏mse k`sb \bn- °p-hm\pw Bcm-[-\bv°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-hm\pw hn.- Iq-Zm-i-Iƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-hm\pw {InkvXob ]utcm-lnXy ip{iqj \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv ÿm]n-®p. tbip injy-∑msc ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cmbn hmgn-°p∂p tbip a¬°n-k-tZ-°ns‚ {Ia-{]Im-c-ap≈ alm-]p-tcm-lnX\msW∂v F{_m-b- te-J\w hni-Z-am-°p∂p (F-{_m. 6:20, 7:26-˛28; 8:2). shfn-]m-Sn¬ hn. tbml-∂m≥ {InkvXp-hns\ Z¿in-®Xv alm-]p-tcm-ln-Xs‚ thj-Øn-emWv. ""Ggp s]m≥\ne-hn-f- °p-I-fpsS \Sp-hn¬ \ne-b¶n [cn®p amdØp s]m≥I® sI´n-b-h-\mbn a\p-j-y-]p-{X- t\mSp kZr-iy-\mbhs\bpw I≠p'' (sh-fn. 1:13). ]g-b-\n-b-a-]p-tcm-ln-Xs‚ thj-am- bn-cp∂p ]mZw-h-sc-bp≈ Ip∏m-bhpw (]p-d. 28:4; 28:15), Nn{X-∏-Wn-sNbvX Acs°´pw (]p-d. 39:29). Xs‚ ZuXy-Ønepw A[n-Im-c-Ønepw tbip-{InkvXp inj-y-∑msc ]¶m-fn-I-fm°n. AXm-bXv Xs‚ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Ahsc ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°n. Xm≥ sNbvXn-cp∂ ip{iqj Ahsc `c-ta-ev]n®p; ""A\-¥cw Ah\v Xs‚ ]{¥≠p injy-∑m-scbpw ASp-°¬ hnfn-®p. Aip-≤m-ﬂm-°sf ]pd-Øm-°p-hm\pw kI-eh - n[ Zo\hpw hym[nbpw s]mdp-∏n-∏m\pw Ah¿°v A[n-Imcw sImSpØp'' (a-Øm. 10:1˛2). AtXcoXnbn¬ ]m]- ßƒ tamNn-°p-hm-\p-≈ A[n-Im-chpw tbip injy-∑m¿°p \¬In. ""\nßƒ `qan- bn¬ sI´p-∂-sX√mw kz¿§-Ønepw sI´-s∏-´n-cn°pw; \nßƒ `qan-bn¬ Agn-°p-∂- sX√mw kz¿§-Ønepw Agn-™n-cn°pw F∂p Rm≥ kXy-am-bn´p \nß-tfmSp ]d- bp∂p'' (a-Øm. 18:18; tbml. 20:21-˛23). ]g-b-\n-b-a-Im-esØ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ P\-ß- fpsS ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn-\mbn bmKw Ign-®n-cp-∂p. ]m]-ßƒ tamNn-°p-hm-\p≈ \¬hcw {InkvXp injy-∑m¿°v \¬In. hn. Ip¿∫m\ ÿm]\w ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-bm-K-Øns‚ ÿm]-\-am-bn-cp∂p: ""Cu ]m\- ]m{Xw Fs‚ c‡-Øn¬ ]pXn-b-\n-baw BIp∂p'' (1 sImcn. 11:25). bYm¿∞ alm- ]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb {InkvXp kz¥w c‡-Øn¬ ]pXnb DS-ºSn AYhm ]pXn-b-\n-baw ÿm]n-®p. AXns‚ BtLm-j-amWv Hmtcm hn. Ip¿∫m-\bpw. ""Fs‚ Hm¿Ω-bv°mbn sNbvho≥'' F∂p≈ Iev]-\-hgn (1 sImcn. 11:25), Xs‚ ]utcm-lnXy ip{iqj XpS- cp-hm-\p≈ \n¿t±iw I¿Ømhv injy-∑m¿°v \¬In. injy-∑m¿ a‰p-≈-hsc ]utcm-ln-Xy-ip-{iq-j-bn¬ ]¶p-tN¿°p-∂p I¿Øm-hv, As∏m-kvX-e-∑msc Xs‚ ip{iq-j-bn¬ ]¶p-tN¿Ø-Xp-t]mse, Ahcpw a‰p-≈-hsc ]utcm-ln-Xy-ip-{iq-j-bn¬ ]¶p-tN¿Øp. AXns‚ DZm-l-c-W- amWv bqZmbv°p ]I-cw, a∞n-bm-kns\ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv (A. {]. 1:15-˛26). ]pXnb ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf sXc-s™-SpØv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ ]utcm-ln-Xy-ip-{iq-j-bn¬ ]¶p-tN¿°p-∂X- n-\mWv ]´w-sImS (Ordination) F∂p ]d-bp-∂X - v. a∞n-bm-kns‚ hmgvN Ign™v A[nIw Xma-kn-bm-sX, k` ""Bﬂmhpw ⁄m\hpw \nd™v \√ km£y- ap≈ Ggp ]pcp-j-∑msc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp'' (A. {]. 6:3). Ahsc ""As∏m-kvX-e-∑m- cpsS apºmsI \ndpØn; Ah¿ {]m¿∞n®v Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ ssIsh®p'' (A. {]. 6:6). At∏m-kvX-e-∑m¿ Ggp siΩm-i-∑msc ]´w sImSpØp hmgn-®p. At∏m-kvX-enI 33 Imew apX¬ Xe-bn¬ ssIsh®v {]m¿∞n-®m-bn-cp∂p ÿm\n-Isf hmgn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ ]´w-sIm-Sbv°v ssIsh∏v (Laying on of hands) F∂pw t]cp ]d-bp-∂p. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Ønse CXc "]´w-sImS'Iƒ 1. H∂m-asØ anj-\d- n-bm-{Xbv°v _¿∂-_mkpw iuepw (hn. ]utemkv) ]pds∏- Sp-tºmƒ At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bpsS Npa-X-e-°m¿ Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ ssIsh®v A[n-Im-c- s∏-SpØn: ""Ah¿ D]-h-kn®v {]m¿∞n®v Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ ssIsh®v Ahsc ]d-™- b®p'' (A. {]. 13:3). 2. _¿∂-_mkpw ]utemkpw Xßƒ ÿm]n® k`-I-fn¬ aq∏-∑msc ssIsh®v hmgn®p: ""Ah¿ k`-tXmdpw Ah¿°p aq∏-∑msc \nb-an-°p-Ibpw D]-hk - n®pw {]m¿∞n- ®pw-sIm≠v Xßƒ hniz-kn® I¿Øm-hn-¶¬ Ahsc `c-ta-ev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp'' (A. {]. 14:23). ChnsS aq∏-∑m¿ (Presbyters or elders) F∂-Xn\v {Ko°n¬ Presbyteros F∂pw kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ "I»oim' F∂p-amWv ImWp-∂-Xv. ]utemkpw _¿∂-_mkpw "I»oim'amsc hmgn-®p F∂mWv Cu thZ-`mKw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. As∏m-kvX-e-∑m¿ hmgn® _nj-∏p-am¿ ({Ko-°n¬ Episcopos) k`-Isf `cn-®n-cp- ∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n ]pXn-b-\n-baØn¬ ImWmw (A. {]. 20:17; 28; ^nen. 1:1; XotØmkv 1:7; 1 Xotam. 3:2). I¿Øm-hns‚ kz¿§m-tcm-lWØn\p-tijw At∏m-kvX-e-∑m¿ Xs∂ k`-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In. Ah¿ ÿm]n® k`-I-fn¬ _nj-∏-∑m-scbpw I»o-im- am- s cbpw hmgn- ® p. Ah- c psS klm- b n- I - f m- b n- ´ mWv siΩm- i ∑msc hmgn- ® - X v. F∏nkvtIm∏m, I»o-im, siΩm-i≥ F∂o {Xnhn-[-ÿm-\n-Iƒ F√m At∏m-kvX-en- I-k-`-I-fn-epw k`m-`-c-W-Ønepw IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂p. k`- bpsS sFIyhpw hnizm-khpw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ I¿Ømhv ÿm]n-®-XmWv {InkvXob ]utcm-ln-Xyw. \ap°v {]m¿∞n°mw ]´-°m-cpsS Rmb-dmgvN k‘ym-{]m¿∞-\-bn¬ tN¿Øp-sNm-√p∂ {]m¿∞-\. I¿Ømth, Icp-W-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb \ns‚ I¬]-\-Isf BN-cn-°p-Ibpw F√m‰n-s\bpwImƒ A[nIw \ns‚ hm’-eysØ kºm-Zn-°bpw sNbvX- h-cmb BNm-cy-∑m¿°v kz¿§ob Du¿t«-an¬ \√ Hm¿Ω \¬I-W-sa. \ns‚ cmPy-Ønse hncp-∂n¬ Ahsc ]¶p-Im-cm-°-W-sa. Ah-cpsS Poh- Im-eØpw ac-W-k-a-bØpw XßfpsS Bﬂm-°sf \n¶-tebv°v Gev]n- ®n-cn-°-bm¬ \ns‚ t{ijvTX shfn-s∏-Sp∂ Znh-k-Øn¬ Ahsc alXzw [cn-∏n-°bpw sNø-W-sa. _msd-Ivtam¿... \ap°v ]mSmw BZym-Nm-cyXzw ssIs°m˛ ≠l-tdm≥ aqi-tbm-sSm-∂n®v kvIdnbmbv°Xp \¬In aqim kvIdnbm tbml-∂m-t\In tbml-∂m≥ I¿Øm-hn\pw I¿Øm X≥ «ol-∑m¿°pw \m\m krjvSn hn`m-K-ßƒt°In «ol-∑m¿ 34 \n›bw {InkvXob ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-ßƒ Rß-ƒ a\- n-em-°n. k`-bnse ]´w-sImS ip{iq-j-I-fn¬ Rßƒ `‡n-tbmsS ]s¶-Sp-°pw. ]utcm-ln-Xy-ÿm-\n-Isf Rßƒ _lp-am-\n-°pw. \ap°v Nn¥n°mw 1. ]g-b-\n-b-a-kw-hn-[m-\-Ønse "]ptcm-lnX' k¶-ev]-Øn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ Gh? 2. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? 3. k` cmP-Iob ]ptcm-ln-X-h¿§-am-sW-¶n¬, IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-\-Øn\v {]tXyI ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX F¥mWv? 4. tbip-{InkvXp injy-∑msc ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cmbn hmgn-®Xv Ft∏m-gmWv? 5. As∏m-kvX-e-∑m¿ hnhn[ hy‡n-Iƒ°v ]utcm-lnXy ]Zhn \¬In-b-Xn-s\∏‰n eLp-hmbn hnh-cn-°p-I. 6. {InkvXob ]utcm-ln-Xy-Ønse {Xnhn-[- ÿm-\n-Iƒ Gh? {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ 1. a¬°ok-tZ°v F∂ ]ptcm-ln-Xs‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ F-{_m-b¿ 7:1˛4 hsc hmbn®v Xøm-dm-°p-I. 2. ]utcm-ln-Xy-Ønse {Xnhn-[-ÿm-\n-Isf Hcp {XntIm-W-cq-]-Øn¬ hc®v Nn{Xo- I-cn-°p-I. 3. "{InkvXob ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ' F∂ hnj-bsØ Bkv]-Z- am°n ¢m n¬ Hcp N¿® \S-Øp-I. XpS¿hm-b-\-bv°v Xncp-h-N-\-hm-b-\bpw [ym\hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse Cubm-gvNbpw \S-Øp-I. 35 ]mTw 24 bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w ]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: bpKm¥y Z¿i-\-sØ-∏‰n a\- n-em-°p-I. bpKm¥y Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ]pXn-b-\n-ba ]›m-Øew a\- n-em-°p-I. k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Cu Z¿i-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°p-I. bpKm-¥yZ¿i-\sØ acn-®-h-cpsS Dbn¿∏p-ambn XmcXayw sNøp-I. ssZh-cm-Py-Ønse Pohn-X-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ k`-bnse Bcm-[-\-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw-sNbvXv a\- n-em-°p-I. \nXy-Po-hs‚ A\p-`-h-Øn- \mbn Hcpßn ImØn-cn-°p-I. a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: ""Rm≥ ]pXnb BIm-ihpw ]pXnb `qanbpw I≠p. H∂m-asØ BIm-ihpw H∂m-asØ `qanbpw Hgn-™p-t]mbn; kap-{Zhpw C\n C√'' (sh-fn. 21:1). ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw, hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{I-aw, {]m¿∞-\m-{Iaw BapJw temIm-h-km-\-sØ "bpKm¥yw' F∂p ]d-bpw. I¿Øm-hns‚ c≠m-asØ hc- hn¬ kw`-hn-°p-∂-XmWv bpKm-¥yw. A¥y-\ym-b-hn-[n, \nXy-Po-h≥ F∂n-h-sb√mw bpKm-¥y-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. Cu Nn¥-I-fmWv bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w. CXv ]pXn-b- \n-ba ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-hm-\mWv \Ωƒ {ian-°p-∂Xv. ]mT-`mKw ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂmhv F∂ {Xntb-I-ssZhw, hn. k`, GI -am-tam- Zokm, hcp-hm-\n-cn-°p∂ temI-Ønse \nXy-Po-h≥ F∂n-hbnep≈ hnizm-k-amWv \nJym--˛Ip-kvX-¥o-t\mkv t]meokv hnizm-k-{]-am-W-Øn¬ \mw G‰p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. ImcWw Ch k`-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-hn-izm-k-k-Xy-ß-fm-Wv. bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ bpKm-¥y-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw I¿Øm-hns‚ c≠m-asØ hc-hm-Wv. kz¿§m-tcm-l- W-ka - b - Ø - v, c≠p amem-Ja- m¿ injy-∑m-tcmSv ""\nßsf hn´p kz¿§m-tcm-lWw sNbvX Cu tbip-hns\ kz¿§-Øn-tebv°v t]mIp-∂-h-\mbn \nßƒ I≠-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ Ah≥ ho≠pw hcpw F∂p ]d™p'' (A. {]. 1:11). ""Bta≥. I¿Øm-hmb tbip-th, htc-Wsa'' (sh-fn. 22:20) F∂ {]m¿∞-\-tbm-sS-bmWv hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw Ah-km- \n-°p-∂-Xv. I¿Øm-hns‚ H∂m-aØ hchv (Xs‚ P\-\w) A[n-Iw-t]¿ Adn-™n-s√-¶nepw Ncn-{X-Ønse hgn-Øn-cn-hmbnØo¿∂p. Ncn-{XsØ {InkvXp-hn-\p-apºpw (Before Christ) tijhpw (A. D. = Anno Domini = Year of the Lord) F∂v Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv a\p-jym-h-Xm- c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ c≠m-asØ hc-hv, Ncn{XØns‚ A¥yhpw \nXy-Po-hs‚ Bcw-`hpw Bbn-cn-°pw. ""At∏mƒ a\p-jy-]p-{X≥ henb i‡n-tbmSpw tXP-t mSpw IqsS taL-ß-fn¬ hcp-∂Xv Ah¿ ImWpw'' (a¿t°mkv 13:26) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w, temIw apgp-h\pw c≠m-asØ hchv ImWp-sa-∂m-Wv. 36 ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ 150-˛-Hmfw `mK-ß-fn¬ c≠m-asØ hc-hn-s\-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in- °p-∂p-≠v. I¿Øm-hns‚ hc-hn-s\-∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p- ∂Xv ‘Parousia’ F∂ {Ko°p-hm-°m-Wv. "BK-a\w' AYhm "km∂n[yw' F∂mWv Cu hm°ns‚ A¿∞w. N{I-h¿Øn-bp-sS-tbm, D∂-Xm[nImcn-I-fp-sStbm kµ¿i-\-Øn- \mWv "]dq-knbm' F∂ hm°v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. al-Xz-tØm-sS-bp≈ hc-hmWv I¿Øm-hn-t‚Xv F∂v Cu hm°v kqNn-∏n-°p∂p (Hm-im\ \mfnse tZhm-e-b-{]-th- i\w CXns‚ kqN-\-bmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p, a-Øm. 24:3; 27; 39). I¿Øm-hns‚ c≠m- asØ hc-hn\v shfn-]mSv (Revelation), {]Xy-£-s∏-S¬ (Manifestation) F∂o hm°p- Ifpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Pohn-X-Øns‚ A¿∞hpw ac-W-ti- j-ap≈ Ah-ÿbpw \nXy-Po-hs‚ kmchpw c≠m-asØ hc-hn¬ shfn-s∏Spw. C∂v a\p-jy¿°v AZr-iyhpw A⁄m-X-hp-amb Imcy-ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-sa-∂mWv Cu hm°p- Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w k`m-Po-hn-XØ - n¬ tbip-{InkvXp c≠m-a-Xp- h-cp-sa∂p ]d-™m¬ Ct∏mƒ Xs‚ km∂n[yw k`- bnepw temI-Øn-ep-an-s√∂v A¿∞-am-Ip-∂n-√. ""ct≠m aqt∂m t]¿ Fs‚ \ma- Øn¬ IqSn-h-cp-t∂-S-sØm-s°bpw Rm≥ Ah-cpsS \Sp-hn¬ D≠v F∂p Rm≥ \nß- tfmSp ]d-bp∂p'' (a-Øm. 18:20). Hmtcm Bcm-[-\-bnepw tbip-{InkvXp k∂n-ln-X-\m- Wv. k`-bn¬, Xe-h-\m-bn, aW-hm-f-\m-bn, BSp-I-fpsS CS-b-\mbn {InkvXp k∂n-ln- X-\mWv. amtam-Zo-km-tb-‰v, hn. Ip¿∫m\ A\p-`-hn®v {InkvXp-hn-t\m-Sp≈ kPo-h-_- ‘-Øn¬ Pohn-°p∂ Hmtcm hnizm-knbpsS Pohn-X-Ønepw {InkvXp D≠v. \ΩpsS Poh-\mbn {InkvXp \Ωn¬ hkn-°p-∂p. ""Fs‚ amwkw Xn∂p-Ibpw Fs‚ c‡w IpSn-°bpw sNøp-∂-h\v \nXy-Po-h≥ D≠v'' (tbm-l. 6:54). F∂m¬ {InkvXp-hns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn-s‚bpw Poh-s‚bpw kºq¿ÆX \ap-°p - e-`y-am-Ip-∂Xv c≠m-asØ hc-hn-em-Wv. B {]Xym-i-bn¬ Pohn-°p-hm\pw {]m¿∞n- °p-hm\pw ]pXn-b-\n-baw Blzm\w sNøp∂p. I¿Ør-{]m¿∞-\-bn¬ ""\ns‚ cmPyw htc-Wsa'' F∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xv Cu {]Xym-i-bn-emWv. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ c≠m- asØ hc-hns‚ {]Xymi G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p≠v: ""Rß-fpsS I¿Ømth! \ns‚ ac-WsØ Rßƒ Hm¿°p-Ibpw \ns‚ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev]ns\ Rßƒ G‰p-]-d-bp-Ibpw \ns‚ c≠m-asØ Fgp-∂-≈-Øn-\mbn Rßƒ t\m°n-∏m¿°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.'' c≠m-asØ hchv \n›-b-am-sW-¶nepw Ft∏m-gmWv AXv kw`-hn-°p-I-sb∂v hy‡-am-°n-bn-´n-√. ""\nß-fpsS I¿Ømhv GXp-Zn-h-k-Øn¬ hcp∂p F∂v \nßƒ Adn-bm-bvI-sIm≠v DW¿∂n-cn-∏n≥'' (a-Øm. 24:42) F∂p I¿Ømhp Iev]n-°p-∂p. DW¿∆ns‚ AS-bm-f-amWv {]m¿∞-\. Hmtcm {]m¿∞-\-bpw I¿Øm-hns‚ c≠m- asØ hc-hns‚ {]Xym-i-bn-emWv \mw \S-Øp-∂-Xv. c≠m-asØ hchv Ing-°p-\n-∂m- bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p≈ kqN-\ I¿Øm-hp- \¬Ip-∂p≠v: ""an∂¬ Ing-°p-\n∂p ]pd-s∏´p ]Sn-™m-tdmfw hnf-ßpw-t]mse a\p-jy-]p{Xs‚ hchv BIpw'' (a-Øm. 24:27). Cu {]Xym-i-bn-emWv \mw Ing-t°m´p Xncn-™p-\n∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xpw hmßn-t∏m-b- hsc Ing-t°m´p apJw-Xn-cn®v I√-db - n¬ kwkvIc - n-°p-∂Xpw. "\oXn-kq-cy-\mb {InkvXp' (aem-Jn. 4:2) bpKm-¥y-Øn¬ Ing-°p-\n∂pw DZn-°p-sa-∂p-≈ {]Xymi Imt\m-\nI {]m¿∞-\-I-fnepw ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS teJ-\-ß-fnepw ImWp-∂p-≠v. bpKm-¥ysØ "Dbn¿∏ns‚ {]`mXw' F∂mWv ]nXm-°∑ - m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. ImcWw Hcp ]pXnb bpK-Øns‚ DZ-b-amWv I¿Øm-hns‚ c≠m-asØ hc-hv. 37 bpKm-¥yhpw hmßn-t∏mbh-cpsS Dbn¿∏pw c≠m-asØ hc-hnse G‰hpw {][m\ kw`hw acn-®-h-cpsS D∞m-\-am-Wv. ]pXn- b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ hy‡-ambn CXn-s\-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ""I¿Ømhp Xm≥ Kw`oc- \m-Z-tØmSpw {][m\ ZqXs‚ i_vZ-tØmSpw ssZh-Øns‚ Iml-f-tØmSpw IqsS kz¿§-Øn¬\n∂p Cd-ßn-h-cn-Ibpw {InkvXp-hn¬ acn-®-h¿ apsº Dbn¿sØ-gp- t∂¬°p-Ibpw sNøpw. ]ns∂ Poh-t\msS tijn-°p∂ \mw Ah-tcmSp Hcp-an®v BIm-i-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hns\ FXn-tc-ev]m≥ taL-ß-fn¬ FSp-°-s∏Spw, Cßs\ \mw Ft∏mgpw I¿Øm-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS Ccn°pw'' (1 sX. 4:16-˛17, kv{Xo-I-fpsS ihkw- kvIm-c-Øn¬ Cu `mKw- hm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v). C∂-tØ-Xn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb ico-chpw Pohn-X-hp-amWv Dbn¿∏n-\p-tijw \ap°v e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv (1 sImcn. 15:35-˛57). D∞m-\-tØm-sSm∏w \ymb-hn-[nbpw D≠m- Ipw. ""I√-d-I-fn¬ D≈-h¿ F√m-hcpw Ahs‚ i_vZw-tI-´v, \∑-sN-bvX-h¿ Poh- \mbpw Xn∑ sNbvX-h¿ \ymb-hn-[n-°mbpw ]p\-cp-∞m\w sNøp∂ \mgnI hcp∂p'' (tbm-l. 5:29). "\nXy-Po-h≥' AYhm kz¿§-Ønse Pohn-Xw, hnip-≤-cpsS henb kwL-tØmSp IqSn-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. kz¿§-cm-PysØ Hcp hnhm-l-hn-cp-∂n-t\mSp D]-an- °p-tºmƒ, Iq´mb Pohn-X-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv (a-Øm. 8:11-˛12; 22:1˛14). kz¿§-Ønse Pohn-X-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX \nXy-amb Bcm-[-\-bmWv: ""bmsXmcp im]hpw C\n D≠m-I-bn√; ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw Ip™m-Sn-s‚bpw knwlm-k\w AXn¬ Ccn°pw; Ahs‚ Zmk-∑m¿ Ahs\ Bcm-[n°pw'' (sh-fn. 22:3). kz¿§-Ønse \nXy- amb Bcm-[-\-bpsS ap≥Ip-dn-bmWv k`-bnse Bcm-[-\. kz¿§-Ønse PohnXw ssZh- sØ tI{µo-I-cn-®p≈Xmbn-cn-°pw: ""Ah¿ Ahs‚ apJw ImWpw'' (sh-fn. 22:4). ssZh-apJw \nXy-ambn Z¿in-®p-sIm-≠p≈ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ sNdnb A\p-`-h-amWv k`-bn¬ Bcm-[-\-bnepw IqZm-i-I-fnepw IqSn \ap°v e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. \ap-°v {]m¿∞n°mw I¿Ømth! \ns‚ ac-WsØ Rßƒ Hm¿°pIbpw, \ns‚ Dbn¿sØ-gp- t∂-ev]ns\ Rßƒ G‰p-]-d-bp-Ibpw \ns‚ c≠m-asØ Fgp-∂-≈-Øn- \mbn Rßƒ t\m°n-∏m¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \ns‚ A\p-{K-l-ßƒ Rßƒ F√m-h-cp-sS-bpw ta¬ Ft∂bv°pw D≠m-bn-cn-°-s´. BΩo≥. \ap°v ]mSmw (]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS ih-kw-kvImcw: H∂mw ip{iq-j) tl˛-ar-Xn-K-Xtc˛D∞m\w˛{ZpX-saØpw tJ˛-Zn-t°-≠m-˛-tZ-l-Øn≥-˛-\m-i-Øn¬ kpµ-c-am-bv-˛-\n-ßsf \n¿Ωnt®m≥ Km{XØn-˛-∂p-∞m\w \¬In k¿∆¿°pw-˛-{]-Xn-Zm\w˛tbm-Ky-X-t]m-e-cp-foSpw \n›bw bpKm-¥y-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ thZ-]p-kvX-Im-Sn-ÿm\w Rßƒ a\- n-em-°n. k`-bnse kXy Bcm-[-\-bnepw {]m¿∞-\, t\mºv, D]-hmkw apXemb A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw Rßƒ IrXy-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw Ah A\p-jvTn-°p- Ibpw sNøpw. \nXy-Po-hs‚ A\p-`-h-Øn-\mbn Rßƒ Hcpßn ImØn-cn-°pw. 38 \ap°v Nn¥n°mw 1. k`-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ hnizm-k-k-Xy-ß-tfh? 2. I¿Øm-hns‚ P\\w Ncn-{X-Ønse hgn-Øn-cn-hm-Wv. F¥p-sIm≠v? 3. "]dq-knb' F∂ {Ko°p-]-Z-Øns‚ A¿∞-sa¥v? 4. c≠m-asØ hc-hns\ kqNn-∏n-°phm≥ ]pXn-b-\n-baØn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ hm°p-Iƒ Gh? Ah-bpsS A¿∞w Npcp-°-ambn hnh-cn-°p-I. 5. Ing-t°m-´p-Xn-cn-™p-\n∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v? 6. ssZh-cm-Py-Ønse Pohn-X-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Gh? 7. "bpKm-¥y-Z¿i\w' Bcm-[-\-bn¬ {]I-S-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v Npcp- °-ambn hnh-cn-°p-I. {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ 1. bpKm¥yZ¿i-\-sØ-∏‰n hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬\n∂pw D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xp-I. 2. bpKm-¥y-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nn¥-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ N¿®-Iƒ ¢m- n¬ \S-Øp-I. 3. Cu hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n thZ-]p-kvXI ]ﬁn-X-cp-ambn Hcp A`n-apJw \S-Øp-I. XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v Xncp-h-N-\-hm-b-\bpw [ym\hpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse Cubm-gvNbpw XpS-cp-I. 39 bqWn‰v 7 al-Zvhy‡n ]cn-Nbw ]mTw 25 ]cnip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm (1874-˛1964) ]T-t\m-t±-iy-ßƒ: ]cn. Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS Poh-Ncn{Xw a\- n-em-°p-I. B ]nXmhns‚ \√ amXr-I-Iƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]n¥p-S-cp-I. a\x-]m-T-hmIyw: hnizm-k-Øm¬ lmt_¬ ssZh-Øn\v Ibo-t‚-Xnepw DØ-a-amb bmKw Ign-®p. AXn-\m¬ Ah\v \oXn-am≥ F∂ km£yw e`n-®p. ssZhw Ahs‚ hgn-]m-Sn\v km£yw Iev]n-®p. acn-®-ti-jhpw Ah≥ hnizm-k-Øm¬ kwkm-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p (F-{_m-b¿ 11:4). ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ: Ck-Uv. Fw. ]mtd-´v, tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS k`m-Nc- n-{X-]pkvXI - ß - ƒ, tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\∏- ≈n ˛ ae-¶c - k - ` - m-]n-Xm-°∑m¿, tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ ˛ k`m-N-cn-{X-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw, k`m-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw, hn. thZ-]p-kvXIw, hn. Ip¿∫m-\-{I-aw, {]m¿∞-\m-{I-aw, ]cn. Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo- b≥ _mhm-bpsS Nn{Xw BapJw ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ 1876 hsc Hcp sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmsb D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. "ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm' F∂ ÿm\-t∏-cn¬ B ImeØv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. s]mXp-hmb B[n-Im-c-ß-sf√mw Hcm-fn¬Xs∂ tI{µo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. 1876˛se apf-¥p-cp-Øn kp∂- l-tZm-tkm-Sp-IqSn Cu ÿn-Xn°p am‰w h∂p. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbm-sSm∏w a‰p Bdp sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ IqSn D≠m-bn. 1912-˛¬ ae-¶c - k - ` - b - psS {][m\ tae≤y- £-≥ "ImtXm-en°m' F∂ ÿm\w kzoI-cn®v ]pXnb `c-W-{Iaw D≠m-bn. k`-bpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse B[p-\n-I-L´w AhnsS Bcw-`n-®p. 1912-˛se ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\-Øn-\p-tijw H≥]Xv ImtXm-en-°m-am¿ k`sb \bn-®p. ImtXm-en°mamcpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Imew (36 h¿jw) k`sb \bn® ]nXm-hmWv ]cn. Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm. Cu ]nXmhv k`bv°p \¬In-bn-´p≈ kw`m-h-\-I-sf-∏‰n ]Tn-°mw. ]mT-`mKw Poh-Nc - n{Xw 1874 Pq¨ 16-˛mw XobXn Ipdn®n I√m-t»-cn-bn¬ De-l-∂m≥-˛-B-®n-bΩ Zº-Xn-I- fpsS aI-\mbn P\n-®p. ]p∂qkv F∂m-bn-cp∂p Hma-\t- ∏-c.v Koh¿Kokv F∂v amtamZokm t]cpw ]n¬°m-eØv "I√m-t»cn _mhm' F∂pw "Ipdn®n _mhm-'sb∂pw hnfn-°- 40 s∏´Xv ho´p-t]-cn-s‚bpw P\-\-ÿ-e-Øns‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. sNdp∏- Øn¬ amc- I - a mb Akp- J - a p- ≠ m- b - t ∏mƒ {]tXy- I w- {]m¿∞- \ - b m¬ kuJyw e`n®t∏mtg ]q¿Æ-k-ab ssZhnI ip{iq-j-bv°mbn amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ At±-lsØ ka¿∏n-®p. B Pohn-X-\n-jvT-bn¬ Xs∂ At±lw XpS-¿∂p. B Im-e-Øn\v, ae¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Nne khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbmbn ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥ (Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥) hfsc ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb \ne-bn¬ k`sb \bn-°p∂p. Bﬂob i‡n-bpsS Hcp tI{µ-ambn ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n ]cn-e-kn-°p-∂p. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS injy-∑m-cmbn h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv dºm\pw ]p∂qkv dºm\pw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. i‡-amb Cu Bﬂo-b-t\-Xr-Xz-amWv A∂v k`-bvs°-Xnsc B™phoinb \ho-Ic - W - {- ]-ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ sImSp-¶m-‰n¬\n∂v k`-sb- c-£n®Xv F∂v ]d-bmw. 1892-˛¬ siΩm-i-\mbn, 1898-˛¬ sshZn-I-\mbn. sshZn-I-\m-b-Xns‚ aq∂mw \mƒ Xs∂ ]q¿Æ k\ym-km-{i-a-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ambn dºm≥ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®p. ]cp- ae Xncp-ta\ntbmsSm∏w Xma-kn®v At±-l-Øn¬\n∂v Xm]k-\n-jvT-Iƒ A`y-kn- °p-Ibpw At±-lsØ ip{iq-jn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1902 \hw-_¿ 2˛mw XobXn ]cp- ae Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXp Ign-™-t∏mƒ ]cp-ae skan-\mcn amt\-P-cmbn At±lw \nb-an-°-s∏-´p. B ImeØv sbdp-itew kµ¿i\w hfsc t¢i-I-c-amb Hcp bm{X- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w Bﬂo-b-kw-h¿≤-Ihpw. 1908-˛¬ At±lw sbdp- itew kµ¿in-®p. 1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 8˛mw Xob-Xn At±lw Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KotKm- dn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbmb-Xv. CXn\pw Hcp {]tXy-IX D≠v. GXm\pw Znhkw Ign-™-t∏mƒ AXm-bXv sk]v‰w_¿ 15-˛mw XobXn ae-¶-c-bnse CZw-{]-Ya ImtXm-en°m hmgvN-\-S-∂-t∏mƒ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn AXns‚ \S- Øn-∏p-Iƒ°p t\XrXzw \¬In. c≠m-asØ ImtXm-en°msb hmgn-°p-tºmgpw At±lw AXnepw Xs‚ ]¶p-h-ln-®p. 1929 s^{_p-hcn 15-˛mw XobXn At±-lsØ aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-®p. Cu ka-b-ß-fn¬ \nc-Ww-, sIm√w `{Zm-k-\-ß-fpsS Npa-Xe hln-°p-Ibpw Ip≠-d -skan-\mcn Bcw`n®v B {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ henb Bﬂo-b DW¿∆p hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \ho-I-cW D]-tZ-i-ßƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bXv B {]tZ-i-ß- fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hnip≤ Pohn-Xhpw kXy-hn-izm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ B[n- Im-cn-I-amb ]Tn-∏n-°epw At\-Isc kXyhnizm-k-Øn¬ ]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm≥ ]cym- ]vX-am-bn. "cl-ky-{]m¿∞-\-Iƒ', "kl-tZ-∑m-cpsS Ncn{Xw', "s]¶okm kpdn-bm\n \a-kvIm-c-ßƒ', "]dp-ssZkm' apX-emb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sSbpw henb kw`mh\ At±lw \¬In. C∂sØ-t∏mse A®Sn kuI-cy-ßƒ C√m-Xn- cp∂ Ime-am-sW∂pw Hm¿°-Ww. 1934 s^{_p-hcn 23-˛mw XobXn h´-t»-cn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXp. AtX-h¿jw Unkw-_¿ 25˛mw XobXn IqSnb ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n- {In-kvXym\n At m-kn-tb-j-\n¬ h®v ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w IqSn At±l-Øn\v \¬In. Aßs\ BZy-ambn ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm-\hpw IqSn Hcp-an®p h∂p-tN¿∂Xv Cu Xncp-ta-\n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn, k`-bpsS `uXnIamb `c-W-{I-a-ß-fpsS A[n-Im-csØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. 1912-˛¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w, ta¬∏´°msc hmgn- 41 °pI, hn. aqtdm≥ IqZm-i -sN-øp-I, ]cn-ip≤ kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ A≤y-£X hln- °pI apX-emb Bﬂob A[n-Im-c-sØbpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Imc-W- ß-fm¬ CXp c≠mbn \ne-\n-s∂-¶nepw k`-bpsS kpK-a-amb `c-W-Øn\v Cu c≠p ÿm\-ßfpw Hcm-fn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Ip-∂-XmWv \√-sX∂v ]n∂o-Sp≈ Imew sXfn- bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ta¬∏-´-°m-c-\mbn 52 h¿jw At±-lw Pohn-®-Xn¬ 35 h¿jw ImtXm-en-°m- bmbpw AXn¬ 30 h¿jw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Xc-Øn¬ ÿm\ßƒ hln®v k`sb \bn® as‰mcp sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm k`bv°p D≠m-bn-´n-√. At±-l-Øns‚ _lp-ap-J-amb kw`m-h-\-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ "ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS \thm∞m\-inev]n' F∂v ]ecpw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv A\z¿∞- am-Wv. 90-˛mw hb n¬ 1964 P\p- h cn 3˛- m w XobXn At±lw ssZh- k - ∂ n- [ n- b n- tebv°v IS-∂p-t]mbn. Cu ]nXm-hns‚ ImeØp hmßnb tZh-temIw Ac-a-\- bn¬ Xs∂ At±-lsØ I_-d-S-°n. AhnsS I_-d-S°s∏´ BZysØ ImtXm-en- °mbpw At±-lw-X-s∂. Cu ]nXm-hns‚ t{ijvTa - mb kw`m-h\ - I - ƒ kw`-h-_-lp-e-amb Cu ]nXm-hns‚ Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n hni-Z-ambn Ht´sd Imcy- ßƒ ]Tn-°m-\p-≠v. Npcp-°-ambn Nne Imcy-ßƒIqSn Iq´n-t®¿°-s´. Xm]-k-t{i-jvT≥ {][m-\-ambn´p≈Xv At±l-Øns‚ Bﬂo-b\njvT-Ifpw Xm]-kNcy-I-fp-am-Wv. Kpcp-hm-b ]cp-a-e-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu Imcy-Øn¬ amXr-I. bma-{]m-¿∞-\-Iƒ, t\mºv, D]-hmk BN-c-W-ßƒ, IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ Ch-bn-sems° AekX tei-an-√m-sX, Xo{hhpw Xo£vW-hp-ambn ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xn¬ AXoh Pm{KX ]men-®p. GIm-¥-{]m¿∞-\-I-fnepw au\-Ønepw ssZhn-I-i_vZw tIƒ°Ø° \nebn¬ Bgtadnb Bﬂob A\p-`-h-ßƒ At±lØn-\p-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ At±-l-Øns‚ Z¿i-\hpw hm°pw hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v Hcp Bﬂo-bm-\p-`-h-am-bn. s{]m´- Ã‚ v hn-izm-k-tØmSv B`n-ap-Jyhpw tXm∂n-b-h¿°v, ]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Bﬂo-b-X-bpsS kuc`yw Bkz-Zn-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-Xhpw IqZm-im-\p- jvTm-\-ßfpw klm-b-I-am-bn. i‡-amb {InkvXob km£yw ae

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