Civics PDF

Retirement depends on when you were born Baby boomers are now ready to retire There are fewer working aged people today + people live longer Pensions come from taxes, which strains the economy Dependency ratio - How many tax payers are there in relation to dependents Employment pension - It com...

Retirement depends on when you were born Baby boomers are now ready to retire There are fewer working aged people today + people live longer Pensions come from taxes, which strains the economy Dependency ratio - How many tax payers are there in relation to dependents Employment pension - It comes from the taxes you pay from your wages Social insurance - You can get if your pension is too low Guarantee pension - Is the minimum pension you can get Disability pension - Is a financial aid for those who are not able to work due to either illness/disability Survivors pension - You can get it if your breadwinner dies and you are able to get a pension from the state until the kids are 18 years old. Possible solutions to pension crisis - 1. 2. 3. 4. Estate = assets and debts Reports on estate/assets should be sent to tax authorities within 3 months. This is called estate inventory First spouses/prenups part, then inheritance distribution with others Primary heirs are children If no children, then inheritance goes to closest family(parents, siblings) If no heirs, to the state Inheritances are taxed, it depends on the size of the inheritance Inheritance tax isn't paid from under 20 000e inheritance Testaments can also be used and you will need 2 witnesses and a lawyer The 2 witnesses need to be someone who doesn't have a stake in the inheritance Under 14 year olds are able to work only with a special permit 15 year olds are able to get fulltime employment if it doesn't hamper with their compulsory education(no night shifts, overtime) When applying for a job things to remember: 1. 2. 3. There will always be a probationary period during which either party is able to dissolve the contract without a term of notice Permanent employment contract - Valid until the employee or employer wants to terminate or end the employment relationship Fixed term employment contract - Only have been promised work till a certain date Open ended employment contract - An employment agreement which doesn't have a fixed end date Part time employment - Work only a part of the workday/week Full time employment - Work 5 days a week, around 40 hours per week Types of wages: 1. 2. 3. Trade union - an organisation for workers from the same field which will take care of their benefits and negotiate their collective labour agreements Workplaces have a steward to represent the trade union When you join a trade union you will gain earnings related unemployment allowance Trade unions collaborate with each other and have a central organisation of which we have 3 in Finland - SAK, STTK, Akava 1. 2. 3. Worklife experience changes all the time - new jobs are born and old die which requires workers to switch fields. This is called structural change Termination or lay-off(temporal termination) often happen due to economic reasons Long term unemployment - Unemployment that has lasted over a year Youth unemployment - Unemployment of under 25 year olds who are searching for a job and are not fulltime students Structural unemployment - The unemployment societal changes causes (e.g. when educational skills don't match the societal needs) Cyclical unemployment - Unemployment caused by economical challenges Hidden unemployment - Those who have not registered for employment search(thus, ineligible for unemployment benefits) Seasonal unemployment - Unemployment caused by seasonal changes(e.g. gardeners) Unemployment is a problem for the national economy(less tax revenue and expensive benefits) Solution- Education and increasing jobs Problem - Very difficult to predict future economic needs In addition, unemployed also have a right to unemployment benefits but it doesn't always encourage to look for a new job. This is called a welfare trap. Some companies also do some undeclared work and avoid legal obligations and payments(e.g. taxes). This is called shadow economy. Earlier people used to have many kids because kids used to die due to lack of healthcare Nowadays people are more career oriented, infertile, expensive, fewer expectations, housing size Nuclear family - A family that consists of parents/guardians with their children Rainbow family - A family in which atleast one parent/guardian is LGBTQA+ Blended family - A family in which parent(s) have children(s) from their previous relationships Single parent family - A family that has only 1 parent/guardian Dating: no legal ties Common law marriage - Living under the same roof, can affect welfare benefits, doesn't need a civil or church ceremony Marriage - Legal union of 2 people, civil or church ceremony. Possible obstacles - Too close familial relationship, age consent, another ongoing marriage Divorce - Legal dissolution of marriage Separation - Legally married but living separately 7 - Compulsory education starts 12 - Right to be heard in court hearings 14 - Start working limited hours.. 4-6 hrs 15 - Criminal liability starts, right to leave or join a religious group with guardians permission, right to start working fulltime and can sign work contracts on their own, right to get moped licence 16 - Right to vote in church elections 17 - Child benefits end, student/jobless benefits start 18 - Legal age!, compulsory education ends, guardian's responsibility and maintenance liability ends, right to have a driver's licence, can buy alcoholic and tobacco products, finnish men need to go to the army, can adopt siblings 25. Can adopt child outside of family 30 - Possible to get sterilised Finnish nationality - When born to a mother with finnish nationality and when notified by father with finnish nationality whose child was born outside of marriage To gain - Need enough Finnish or Swedish(via exam), is able to provide for oneself(job, education), has lived in Finland for 8 years without crime. Nationality can be given up for another. EU citizenship can be gained by being a citizen of any of the EU countries. Human rights cannot be limited but basic rights can be limited by the state , i.e. during wars Basic rights - Freedom of speech, religion, injury, equality, healthcare, apply within a country and based on its constitution, limited during emergencies, for public safety Human rights - Right to life, freedom from slavery, torture, opinion are universal *Increasing need for social- and healthcare services* *Most of the retirement comes from **employment pension**, which is formed by wage level and the length of your career* *If one hasn't been part of the workforce, then they can get **social insurance** and **guarantee pension**, which allow for minimum subsistence.* *Other types: disability pension and survivor's pension.* *Pension costs come from wages* *Doesn't stay in savings, is used for current pensions* Factors for pension crisis - ageing population, fewer working aged people, economic strain of pensions, funded by taxes A naming law that restricts the names that parents can legally give to their children. Is a type of financial support to individuals who become unemployed, based on their previous earnings. You get this from your trade union. Individuals - Financial stress, Mental health issues, erode skills Society - Increased poverty and crime rates, can strain public resources, hinders economic growth Older people have increased health issues, have physical limitations, cognitive decline, social isolation and have long-term care needs. Progressive taxation is the system that, the more money you get the more taxes you pay. The tax rate increases when the income increases. KELA is responsible for administering social security benefits in Finland. It gives health insurance, unemployment benefits, pensions and family allowances.