Cirugía de la diáfisis humeral - Vías de acceso y técnicas quirúrgicas PDF

E – 44-300 :hqtefi“C cd iC chC“ rhr gtldqCi9 ufi“Cr cd Caadrn v sd“amhaCr othqt“qehaCr C. Laporte, M. Thiong’o, G. Kassab, A. Atallah Adro...

E – 44-300 :hqtefi“C cd iC chC“ rhr gtldqCi9 ufi“Cr cd Caadrn v sd“amhaCr othqt“qehaCr C. Laporte, M. Thiong’o, G. Kassab, A. Atallah Adrotd-r cd tm aqdud qdbtdqcn cd jnr cTsnr TmTsn-lhbnrı bjfl-mhbnr x dohcdlhnjn-fhbnr hmchr© odmrTajdr oTqT drsTajdbdq jTr hmchbTbhnmdr sdqTod-tshbTrı dm drsd Tqsfl-btjn rd cdrbqhahqT-m jnr chrshmsnr ld-sncnr pthqt-qfhbnr oTqT dj sqTsTlhdmsn cd jTr eqTbstqTr qdbhdmsdr x cd jTr rdtcnTqsqnrhr chT rTqhTr gtldqTjdr, Pd cdsTjjTqT-m jTr nrsdnrfl-msdrhr onq ojTbTı oqdbhrTmcn rtr hmchbTbhnmdrı rnaqd sncn dm jn qdedqdmsd T jTr chrshmsTr ufl-Tr cd Tbbdrn dm etmbhn-m cd jT jnbTjhyTbhn-m cd jT eqTbstqT, STlahd-m rd dvonmcqT-m cd enqlT rhlhjTq dj dmbjTuTcn bdmsqnldctjTq Tmsdqn-fqTcn n qdsqn-fqTcnı dj dmbjTuTcn eTrbhbtjTq bnm TftiTr x dj trn cdj iTcnq dvsdqmn, :rhlhrlnı rd oqdrsTqT- tmT Tsdmbhn-m cdrsTbTcT T jnr bTrnr drodbhTjdr2 rdtcnTqsqnrhrı eqTbstqTr oTsnjn-fhbTrı oTqT-jhrhr qTchTj n bnlojhbTbhnmdr uTrbtjTqdr Trn© bhTcTrı eqTbstqTr TahdqsTr x bncn finsTmsd, MTqT ptd jT d bTbhT cd bTcT tmn cd drsnr ld-sncnr dvotdrsnr rdT bnlojdsTı cdadm qdrodsTqrd jTr hmchbTbhnmdr x jTr sd-bmhbTr cd qdTjhyTbhn-m, ETr iTbhnmdr bnm ojTbT n bjTun rhftdm rhdmcn jTr sd-bmhbTr pthqt-qfhbTr cd qdedqdmbhT, Dj dmbjTuTcn eTrbhbtjTq bnm TftiTr x jT iTbhn-m dvsdqmT rn-jn rd tshjhyTm rh dvhrsdm bnmsqThmchbTbhnmdr dm btTjpthdqT cd jTr nsqTr cnr sd-bmhbTr, z 1.01 Djrduhdq LTrrnm P:P, Sncnr jnr cdqdbgnr qdrdquTcnr, OTjTaqTr bjTud3 Gt-ldqn: Ch]- rhr: Eq]bstq] qdbhdmsd: Rdtcn]qsqnrhr: Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr onq ok]b]: Dmbk]u]cn: Dmbk]u]cn e]rbhbtk]q bnm ]fti]r: Ehi]bhn-m dvsdqm]: O]q]-khrhr q]ch]k OjVm ] tmnr 7¨0/ bl cdk bncn( rnm ldmnr eqdbtdmsdr ptd k]r eq]bstq]r lds] r]qh]r rtodqhnqdr) bnm hmcdodmcdmbh] cd k] Fmsqnctbbgnxm ı dc]c, K]r b]q]bsdqfl-rshb]r dohcdlhnkn-fhb]r rnm k]r rhfthdm¨ sdr9 oqdcnlhmhn l]rbtkhmn) ]ctksn inudm) ]bbhcdmsd cd CTsnr TmTsnxlgbnr ptgqtxqfgbnr 1 sq]- bn dm tm bnmsdvsn cd sq]tl]shrln cd ]ks] dmdqffl-]: SdxbmgbTr ptgqtxqfgbTr 1 k]r b]fl-c]r cnld-rshb]r) rnaqd sncn dm ]mbh]m]r) qdoqdrdms]m Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b]r ]snqmhkk]c]r 2 nsq] bhqbtmrs]mbh] eqdbtdmsd cd drs]r eq]bstq]r, Pt hmbhcdm¨ Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr hmsq]ldctk]qdr 6 bh] ]mt]k dr cd 0)15 onq b]c] 0/,/// u]qnmdr x cd /)55 onq Ehi]bhn-m dvsdqm] 00 b]c] 0/,/// ltidqdr) bnm ohbnr cd eqdbtdmbh] dmsqd knr 1/ :Trnr drodbgTjdr ıı x knr 2/ ]– mnr dm knr u]qnmdr x dmsqd knr 5/ x knr 6/ ]– mnr Eq]bstq]r ]ahdqs]r 00 dm k]r ltidqdr, Dk enbn dr oqnvhl]k dm dk 14ı cd knr b]rnr) Eq]bstq]r bnm bnlokhb]bhnmdr u]rbtk]qdr 00 rd rhst-] dm dk sdqbhn ldchn dm dk 54ı x dr chrs]k dm dk 04ı Eq]bstq] bnm o]q]-khrhr q]ch]k 00 cd knr b]rnr Y0[ , Bncn fins]msd 01 K] bhqtffl-] cd k] ch]- rhr gtldq]k rd bdmsq] rnaqd sncn Rdtcn]qsqnrhr 01 dm k]r kdrhnmdr sq]tl]-shb]r qdbhdmsdr x rtr rdbtdk]r, Dm Eq]bstq]r o]snkn-fhb]r 02 k]r eq]bstq]r qdbhdmsdr) dk sq]s]lhdmsn nqsnod-chbn %btx] d b]bh] rd g] cdlnrsq]cn( cdad nbto]q tm ktf]q cdrs]¨ :nmbjtrgnxm ı2 b]cn) drodbh]kldmsd dm k]r eq]bstq]r chrs]kdr x nakhbt]r k]qf]r Y1z3[ , Phm dla]qfn) drsd sq]s]lhdmsn rn-kn cdad ok]m¨ sd]qrd dm knr o]bhdmsdr bnk]anq]cnqdr x ptd otdc]m snkdq]q tm] hmlnuhkhy]bhn-m oqnknmf]c] x dm nb]rhnmdr Fmsqnctbbgn vm lnkdrs] Y1z3[ , Onq drsnr lnshunr) dk sq]s]lhdmsn pthqt-qfhbn b]c] udy shdmd l]-r o]qshc]qhnr) fq]bh]r ]k trn cd bhdqs]r K]r knb]khy]bhnmdr ch] r]qh]r cd k]r eq]bstq]r %onqbhn-m sd-bmhb]r odqedbbhnm]c]r %dm drodbh]k) dk dmbk]u]cn bdm¨ bhkfl-mcqhb] cd drsqtbstq] bnqshb]k bnloqdmchc] dmsqd dk sqnldctk]q aknptd]cn( x ]k ldinq bnmnbhlhdmsn cd k]r anqcd hmedqhnq cdk odbsnq]k l]xnq x tm] kfl-md] ptd o]r] ufl-]r cd ]bbdrn o]q] k] bnknb]bhn-m cd ok]b]r Y4) 5[ , G]x ptd CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX 0 Tnitld 3 : m± 0 : lXqyn 1/01 gsso7..cu)cnh)nqe.0/)0/04.M1100–/22Vı01(40016–V C z 33–2// :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr EgftqV 0, Gt-ldqn hypthdqcn, Thrs] ]msd– EgftqV 1, Gt-ldqn cdqdbgn, Thrs] onrsd– qhnq, Pdk]bhnmdr ]m]sn-lhb]r bnm knr chrshmsnr qhnq, Pdk]bhnmdr ]m]sn-lhb]r bnm knr chrshmsnr mdquhnr cdk aq]yn, Dm qnin9 ynm] cd nrsdn– mdquhnr cdk aq]yn, Dm qnin9 ynm] cd nrsdn– rfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b], 0, Sq]xdbsn cdk mdquhn rfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b], 0, Mdquhn ]vhk]q: 1, mdquhn 0 ltrbtknbts]-mdn: 1, mdquhn ]vhk]q: 2, mdquhn q]ch]k: 2, mdquhn btahs]k, 1 btahs]k: 3, mdquhn q]ch]k, 0 2 1 3 2 qdbnqc]q ptd dk trn cdk sq]s]lhdmsn pthqt-qfhbn rd ]rnbh] ] bnlokhb]bhnmdr btx] s]r] cdad l]msdmdqrd ] tm mhudk Dm dk sdqbhn hmedqhnq) k] ch]- rhr gtldq]k drs]- bnmrshsthc] a]in) o]q] kn ptd rd qdpthdqd tm cnlhmhn ]cdbt]cn cd k] onq bnqshb]kdr fqtdr]r cd anqcdr oqnlhmdmsdr ptd qncd]m sd-bmhb] bnm dk m cd mn bnldsdq dk l]-r lfl-mhln dqqnq, tm] b]uhc]c ldctk]q drsqdbg] %7)4¨8 ll(, D-rs] rd sdqlhm] ] 1¨2 bl onq dmbhl] cd k] enrhs] nkdbq]mh]m], K] b]q] onr¨ sdqhnq dr ok]m] x khr]) dk mdquhn q]ch]k dr ]msdqnk]sdq]k) dk odcfl-btkn u]rbtk]q gtldq]k x dk mdquhn ldch]mn rd l]mshd¨ CVsnr VmVsnv lgbnr mdm dm tm] onrhbhn-m ]msdqnldch]k x) onq t-kshln) dk mdquhn btahs]k dr onrsdqhnq x ldch]k, Dm qdrtldm) ]tmptd k]r sqdr ptgqt v qfgbnr b]q]r ]clhsdm tm] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr chqdbs]) dm qd]khc]c rn-kn k] b]q] onrsdqhnq mn oqdrdms] qhdrfnr cdrcd dk otmsn cd uhrs] K] ch]- rhr gtldq]k otdcd chuhchqrd dm sqdr ynm]r ]m]sn-¨ mdtqnkn-fhbn %Ehf, 1(, K] drsqdbgdy cdk bnmctbsn ldctk]q lhb]r, chrs]k ch btks] dk dmbk]u]cn dm rdmshcn chrs]k¨oqnvhl]k x Dk sdqbhn oqnvhl]k cdk gt-ldqn shdmd tm] rdbbhn-m sq]mr¨ g]bd ptd otdc]m dmbnmsq]qrd ch btks]cdr o]q] dk cdrbdmrn udqr]k ]oqnvhl]c]ldmsd bhkfl-mcqhb]) bnm tm] b]uhc]c cd tm bk]un ]msdqn-fq]cn %qhdrfn cd eq]bstq] n cd aknptdn ldctk]q ]lokh]) cd ]kqdcdcnq cd 06¨07 ll cd ch]-ldsqn, cdk bk]un(, Dk cdksnhcdr ]msdqhnq x ldchn btaqd k]r b]q]r n-rd]r ]msd¨ qnk]sdq]k x onrsdqhnq) ]rfl- bnln dk u]rsn k]sdq]k, Dk sdmcn-m cdk lt-rbtkn odbsnq]k l]xnq rd hmrdqs] k]sdq]kldmsd dm k] bqdrs] cdk stad-qbtkn l]xnq, Onq s]msn) dk ]bbdrn ] k]r rtodq¨ bhdr bnqshb]kdr rd ud ch btks]cn onq ]lokh]r hmrdqbhnmdr PdvbmgbVr ptgqt v qfgbVr ltrbtk]qdr) x rn-kn k] b]q] ]msdqnldch]k x dk anqcd ]msd¨ qhnq rnm ]bbdrhakdr ] tm] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr chqdbs]) o]q] kn ptd Dk sq]s]lhdmsn nqsnod-chbn rhftd rhdmcn dk oqdedqhcn cdad cdrhmrdqs]qrd dk sdmcn-m cdk lt-rbtkn odbsnq]k l]xnq) cd knr ]tsnqdr ]mfknr]inmdr) r]kun dm ]kftm]r rhst]bhn¨ rhm cdrhmrdqs]q dk lt-rbtkn cdksnhcdr cd rt hmrdqbhn-m chr¨ mdr ltx oqdbhr]r9 onkhsq]tl]shrlnr) kdrhnmdr drb]knm]c]r s]k %Ehf, 0(, Knr qhdrfnr mdtqnkn-fhbnr rnm drb]rnr x rn-kn cdk lhdlaqn rtodqhnq) dsb, Y4[ , Dr d b]y rnaqd sncn dm ]edbs]m ]k mdquhn ]vhk]q dm b]rn cd bnknb]bhn-m cd snqmhkknr knr o]bhdmsdr bnk]anq]cnqdr) bnm tm] t-mhb] eq]bstq]) oqnvhl]kdr cd tm bk]un hmsq]ldctk]q ]msdqn-fq]cn Y6[ , dm knr cnr sdqbhnr chrs]kdr x o]q] eq]bstq]r nakhbt]r Dm dk sdqbhn ldchn) k] b]uhc]c ldctk]q lhcd 00¨01 ll k]qf]r n drohqnhcd]r Y1z3[ , Phm dla]qfn) dk sq]s]lhdmsn x drs]- qncd]c] onq tm]r bnqshb]kdr fqtdr]r, Pt enql] rd pthqt-qfhbn rd rhftd dlokd]mcn ] ldmtcn) onqptd odq¨ utdkud sqh]mftk]q) bnm k] b]q] ]msdqnldch]k ok]m], Dk mdq¨ lhsd tm] qdg]ahkhs]bhn-m oqdbny cd k]r ]qshbtk]bhnmdr uhn q]ch]k qncd] k] ch]- rhr gtldq]k dm rt b]q] onrsdqhnq ]cx]bdmsdr, dm dk rtqbn q]ch]k) cnmcd chrbtqqd a]in dk sqfl-bdor aq]¨ Pd otdcdm dlokd]q k]r sqdr sd-bmhb]r pthqt-qfhb]r oqhmbh¨ pth]k dmsqd k]r hmrdqbhnmdr cd knr lt-rbtknr u]rsnr k]sdq]k o]kdr) ptd rd cdrbqhahq]-m cd enql] rtbdrhu]9 nrsdnrfl-msdrhr x ldch]k, Bqty] k] b]q] onrsdqhnq ] 06 bl 2 bl cdk doh¨ bnm ok]b]r) dmbk]u]cn bdmsqnldctk]q bnm ]fti]r n bk]unr bn-mchkn ldch]k, ; bnmshmt]bhn-m) r]kd cdk rtqbn q]ch]k) x i]bhn-m dvsdqm], B]c] sd-bmhb] shdmd rtr hmchb]bhnmdr qncd] dk anqcd k]sdq]k dmsqd dk lt-rbtkn aq]pth]k onq ]qqha] oqdbhr]r) odqn rd tshkhy] rnaqd sncn dm etmbhn-m cd k] x dk lt-rbtkn aq]pthnqq]ch]k onq cda]in) x rd hmsqnctbd bnmuhbbhn-m x cd k]r bnrstlaqdr cdk bhqti]mn) l]-r ptd dm dk rtqbn ahbhohs]k k]sdq]k dm k] b]q] ]msdqhnq, ;sq]uhdr] cdodmchdmcn cd knr c]snr ahnldb]-mhbnr otakhb]cnr Y0/[ , dk s]ahptd hmsdqltrbtk]q k]sdq]k dm tm otmsn rhst]cn ] Pd tshkhy] tm] oqn k]vhr ]mshahn-shb] rhrsdl]-shb]) rdft-m tmnr 7 bl 1 bl cdk dohbn-mchkn k]sdq]k Y7) 8[ , Drs] odqenq]¨ k]r qdbnldmc]bhnmdr rnaqd k] oqdudmbhn-m cd k]r hmedb¨ bhn-m ]onmdtqn-shb] bnmrshstxd tm otmsn cd i]bhn-m) kn ptd bhnmdr cd k] gdqhc] pthqt-qfhb], Dk trn cdk snqmhptdsd dr dvokhb] rt o]q]-khrhr bt]mcn rteqd tm] dknmf]bhn-m onq tm hlonrhakd dm k] l]xnqfl-] cd k]r nb]rhnmdr, Dk bnmsqnk q]chn¨ cdrok]y]lhdmsn rhfmh b]shun cdk sdqbhn chrs]k cdk gt-ldqn fq]- bn s]lahd-m dr rhrsdl]-shbn9 n ahdm hmsq]nodq]snqhn eq]bstq]cn, Pn-kn k] b]q] ]msdqnldch]k x dk anqcd ]msdqhnq q]chnrbn-ohbn %dmbk]u]cn) ]fti]r) i]bhn-m dvsdqm]() bnm rnm ynm]r ]cdbt]c]r o]q] qd]khy]q tm] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr chqdbs] snc]r k]r qdrsqhbbhnmdr cdahc]r ] k] q]chnoqnsdbbhn-m ptd rhm ptd dvhrs] tm ]tsd-mshbn qhdrfn mdtqnkn-fhbn o]q] dk mdq¨ hlokhb]) n ahdm onrsnodq]snqhn q]chnfq]- bn %bnknb]bhn-m cd uhn q]ch]k %Ehf, 0(, ok]b](, 1 CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX  :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr C z 33–2// 0 1 2 0 3 0 4 4 5 6 5 7 6 8 1 7 EgftqV 4, Bnqsd dm k] tmhn-m dmsqd knr sdqbhnr ldchn d hmedqhnq cdk aq]yn cdqdbgn) rdfldmsn rtodqhnq, Tfl-] cd ]bbdrn ]msdqhnq, 0, Aq]pth]k: 1, mdquhn q]ch]k: aq]pthnqq]ch]k: 3, mdquhn ltrbtkn– 2 bts]-mdn: 4, afl-bdor aq]pth]k: 5, mdquhn bts]-mdn aq]pth]k ldch]k: 3 6, mdquhn ldch]mn: 7, mdquhn btahs]k: 8, sqfl-bdor, %ptd mn rd hcdmsh b]() rd dvonmd k] ch]- rhr ldch]msd k] rdb¨ bhn-m cdk anqcd k]sdq]k cdk aq]pth]k x s]lahd-m rd dvonmd dk anqcd ]msdqhnq cdk gt-ldqn x k] b]q] ]msdqnldch]k %Ehf, 4(, O]q] k] dvonrhbhn-m cdk sdqbhn ldchn cd k] ch]- rhr) rn-kn rd EgftqV 2, Tfl-] ]msdqhnq `cdksnodbsnq]k ]lokh]c]() aq]yn qd]khy] k] o]qsd a]i] cd k] ufl-] cd ]bbdrn %ufl-] cd Adydr Y00[ hypthdqcn, 0, Lt-rbtkn odbsnq]k l]xnq: 1, lt-rbtkn afl-bdor aq]– n cd C]xdy Y01[ (, Pd otdcd bnknb]q tm] ok]b] dm dk anqcd pth]k: 2, lt-rbtkn aq]pth]k rdbbhnm]cn) anqcd ldch]k: 3, mdquhn ]msdqhnq n dm k] b]q] ]msdqnldch]k %Ehfr, 5 x 6(, Knr qhdrfnr ltrbtknbts]-mdn: 4, lt-rbtkn cdksnhcdr: 5, udm] bde]-khb]: 6, lt-r– onsdmbh]kdr cd drsd ]bbdrn drs]-m qdk]shu]ldmsd bnmsqnk]¨ btkn aq]pth]k rdbbhnm]cn) anqcd k]sdq]k: 7, ch]- rhr gtldq]k) b]q] cnr9 dk mdquhn ]vhk]q g] c]cn rtr q]lnr cd chrsqhatbhn-m ]msdqhnq x ldch]k, o]q] dk cdksnhcdr) dk mdquhn q]ch]k drs]- dm tm] rhst]bhn-m ldch]k x bnlhdmy] ] qncd]q k] b]q] onrsdqhnq cd k] ch]- rhr) dk odcfl-btkn gtldq]k drs]- dm onrhbhn-m hmsdqm] x dk mdquhn 0 1 2 3 4 ltrbtknbts]-mdn dr l]-r ]msdqhnq x rd qdbg]y] bnm dk afl-bdor dm rt b]q] oqnetmc], TfiyV iVsdqVi 5 Dk o]bhdmsd rd rhst-] dm cdbt-ahsn rtohmn rhm snqmhptdsd) bnm dk aq]yn ] kn k]qfn cdk btdqon x dk bncn cdrb]mr]mcn 6 dm tm ]onxn k]sdq]k, 7 8 K] ufl-] aq]pth]k k]sdq]k o]r] onq cdk]msd cdk s]ahptd hmsdq¨ 0/ ltrbtk]q k]sdq]k %Ehfr, 7 x 8() dmsqd knr lt-rbtknr aq]pth]k ]msdqhnq x sqfl-bdor aq]pth]k) onq dmbhl] cdk mdquhn q]ch]k, Cdrotd-r) o]r] dmsqd knr lt-rbtknr aq]pthnqq]ch]k x sqfl-bdor 00 aq]pth]k onq cda]in cdk mdquhn, Pd qd]khy] tm] hmbhrhn-m bts]-md] qdbshkfl-md] dm dk anqcd k]sdq]k cdk aq]yn, Dk s]ah¨ ptd hmsdqltrbtk]q k]sdq]k dr dk oqhldq dkdldmsn ptd cdad hcdmsh b]qrd9 dk mdquhn q]ch]k kn odqenq] cd cdsq]-r g]bh] EgftqV 3, Bnqsd dm k] tmhn-m dmsqd knr sdqbhnr rtodqhnq x ldchn cdk]msd) ]msdr cd cdrkhy]qrd dmsqd knr lt-rbtknr afl-bdor x cdk aq]yn cdqdbgn) rdfldmsn rtodqhnq, Tfl-] cd ]bbdrn ]msdqhnq, aq]pthnqq]ch]k, Pd atrb] dm oqhldq ktf]q, Mn rhdloqd dr 0, Sqfl-bdor) u]rsn k]sdq]k: 1, cdksnhcdr: 2, sqfl-bdor) u]rsn ldch]k: e]-bhk cdrbtaqhqkn9 mn g]x ptd ctc]q dm o]ko]q chqdbs]ldmsd 3, aq]pth]k: 4, afl-bdor aq]pth]k: 5, mdquhn ltrbtknbts]-mdn: 6, mdq– k]r aq]r ltrbtk]qdr o]q] odqbhahq bn-ln «qtdc]» n atr¨ uhn ldch]mn: 7, mdquhn bts]-mdn aq]pth]k ldch]k: 8, mdquhn btahs]k: b]qkn dm tm] ynm] l]-r chrs]k dm dk rtqbn ahbhohs]k, Mn rd 0., mdquhn q]ch]k: 00, sqfl-bdor) onqbhn-m k]qf], cdad qd]khy]q mhmftm] sq]bbhn-m rnaqd d-k x s]msn dk bhqt¨ i]mn bnln rt ]xtc]msd cdadm sdmdq drsn oqdrdmsd dm sncn Irsdnrxmsdrgr bnm ojTbTr TsnqmgjjTcTr lnldmsn, Tm] udy ptd rd hcdmsh b] dk mdquhn) rd qd]khy] rt TvVr cd Vbbdrn mdtqn-khrhr cd enql] nakhf]snqh] x rd l]qb] bnm k]ynr u]r¨ btk]qdr, K] ok]b] rd bnknb] rnaqd k] b]q] k]sdq]k) cd lncn TfiyV Vmsdqgnq ıEger) 0 x 2 V 3( ptd ] ldmtcn o]r] a]in dk mdquhn e]bh]k) bnm sncnr knr O]q] k] dvonrhbhn-m cd k] onqbhn-m rtodqhnq cd k] ch]- ¨ qhdrfnr ptd drsn otdcd bnmkkdu]q9 l]mhotk]bhn-m hmsq]nod¨ rhr) dk ]bbdrn rd qd]khy] onq tm] ufl-] cdksnodbsnq]k ]lokh]c] q]snqh]) qhdrfn cd kdrhn-m ctq]msd k] qd]khy]bhn-m cdk nqh bhn) %Ehf, 2(, Dk o]bhdmsd rd rhst-] dm cdbt-ahsn rtohmn rhm snq¨ onrhakd hqqhs]bhn-m onrsnodq]snqh]) ch btks]cdr oqduhrhakdr mhptdsd) bnm dk aq]yn ] kn k]qfn cdk btdqon x dk bncn ]k qdshq]q dk l]sdqh]k x) rnaqd sncn) dm b]rn cd qdhmsdqudm¨ cdrb]mr]mcn dm tm ]onxn k]sdq]k) n ahdm bnm dk aq]yn dm bhn-m onq hmedbbhn-m n rdtcn]qsqnrhr) dsb, Onq drs] ufl-]) dvhrsd ]actbbhn-m ]onx]cn dm tm] ldr] ]tvhkh]q) lhdmsq]r ptd dk tm qhdrfn qd]k cd kdrhn-m mdquhnr] h]sqnfd-mhb], K]r ch btk¨ bhqti]mn x dk ]xtc]msd rd rhdms]m tmn eqdmsd ]k nsqn, K] s]cdr pthqt-qfhb]r rnm bnmrhcdq]akdr bt]mcn tm bhqti]mn hmbhrhn-m rd hmhbh] dm dk rtqbn cdksnhcdn x rd oqnknmf] g]bh] ptd btdmsd bnm tm t-mhbn ]xtc]msd cdad l]msdmdq cd ]a]in g]bh] dk dohbn-mchkn k]sdq]k) qncd]mcn dk anqcd k]sdq]k enql] rhltks]-md] k] qdctbbhn-m cd k] eq]bstq] x bnknb]q k] cdk sqfl-bdor, Dm dk rtqbn) dk cdksnhcdr rd qdbg]y] dm rdmshcn ok]b]) ] k] udy ptd rd bnmsqnk] dk mdquhn q]ch]k, Dm sncnr knr k]sdq]k bnm k] udm] bde]-khb]) lhdmsq]r ptd dk odbsnq]k l]xnq b]rnr) k] rhst]bhn-m cd k] ok]b] rd cdad ldmbhnm]q bnm fq]m otdcd cdrhmrdqs]qrd ] q]r cdk gtdrn x l]qb]qrd bnm ghknr oqdbhrhn-m dm dk hmenqld pthqt-qfhbn) ]k hft]k ptd rtr qdk]¨ o]q] rt qdhmrdqbhn-m %Ehf, 3(, Dm rdmshcn hmedqhnq) rd qdbg]y] bhnmdr bnm dk mdquhn q]ch]k %rnaqd eqdmsd ] ptd- snqmhkkn g] dm rdmshcn ldch]k dk afl-bdor bnm dk mdquhn ltrbtknbts]-mdn bqty]cn) dsb,(, CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX 2 C z 33–2// :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr EgftqV 5, 9, Eq]bstq] nakhbt] cdk gt-ldqn cdqdbgn dm k] tmhn-m dmsqd knr sdqbhnr rtodqhnq x ldchn, A, Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b] x snqmhkkn cd bnloqdrhn-m khaqd dm dk anqcd ]msdqhnq onq ufl-] ]msdqhnq cdksnodbsnq]k ]lokh]c], A EgftqV 6, 9, Eq]bstq] sq]mrudqr]k bnm sdqbdq eq]fldmsn cdk gt-ldqn cdqdbgn) sdqbhn ldchn, A, Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b] dm k] b]q] ldch]k onq ufl-] ]msdqhnq cd Adydr) C]xdy, A 0 1 2 3 4 3 5 0 6 4 1 7 8 2 EgftqV 8, Bnqsd dm k] tmhn-m dmsqd knr sdqbhnr ldchn d hmed– qhnq cdk aq]yn cdqdbgn) rdfldmsn rtodqhnq, Tfl-] cd ]bbdrn k]sdq]k, 0, Aq]pthnqq]ch]k: 1, mdquhn q]ch]k: 2, aq]pth]k: 3, mdquhn ltrbt– knbts]-mdn: 4, afl-bdor aq]pth]k: 5, mdquhn bts]-mdn aq]pth]k ldch]k: 6, mdquhn ldch]mn: 7, mdquhn btahs]k: 8, sqfl-bdor, EgftqV 7, Tfl-] k]sdq]k) aq]yn cdqdbgn, 0, Sqfl-bdor: 1, aq]pthnqq]– ch]k: 2, gt-ldqn, 3, dohbn-mchkn k]sdq]k: 3, aq]pth]k: 4, mdquhn q]ch]k, ldch]k, Drs]r cnr b]ady]r ltrbtk]qdr rd rdo]q]m dm k] kfl-md] ldch] g]rs] dk nkd-bq]mnm) bnm dk cdcn x bnm dk ahrstqfl-, Dk TfiyVr onrsdqgnqdr o]ptdsd u]rbtknmdquhnrn gtldqnqq]ch]k otdcd knb]khy]qrd K] ufl-] onrsdqhnq rd qd]khy] bnm dk o]bhdmsd rhst]cn dm dm dk hmsdqrshbhn enql]cn9 bqty] k] o]qsd ]ks] cdk b]lon cdbt-ahsn oqnmn) bnm dk bncn dvsdmchcn rnaqd tm] ldr] pthqt-qfhbn cd ldch]k ] k]sdq]k) ] tmnr 06 bl 2 bl cdk o]q] dk aq]yn n fidvhnm]cn rnaqd tm ]onxn k]sdq]k bnqsn x dohbn-mchkn ldch]k, Phm dla]qfn) c]cn ptd drs] ufl-] onb]r dk ]msdaq]yn dm dk u]bfl-n, Dk ]bbdrn rd rhst-] ] mhudk ldch]k udbdr rd dlokd] dm k]r eq]bstq]r ]ks]r) k] at-rptdc] cdk x onrsdqhnq, K] ]onmdtqnrhr aq]pth]k rd ]aqd dm k] o]qsd mdquhn mn rhdloqd dr mdbdr]qh], Kkdf]cn dk b]rn) cdrotd-r a]i] cdk lt-rbtkn cdksnhcdr) dmsqd k] b]ady] k]sdq]k cdk lt-r¨ cd ]hrk]q dk mdquhn) k] b]q] onrsdqhnq cdk gt-ldqn x] rn-kn btkn sqfl-bdor x k] b]ady] hmsdqldch] %onqbhn-m k]qf]() l]-r ptdc] qdbtahdqs] onq k] b]ady] ldch]k cdk lt-rbtkn sqfl-bdor 3 CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX  :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr C z 33–2// 0 1 0 1 2 2 3 EgftqV 00, Tfl-] onrsdqnk]sdq]k) aq]yn cdqdbgn, 0, Mdquhn q]ch]k: 1, sqfl-bdor: 2, s]ahptd hmsdqltrbtk]q k]sdq]k, nkdbq]mnsnlfl-]) cdrotd-r cd hcdmsh b]q x qd]khy]q k] mdtqn-kh¨ EgftqV 0., Tfl-] onrsdqhnq) aq]yn cdqdbgn, 0, Onqbhn-m k]qf] cdk rhr cdk mdquhn btahs]k, Cd drsd lncn) k] b]q] onrsdqnhmedqhnq sqfl-bdor: 1, mdquhn q]ch]k: 2, b]ady] k]sdq]k cdk sqfl-bdor: 3, b]ady] cdk gt-ldqn ptdc] dvotdrs] ] k] odqedbbhn-m o]q] k] bnkn¨ ldch]k cdk sqfl-bdor, b]bhn-m cd k]r ok]b]r, aq]pth]k) ptd rd hmbhcd dm udqshb]k g]rs] dk nkd-bq]mnm TfiyVr ldcgVidr %Ehf, 0/(, K] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr rd qd]khy] rnaqd k] b]q] onrsd¨ Dvhrsdm cnr ufl-]r cd drsd shon9 qhnq, Drs] ufl-] cd ]bbdrn dr sq]mrltrbtk]q9 oqnunb] tm] k] ufl-] ldch]k) cdmnlhm]c] «cd knr u]rnr»: cdru]rbtk]qhy]bhn-m odqhn-rshb] dvsdmr], ;cdl]-r) nakhf] ] k] ufl-] onrsdqnldch]k, tshkhy]q tm] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr fqtdr] a]in dk ]o]q]sn dvsdmrnq) K] ufl-] ldch]k etd cdrbqhs] onq B]cdm]s Y04[ o]q] ]bbdcdq ptd otdcd dmfkna]q knr cnr ohk]qdr cdk gt-ldqn %ok]b]r ] knr u]rnr gtldq]kdr: cdrotd-r Itcds otrn cd qdkhdud rtr dm U hmudqshc](, Dvhrsdm cnr u]qh]msdr cd drs] ufl-]9 k] ufl-] udms]i]r Y05[ , onrsdqnldch]k cd Antrptds Y02[ ) ptd o]r] dmsqd k] b]ady] Dk ]bbdrn ] k] b]q] ldch]k cd k] ch]- rhr rd qd]khy] bnm dk ldch]k cdk lt-rbtkn afl-bdor aq]pth]k x dk sdmcn-m cd sdqlh¨ o]bhdmsd bnknb]cn dm cdbt-ahsn rtohmn x dk aq]yn dm ]actb¨ m]bhn-m cdk sqfl-bdor) x k] ufl-] onrsdqnk]sdq]k cd Lnq]m Y03[ ) ptd bhn-m) rhm snqmhptdsd, K] hmbhrhn-m bnlhdmy] dm dk gtdbn o]r] k]sdq]kldmsd ] k] b]ady] k]sdq]k cdk lt-rbtkn sqfl-bdor ]vhk]q) qncd] dk rtqbn gtldq]k x sdqlhm] dm dk dohbn-m¨ aq]pth]k x ] rt sdmcn-m cd sdqlhm]bhn-m, K] ]onmdtqnrhr chkn ldch]k, Cdrotd-r cd g]adq hmbhchcn k] ]onmdtqnrhr aq]pth]k rd ]aqd ] q]r cdk sdmcn-m sdqlhm]k cdk sqfl-bdor) dm rt aq]pth]k) k] ch]- rhr rd dvonmd o]r]mcn onq cdk]msd cdk anqcd k]sdq]k, Dk sqfl-bdor rd cdrodf] cd k] b]q] onrsdqhnq cdk s]ahptd hmsdqltrbtk]q ldch]k x onq cdsq]-r cdk o]ptdsd u]r¨ gt-ldqn cd enql] oqnfqdrhu], Dm k] o]qsd ]ks] cdk b]lon) rd btk]q gtldq]k %Ehf, 02(, Dk mdquhn btahs]k rd cdi] cdsq]-r cdk hcdmsh b] dk mdquhn q]ch]k lhdmsq]r bqty] dk anqcd k]sdq]k cd s]ahptd, ;tmptd k] ufl-] cd ]bbdrn dr e]-bhk cd qd]khy]q x k] k] ch]- rhr x o]r] ] sq]ud-r cdk s]ahptd hmsdqltrbtk]q k]sdq]k) dvonrhbhn-m gtldq]k dr ltx atdm]) qdrtks] hmbn-lnc] o]q] onq dmbhl] cdk lt-rbtkn aq]pthnqq]ch]k %Ehf, 00(, Otdcd bnmsqnk]q k] qdctbbhn-m cd k] eq]bstq] dm dk sdqbhn ldchn, qd]khy]qrd rt mdtqn-khrhr o]q] cdrok]y]qkn g]bh] cdk]msd, Tm] Drs] t-kshl] rd nashdmd dm nb]rhnmdr dm qns]bhn-m hmsdqm] udy ptd dk mdquhn drs]- ahdm bnmsqnk]cn) rd otdcd bnknb]q cdk gnlaqn9 dk anqcd rtodqhnq cd k] hmbhrhn-m x dk lt-r¨ tm] ok]b] dm k] b]q] onrsdqnk]sdq]k cdk gt-ldqn %Ehf, 01(, btkn afl-bdor aq]pth]k shdmcdm ] nbtks]q k] ch]- rhr, Dm s]k Pn-kn k]r eq]bstq]r cdk sdqbhn chrs]k rnm ]bbdrhakdr) ] bnrs] b]rn) g]x ptd tshkhy]q rdo]q]cnqdr cd ohbn bnknb]cnr dm k] cd o]r]q k] ok]b] a]in dk mdquhn q]ch]k, O]q] k]r eq]bstq]r b]q] ]msdqhnq cdk gt-ldqn) bnm dk qhdrfn cd drshq]q dk mdquhn a]i]r x chefl-bhkdr) rd otdcd kdu]ms]q dk ]o]q]sn dvsdmrnq onq ldch]mn) cd kdrhnm]q tm u]rn gtldq]k n cd bnloqhlhq dk EgftqV 01, 9, Eq]bstq] nakhbt] cdk gt-ldqn hypthdqcn) sdqbhn hmed– qhnq, A, Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr onq ok]b] «cd shah]» x snqmhkkn khaqd onq ufl-] onrsdqnk]sdq]k, A CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX 4 C z 33–2// :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 EgftqV 02, Tfl-] ldch]k) aq]yn cdqdbgn, 0, Sqfl-bdor: 1, udm] gtldq]k: 2, mdquhn ldch]mn: 3, afl-bdor aq]pth]k: 4, mdquhn btahs]k: EgftqV 04, Tfl-] onrsdqnldch]k) aq]yn cdqdbgn, 0, Sqfl-bdor: 5, sqfl-bdor, 1, gt-ldqn: 2, mdquhn btahs]k: 3, s]ahptd hmsdqltrbtk]q ldch]k, 3 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 EgftqV 03, Tfl-] onrsdqnldch]k) aq]yn cdqdbgn9 hmbhrhn-m 8 bts]-md], mdquhn q]ch]k dm dk nsqn k]cn cd k] ch]- rhr, Dm dk bt]qsn chr¨ s]k) dk mdquhn ldch]mn rhftd dk rtqbn ahbhohs]k hmsdqmn x rd EgftqV 05, Bnqsd dm k] tmhn-m dmsqd knr sdqbhnr ldchn d hmed– ]kdi] cd k] b]q] ldch]k) lhdmsq]r ptd dk mdquhn btahs]k o]r] qhnq cdk aq]yn cdqdbgn) rdfldmsn rtodqhnq) dm cdbt-ahsn oqnmn, onq cdsq]-r cdk dohbn-mchkn ldch]k, Dk ]bbdrn ] k] ch]- rhr dr Tfl-] cd ]bbdrn onrsdqnldch]k, 0, Mdquhn bts]-mdn aq]pth]k ldch]k: l]-r e]-bhk, 1, mdquhn ldch]mn: 2, mdquhn btahs]k: 3, sqfl-bdor: 4, aq]pthnqq]ch]k: K] qd]khy]bhn-m cd k] ufl-] onrsdqnldch]k dr o]qdbhc] ] k] 5, mdquhn q]ch]k: 6, aq]pth]k: 7, mdquhn ltrbtknbts]-mdn: 8, afl-bdor cdrbqhs] onq Antrptds Y02[ : shdmd k] udms]i] cd mn qdptdqhq aq]pth]k, mhmftm] rdbbhn-m ltrbtk]q Y06) 07[ , Dk o]bhdmsd rd bnknb] dm cdbt-ahsn oqnmn) bnm dk lhdlaqn sq]tl]shy]cn dm ]actb¨ Iqgmbgognr bhn-m x dk gnlaqn dm qns]bhn-m mdtsq]) ]onx]cn dm tm K] ;rnbh]bhn-m o]q] dk Drstchn cd k] Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr g] ]onxn aq]pth]k bnqsn) dk bncn fidvhnm]cn ] 8/± x k] l]mn bnch b]cn k]r nrsdnrfl-msdrhr chqdbs]r ldch]msd ok]b] ]snq¨ dm dk u]bfl-n %Ehf, 03(, Sncn dk lhdlaqn rd bnknb] dm dk mhkk]c]9 lnms]id qfl-fhcn qd]khy]cn onq tm lfl-mhln cd rdhr b]lon bnm n rhm snqmhptdsd mdtl]-shbn) kn ptd odqlhsd snl]r bnqshb]kdr bnm atdm] rtidbhn-m %dr cdbhq) sqdr snq¨ k] lnuhkhy]bhn-m cdk gnlaqn dm qns]bhn-m x cdk bncn dm fid¨ mhkknr ] b]c] k]cn cdk enbn cd eq]bstq]() bnloqdrhn-m vhn-m x dvsdmrhn-m, Dk bhqti]mn x tm ]xtc]msd rd rhdms]m hmsdqeq]fldms]qh] nasdmhc] onq ]tsnbnloqdrhn-m %ok]b] tmn eqdmsd ]k nsqn) ] ]lanr k]cnr cdk aq]yn, K] hmbhrhn-m bnm ]ftidqnr cd cdrkhy]lhdmsn() bnm tm hlok]msd fqtdrn bts]-md] dr ldch]k x rd dvshdmcd bnln l]-vhln cdrcd dk %2)1 ll( x fq]mcd, Onq s]msn) rd cdadm tshkhy]q snqmhkknr anqcd hmedqhnq cdk lt-rbtkn cnqr]k ]mbgn g]rs] dk dohbn-m¨ cd 3)4 ll cd ch]-ldsqn) ]rfl- bnln ok]b]r cdmnlhm]c]r «cd chkn ldch]k, Dk mdquhn btahs]k rd hcdmsh b] dm dk bncn onq shah]» o]q] k]r eq]bstq]r rhst]c]r dm tm gtdrn fqtdrn x cdsq]-r cdk dohbn-mchkn ldch]k, Dk ]bbdrn rd qd]khy] dmsqd drsd fq]mcd, O]q] k]r ch]- rhr l]-r cdkf]c]r) rd otdcdm tshkhy]q t-kshln x k] b]ady] ldch]k cdk lt-rbtkn sqfl-bdor aq]pth]k, Dm k]r ok]b]r l]-r drsqdbg]r x ldmnr fqtdr]r %1)6 ll) cdmn¨ cdbt-ahsn oqnmn) dk mdquhn btahs]k rd cdrok]y] g]bh] cdk]msd lhm]c]r «cd ]msdaq]yn»() bnm snqmhkknr cd 2)4 ll, C]cn x dk gt-ldqn rd dvonmd a]in dk sqfl-bdor %Ehfr, 04 x 05(, K] ptd knr ]ftidqnr drs]-m l]-r oqn-vhlnr) cdad qd]khy]qrd tm qdctbbhn-m rhdloqd dr l]-r e]-bhk ptd onq k] ufl-] cd knr u]rnr) lnms]id bnm nbgn snl]r bnqshb]kdr ] ]lanr k]cnr cdk enbn cdahcn ] k] bnknb]bhn-m) x rd knfq] duhs]mcn tshkhy]q sdm]y]r cd eq]bstq]) dr cdbhq) bt]sqn snqmhkknr dm b]c] k]cn Y4) 0/[ , o]q] mn kdrhnm]q dk mdquhn q]ch]k ]k nsqn k]cn cd k] ch]- ¨ K] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b] otdcd tshkhy]qrd cd u]qh]r enq¨ rhr, K] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr rd qd]khy] rnaqd k] b]q] ldch]k, Drs] ufl-] l]r9 ok]b] dm bnloqdrhn-m o]q] k]r eq]bstq]r sq]mrudqr]kdr t duhs] k] chrdbbhn-m cd knr mdquhnr q]ch]k x ldch]mn) odqn nakhbt]r bnqs]r mn bnmlhmts]r) bnm tm snqmhkkn hmsdqeq]f¨ mn k] cdk mdquhn btahs]k, Dk t-kshln snqmhkkn otdcd ]on¨ ldms]qhn cd bnloqdrhn-m x ok]b] cd mdtsq]khy]bhn-m dm b]rn x]qrd dm dk dohbn-mchkn ldch]k) rnaqd sncn dm k]r eq]bstq]r cd nakhbthc]c cdk sq]xdbsn, K] bnloqdrhn-m otdcd qdrtks]q a]i]r n dm k]r ptd shdmdm tm] dvsdmrhn-m ]qshbtk]q, Dm drsd chefl-bhk cd nasdmdq dm b]rn cd bnmlhmtbhn-m, Dm k]r eq]b¨ b]rn) rd cdad sq]mronmdq dk mdquhn btahs]k g]bh] cdk]msd) stq]r bnm 2¨3 eq]fldmsnr) dk ]snqmhkk]cn chqdbsn cd drsnr o]q] duhs]q bt]kpthdq bnmfihbsn bnm dk l]sdqh]k, ;k bnmsq]qhn t-kshlnr odqlhsd rhlokh b]q k] eq]bstq] x bnmudqshqk] dm ptd dk mdquhn q]ch]k dm k]r ufl-]r k]sdq]kdr) dk mdquhn btahs]k tm] nakhbt]) o]q] bnknb]q ] bnmshmt]bhn-m tm] ok]b] cd mn rd drshq]) onqptd rd cdrok]y] g]bh] cdk]msd) cdahcn ]k mdtsq]khy]bhn-m, Dm sncnr knr b]rnr) rd cdad atrb]q tm] cdbt-ahsn oqnmn %Ehf, 06(, qdctbbhn-m «]m]sn-lhb]») bnm dk m cd ]rdftq]q tm] atdm] 5 CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX  :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr C z 33–2// EgftqV 06, 9, Eq]bstq] drohqnhcd] cdk sdqbhn hmedqhnq cdk gt-ldqn cdqdbgn bnm 3 eq]fldmsnr, A, Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b] x snqmhkkn khaqd onq ufl-] onr– sdqnldch]k, A drs]ahkhc]c, Dm dk ldinq cd knr b]rnr) drs] qdctbbhn-m rd o]bhdmsdr x rdfthlhdmsnr bnqsnr, Dvhrsd tm qhdrfn qd]k cd knfq] rhm kdrhnm]q cdl]rh]cn k]r o]qsdr ak]mc]r %cdrod¨ b]tr]q kdrhnmdr h]sqnfd-mhb]r mdtqnkn-fhb]r x dr ]arnkts]¨ qhnrshy]bhn-m lfl-mhl]) cdrhmrdqbhn-m ltrbtk]q khlhs]c] ] k] ldmsd hmchrodmr]akd bnms]q bnm tm cnlhmhn ]cdbt]cn ynm] cd bnknb]bhn-m cd k] ok]b]) dsb,() sq]r kn ptd otdcd cd k] bhqtffl-] bnmudmbhnm]k ] bhdkn ]ahdqsn o]q] bnmnbdq bnknb]qrd k] ok]b], Kn hcd]k dr mn tshkhy]q sdm]y]r o]q] mn knr onrhakdr qhdrfnr ]m]sn-lhbnr, kdrhnm]q k]r o]qsdr ak]mc]r mh dk mdquhn q]ch]k, K] ok]b] otdcd lnkcd]qrd dm nb]rhnmdr) cdahcn ]k qdkhdud snqstnrn FmcgbVbgnmdr fdmdqVjdr cdk gt-ldqn) rnaqd sncn ]k ]bdqb]qrd ] k] ynm] chrs]k, Dm EqVastqVr cgV rVqgVr cdi sdqagn oqnvglVi drsd b]rn) dr hmchrodmr]akd tshkhy]q fqhe]r n oqdmr]r o]q] ok]b], Pd cdadm onmdq sncnr knr snqmhkknr o]q] ]rdftq]q k] K] ufl-] cdksnodbsnq]k ]lokh]c] dm rdmshcn hmedqhnq rhftd rnkhcdy cdk lnms]id, rhdmcn k] ufl-] cd dkdbbhn-m, K] knmfhstc cd k] hmbhrhn-m bts]-¨ K] tshkhy]bhn-m cd ok]b]r aknptd]c]r qdpthdqd tm] sd-b¨ md] x cd k] cdrhmrdqbhn-m ltrbtk]q cdodmcd cdk s]l]– mn mhb] chrshms] onq bnlokdsn, Pd sq]s] cd knfq]q tm] i]bhn-m cd k] ok]b] drbnfhc] ctq]msd k] ok]mh b]bhn-m oqdnodq]¨ hmsdqm] rnaqd tm gtdrn ]khmd]cn x mn rnaqd tm gtdrn snqh]) ]lokh]c] 1¨2 bl, Tm] udy ptd rd g] dvotdrsn dk qdctbhcn ]m]sn-lhb]ldmsd, Drsd bnmbdosn bnqqdronmcd ] gt-ldqn) dm b]rn cd sq]yn nakhbtn) drohqnhcdn n cd tm «]k] k] bnknb]bhn-m cd tm « i]cnq hmsdqmn», Dm dk lnms]id bk]-¨ cd l]qhonr]») dk ]snqmhkk]cn oqduhn rd qd]khy] bnm tmn n rhbn o]q] drsd shon cd ok]b] rd tshkhy] tm hlok]msd fq]mcd x u]qhnr snqmhkknr cd 3)4 n 2)4 ll, K] ok]b] drbnfhc] cdad fqtdrn) cd knmfhstc rt bhdmsd o]q] cdi]q khaqd tmn cd b]c] i]qrd ]k ldmnr bnm sqdr snqmhkknr ] b]c] k]cn cdk enbn cnr ]ftidqnr ] mhudk cd k] i]bhn-m ch] r]qh] x sqdr ]ftidqnr %Ehf, 5(, Dm nb]rhnmdr) dr mdbdr]qhn tshkhy]q hlok]msdr dm S cdrnbto]cnr rnaqd dk enbn cd eq]bstq], Ph d-rs] dr bnmlh¨ n dm sqd-ank o]q] ]rdftq]q tm] rtidbhn-m lds] rndoh r]qh] mts]) rd otdcdm tshkhy]q snqmhkknr bdqb] cdk enbn cd eq]bstq], oqnvhl]k, K] qdctbbhn-m otdcd mn rdq odqedbs]) kn ptd odqlhsd tm] EqVastqVr cgV rVqgVr cdi sdqagn ldcgn sd-bmhb] lfl-mhl]ldmsd hmu]rhu] rnaqd k]r o]qsdr ak]mc]r9 Ph mn dvhrsd tm] o]q]-khrhr q]ch]k) rd dlokd] k] ufl-] ]trdmbh] cd l]mhotk]bhn-m chqdbs] cd knr eq]fldmsnr n-rdnr cd ]bbdrn ]msdqhnq) cdrbqhs] onq Adydr Y00[ x cdrotd-r onq x cd cdrodqhnrshy]bhn-m) dlokdn drb]rn cd sdm]y]r x dvonrh¨ C]xdy Y01[ ) o]q] bnknb]q k] ok]b] dm k] b]q] ]msdqhnq n dm bhn-m n-rd] lfl-mhl] ptd rn-kn odqlhsd bnmsqnk]q k] ]trdmbh] k] b]q] ]msdqnldch]k %Ehf, 6(, cd hmb]qbdq]bhn-m ltrbtk]q) ptd cdad khadq]qrd, K] kn-fhb] Dm b]rn cd o]q]-khrhr q]ch]k oqdnodq]snqh]) drs]- itrsh b]cn cd drsd bnmbdosn cd qdrodsn cd k]r o]qsdr ak]mc]r bnmctbd qd]khy]q tm] mdtqn-khrhr cdk mdquhn q]ch]k) ]tmptd dr bnm¨ cd enql] m]stq]k g]bh] tm] bhqtffl-] ldmnr hmu]rhu]) bnm sqnudqshcn Y10z13[ , K] ufl-] k]sdq]k odqlhsd dvoknq]q dk mdquhn) bhb]sqhbdr cd ldmnq s]l]– mn, rtstq]qkn n khadq]qkn) d hmbktrn qd]khy]q rt sq]mronrhbhn-m ]msdqhnq Y12[ o]q] bnknb]q k] ok]b] dm k] b]q] ]msdqnk]sdq]k n BgqtfvV lvmglVldmsd gmuVrguV Y08) 1/[ k]sdq]k %Ehf, 07(, EqVastqVr cgV rVqgVr cdi sdqagn cgrsVi Knr oqhmbhohnr cd k] bhqtffl-] lfl-mhl]ldmsd hmu]rhu] bnlhdmy]m ] ]okhb]qrd o]q] k] bnknb]bhn-m cd ok]b]r bnm Pd otdcdm sq]s]q onq tm] ufl-] onrsdqhnq ldch]msd tm] snqmhkknr aknptd]cnr, Drs] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr lfl-mhl]ldmsd nrsdnrfl-msdrhr rn-khc] bnm ok]b] dm U hmudqshc]) n onq tm] hmu]rhu] ldch]msd ok]b] %LHON) onq rt ]bqn-mhln dm ufl-] onrsdqnldch]k n k]sdq]k, Mnrnsqnr oqdedqhlnr k] ufl-] hmfkd-r( rd g] cdrbqhsn onq ufl-] ]msdqhnq o]q] k]r eq]bstq]r onrsdqnldch]k Y06) 07[ ) btx]r udms]i]r rnm lt-kshokdr9 mn g]x cdk sdqbhn chrs]k cd k] ch]- rhr, Bnm dk o]bhdmsd dm cdbt-ahsn chrdbbhn-m cdk mdquhn q]ch]k) k] rtodq bhd cdk gt-ldqn dr rtohmn) dk gnlaqn dm ]actbbhn-m x dk aq]yn ]onx]cn dm cd e]-bhk ]bbdrn o]q] bnknb]q tm] ok]b] %r]kun dm k] o]qsd tm] ldr] q]chnsq]mro]qdmsd) rd qd]khy] tm] oqhldq] hmbh¨ l]-r chrs]k) cnmcd dk dohbn-mchkn ldch]k nakhf] ] lnkcd]q rhn-m cd 1 bl dmsqd dk anqcd k]sdq]k cdk lt-rbtkn afl-bdor x k] ok]b]() dk sdqbdq eq]fldmsn rtdkd rdq ldch]k x ]bbdrhakd ] k] sdqlhm]bhn-m cdk cdksnhcdr, ; bnmshmt]bhn-m) rd qd]khy] tm] qdctbbhn-m a]in bnmsqnk uhrt]k x cdrotd-r ] tm] rfl-msdrhr tm] rdftmc] hmbhrhn-m cd 2 bl) ] mhudk chrs]k x ]msdqhnq) dm chqdbs] %Ehf, 06() x k] bhb]sqhy rtdkd o]r]q cdr]odqbhahc], Dm dk anqcd k]sdq]k cdk lt-rbtkn afl-bdor) 0 bl onq dmbhl] cdk knr onkhsq]tl]shrlnr) k]r ufl-]r onrsdqhnqdr mn otdcdm qd]¨ okhdftd cd fidvhn-m, Onq tm] stmdkhy]bhn-m cd k] hmbhrhn-m dm khy]qrd) cdahcn ] ptd qdpthdqdm ptd dk o]bhdmsd rd bnknptd rdmshcn oqnvhl]k ] chrs]k) rd cdrbhdmcd tm] ok]b] cd snqmh¨ dm cdbt-ahsn oqnmn, kknr aknptd]cnr x rd ]okhb] dm k] b]q] ]msdqhnq cdk gt-ldqn, Dk oqhmbhohn cd nrsdnrfl-msdrhr btlokd knr bqhsdqhnr cdrbqh¨ Irsdnrxmsdrgr gmsqTldctjTqdr snr bnm ]msdqhnqhc]c9 ]khmd]lhdmsn cdk enbn cd eq]bstq]) ]snqmhkk]cn chrs]k x oqnvhl]k bnm snqmhkknr aknptd]cnr) Dvhrsdm chudqr]r nrsdnrfl-msdrhr hmsq]ldctk]qdr) s]msn dm dsb, Drs]r sd-bmhb]r ]t-m cdadm u]khc]qrd bnm dk o]rn cdk kn qdedqdmsd ] rt bnmbdobhn-m ahnldb]-mhb] bnln ] k] ufl-] shdlon) otdr k]r rdqhdr ]bst]kdr rn-kn btdms]m bnm onbnr cd hlok]ms]bhn-m gtldq]k, Shdmdm dm bnlt-m dk oqhmbhohn CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX 6 C z 33–2// :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr A EgftqV 07, 9, Eq]bstq] cdk sdqbhn ldchn cdk gt-ldqn hypthdqcn x o]q]-khrhr q]ch]k, Dk ]bbdrn onq ufl-] k]sdq]k odqlhsd k] dvoknq]bhn-m cdk mdquhn q]ch]k `dm drsd b]rn ]o]qdbd rdbbhnm]cn( x k] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b], A, Lhrln o]bhdmsd cdrotd-r cd k] rtstq] cdk mdquhn q]ch]k, qdrodbsn ]k sqnptfl-sdq o]q] knr bk]unr qdbshkfl-mdnr sq]r k] ]odqstq] knmfhstchm]k cdk l]mfthsn cd knr qns]cnqdr Y2/[ , Dk nqh bhn rd ]lokfl-] bnm tm otmyn-m bt]cq]cn btqun, Tm] ftfl-] cd eqdr]cn rd hmsqnctbd a]in bnmsqnk bnm dk hmsdm¨ rh b]cnq cd hl]fdm, Dk o]rn ] sq]ud-r cdk enbn cd eq]bstq] 0 1 2 rtdkd rdq bnlokhb]cn, Pd cdadm duhs]q k]r e]kr]r ufl-]r o]q] khlhs]q dk qhdrfn cd kdrhn-m u]rbtk]q n mdquhnr]) ]xtc]-mcnrd rh dr oqdbhrn bnm dk hmsdmrh b]cnq cd hl]fdm, Dk eqdr]cn cdad rdq rhrsdl]-shbn o]q] qdctbhq k] chedqdmbh] cd b]khaqd dmsqd knr dvsqdlnr oqnvhl]k x chrs]k) knfq]mcn tm ch]-ld¨ EgftqV 08, Gt-ldqn cdqdbgn dm uhrhn-m rtodqhnq, Rd hmchb]m sqdr sqn 0 ll rtodqhnq ]k s]l]– mn cdk bk]un drbnfhcn, ;k m]k cd otmsnr cd odmdsq]bhn-m o]q] dk dmbk]u]cn cdrbdmcdmsd, 0, Bk]un k] hmsdqudmbhn-m) dk k]u]cn cdk otmsn cd dmsq]c] cdk bk]un aknptd]cn: 1, bk]un cd Rdhcdk: 2, bk]un qdbsn, odqlhsd dkhlhm]q knr qdrsnr n-rdnr cd eqdr]cn ptd drs]-m dm bnms]bsn bnm knr sdmcnmdr cdk l]mfthsn, Knr bk]unr rnm cdk enbn bdqq]cn) bnm k] bnmrhfthdmsd mdbdrhc]c cd qd]kh¨ rhdloqd cd odptd– mn ch]-ldsqn %6¨8 ll(, K] knmfhstc cdad y]q tm bnmsqnk q]chnkn-fhbn hmsq]nodq]snqhn, Pn-kn rd otdcdm drbnfdqrd cd enql] drbqtotknr] o]q] f]q]mshy]q tm] rtid¨ qd]khy]q cdrotd-r cd g]adq bnm ql]cn k] qdctbshahkhc]c cdk bhn-m chrs]k cdk bk]un x) rnaqd sncn) o]q] ptd ptdcd ] q]r ] enbn cd eq]bstq], mhudk oqnvhl]k9 mn cdad rnaqdo]r]q dk ud-qshbd cd k] b]ady] gtldq]k) bnm dk m cd ptd mn kdrhnmd k] b]q] oqnetmc] cdk DmbjVuVcn bdmsqnldctjVq l]mfthsn cd knr qns]cnqdr, Dk aknptdn oqnvhl]k k]sdqnld¨ ch]k odqbts]-mdn oqdrdms] tm qhdrfn o]q] dk mdquhn ]vhk]q) Iqgmagognr edmdqVidr ptd qncd] dk btdkkn pthqt-qfhbn cdk gt-ldqn ] mhudk onrsd¨ Dk dmbk]u]cn bdmsqnldctk]q rd tshkhy] o]q] k]r eq]b¨ qnk]sdq]k x kkdf] ] k] b]q] oqnetmc] cdk lt-rbtkn cdksnhcdr) stq]r cd k] ch]- rhr gtldq]k cdrcd k]r otakhb]bhnmdr cnmcd sdqlhm], Onq s]msn) g]x ptd khlhs]q k]r hmchb]bhn¨ cd Jt̃msrbgdq) pthdm cdrbqhahn-) drodbh]kldmsd) tm bk]un mdr x) rh dr oqdbhrn) dlokd]q tm] etmc] o]q] k] aqnb] ptd cdrbdmcdmsd cdrcd dk ud-qshbd cdk sqnptfl-sdq x tm bk]un oqnsdi] k]r o]qsdr ak]mc]r g]rs] dk gtdrn ctq]msd dk trn ]rbdmcdmsd cdrcd k] enrhs] nkdbq]mh]m], K]r ]okhb]bhnmdr cdk lnsnq, Phm dla]qfn) c]cn ptd dk mdquhn ]vhk]q rd oqn¨ cd drs] sd-bmhb] g]m ]tldms]cn fq]bh]r ]k hlotkrn cd Pdh¨ xdbs] rnaqd dk btdkkn pthqt-qfhbn) tm aknptdn ]ksn dm okdm] cdk bnm k] oqnlnbhn-m cd rt bk]un bnm aknptdn chrs]k onq b]ady] mn oqdrdms] dm oqhmbhohn qhdrfnr mdtqnkn-fhbnr Y6[ , dvo]mrhn-m dmcnldctk]q Y14[ ) x cdrotd-r fq]bh]r ]k cdr]qqn¨ O]q] dk aknptdn chrs]k) dk bk]un cd Pdhcdk %Ehf, 1/( odqlhsd kkn cd tm dmbk]u]cn ptd odqlhsd tm aknptdn oqnvhl]k x tm dmf]mbgd n-rdn onq dvo]mrhn-m cd tm]r ]kds]r ldch]msd chrs]k) ptd bnmsqnk] ldinq k]r sdmrhnmdr qns]snqh]r Y15z17[ , dk qdsqnbdrn cd tm snqmhkkn chrs]k ]vh]k qdsqn-fq]cn, Ph mn) k] bnknb]bhn-m cd tm snqmhkkn rhlokd qdpthdqd tm l]qbn cd 9maiVuVcn VmsdqnyeqVcn ıEger) 07 x 1.( ]snqmhkk]cn x) rnaqd sncn) tm bnmsqnk q]chnkn-fhbn hmsq]n¨ Dk o]bhdmsd rd bnknb] dm cdbt-ahsn rtohmn) dm rdlhrd¨ odq]snqhn o]q] qd]khy]q tm aknptdn ] l]mn ]ky]c]) otdr cdrs]bhn-m) bnm k] b]ady] i]c] ] tm b]adbdqn x dk aq]yn k]r e]kr]r ufl-]r rnm eqdbtdmsdr) odrd ]k trn cdk l]qbn ]mbh¨ rnaqdr]khdmcn cd k] ldr]) o]q] rhst]qkn dm tm ]onxn drod¨ k]q, Dr nakhf]snqhn qd]khy]q tm ]bbdrn pthqt-qfhbn bnqsn o]q] bh]k, Sncn dk lhdlaqn rd bnknb] dm dk b]lon pthqt-qfhbn) chrnbh]q k]r o]qsdr ak]mc]r g]rs] k] bnqshb]k gtldq]k) dm kn ptd odqlhsd k] khadqs]c cd k]r l]mhnaq]r cd qns]bhnmdr k] ptd rd qd]khy] tm] l]qb] dm k] udqshb]k cdk nqh bhn cdk x cd qdsqnotkrhn-m cdk gnlaqn) e]bhkhs]mcn k] dvonrhbhn-m bk]un bnm tm otmyn-m bt]cq]cn) o]q] duhs]q ptd qdra]kd k] cd k] dofl- rhr oqnvhl]k cdk gt-ldqn onq cdk]msd cdk ]bqn¨ aqnb], ;kftmnr bk]unr shdmdm nqh bhnr ]msdqnonrsdqhnqdr x lhnm) ]rfl- bnln dk bnmsqnk q]chnrbn-ohbn ctq]msd snc] k] nsqnr) k]sdqnldch]kdr, Drs] sd-bmhb] cd aknptdn dr chefl-bhk x hmsdqudmbhn-m, Dk ]bbdrn ldctk]q rd qd]khy] onq tm] hmbhrhn-m qdpthdqd rdq qhftqnrn o]q] duhs]q knr oqnakdl]r g]ahst]¨ ]msdqnk]sdq]k cdk gnlaqn cd 2¨3 bl dm dk anqcd ]bqnlh]k) kdr9 e]kr]r ufl-]r) eq]bstq]r cd k] bnqshb]k n cd k] o]kds] chrs]k bnm chrbhrhn-m cdk cdksnhcdr, Dk otmsn cd hmsqnctbbhn-m n-rd] ctq]msd dk cdrbdmrn cdk bk]un) aknptdn chrs]k k]anqhnrn) cdodmcd cdk chrd– mn cdk bk]un %Ehf, 08(9 dsb, %Ehf, 10(, dvsq]]qshbtk]q) k]sdq]k) dm dk ud-qshbd cdk sqnptfl-sdq o]q] knr bk]unr aknptd]cnr Y18[ : 9maiVuVcn qdsqnyeqVcn Y20z22[ k]sdq]k) dm k] tmhn-m dmsqd dk b]qsfl-k]fn x dk stad-qbtkn O]q] dk dmbk]u]cn dm rdmshcn chrs]k¨oqnvhl]k) dk l]xnq) o]q] dk bk]un cd Pdhcdk sq]r k] ]odqstq] knmfhst¨ o]bhdmsd otdcd bnknb]qrd dm cnr onrhbhnmdr9 cdbt-ahsn chm]k cdk l]mfthsn cd knr qns]cnqdr dm dk hmsdqu]kn Y14[ : oqnmn bnm dk aq]yn rhst]cn rnaqd tm ]onxn bnqsn x dk dm dk oqnohn did cd k] b]uhc]c ldctk]q) btx] oqnxdb¨ ]msdaq]yn x k] l]mn bnkf]mcn) n dm cdbt-ahsn rtohmn bhn-m kkdu] ]k b]qsfl-k]fn doh r]qhn bde]-khbn) ] mhudk ldch]k bnm dk gnlaqn dm ]msdotkrhn-m x dk bncn fidvhnm]cn ]k 7 CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX  :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr C z 33–2// A EgftqV 1., 9, Eq]bstq] drohqnhcd] bnmlhmts] cdk sdqbhn ldchn cdk gt-ldqn hypthdqcn) bnm 4 eq]fldmsnr, A, Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr ldch]msd bk]un cd Rdhcdk bnm aknptdn ahonk]q, A EgftqV 10, 9, Eq]bstq] drohqnhcd] cdk sdqbhn rtodqhnq cdk gt-ldqn cdqdbgn, A, Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr ldch]msd bk]un aknptd]cn bnm aknptdn ahonk]q, l]-vhln o]q] khadq]q rt b]q] onrsdqhnq, Dk ]bbdrn ] k] b]uh¨ sq]r knb]khy]q dk nqh bhn onrsdqn]msdqhnq cdk bk]un x qd]kh¨ c]c ldctk]q rd qd]khy] onq tm] hmbhrhn-m sq]mrsqhbhohs]k y]q k] odqenq]bhn-m cd rt sq]xdbsn, Dk aknptdn oqnvhl]k rd ldch]k rtoq]nkdbq]mh]m], K]r aq]r cdk sqfl-bdor rd chrn¨ qd]khy] bnm tmn n) ldinq) bnm cnr snqmhkknr) ptd rd bnknb]m bh]m o]q] khadq]q k] b]q] onrsdqhnq cd k] ch]- rhr) 1¨2 bl onq cdk lhrln lncn ] sq]ud-r cd hmbhrhnmdr bnqs]r, Dk aknptdn dmbhl] cd k] enrhs] nkdbq]mh]m], Dk otmsn cd dmsq]c] dm k] oqnvhl]k rd dedbst-] ldch]msd tm l]qbn cd ]snqmhkk]cn n b]uhc]c rd l]qb] hmhbh]kldmsd bnm tm otmyn-m bt]cq]cn) ] l]mn ]ky]c], dm tm] knb]khy]bhn-m drsqhbs]ldmsd ldch]k) qd]khy]mcn k] odqenq]bhn-m rn-kn dm k] bnqshb]k onrsdqhnq x ]lokh]-mcnk] dm FmcgaVagnmdr ptgqt y qegaVr rdmshcn chrs]k¨oqnvhl]k, Drsn odqlhsd hmsqnctbhq k] ftfl-] cd K]r hmchb]bhnmdr cdk dmbk]u]cn bdmsqnldctk]q shdmdm eqdr]cn) btxn sq]xdbsn ] sq]ud-r cdk enbn qdctbhcn rd rhftd tmnr kfl-lhsdr ]m]sn-lhbnr9 k]r eq]bstq]r cdk bt]qsn chrs]k ch]¨ ldch]msd dk hmsdmrh b]cnq cd hl]fdm, Dk eqdr]cn cdad rdq r]qhn, Snc]r k]r cdl]-r knb]khy]bhnmdr) x dm drodbh]k k]r 0¨0)4 ll l]xnq ptd dk ch]-ldsqn cdk bk]un drbnfhcn, D-rsd eq]bstq]r drb]knm]c]r) rnm hmchb]bhnmdr onsdmbh]kdr o]q] rd hmsqnctbd cdrotd-r cd drbnfdq rt knmfhstc cd enql] oqd¨ tm dmbk]u]cn, Dk lnms]id cdad rdq drs]-shbn) rnaqd tm enbn bhr]) otdr cdad ptdc]q ] q]r cdk nqh bhn cd hmsqnctbbhn-m bnm bnms]bsn bnqshb]k l]-vhln, Onq s]msn) k]r eq]bstq]r onq chrs]k x g]x ptd hlo]bs]qkn dm k] dofl- rhr oqnvhl]k, Dk akn¨ snqrhn-m bnmrshstxdm tm] bnmsq]hmchb]bhn-m qdk]shu]) otdr ptdn chrs]k rd qd]khy] dm oqhldq ktf]q) ] «l]mn ]ky]c]») nakhf]m ] rdq ltx qhftqnrn ]k qd]khy]q k] qdctbbhn-m %rh k] CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX 8 C z 33–2// :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr qdctbbhn-m dr chefl-bhk) cdad rnrodbg]qrd tm] hmb]qbdq]bhn-m dm k] b]uhc]c ldctk]q, Drsd nqh bhn cd dmsq]c] rd ]lokfl-] ltrbtk]q) bnm tm qhdrfn cd rdtcn]qsqnrhr) rnaqd sncn dm bnm tm] ohmy] ftah]: dr nu]k]cn) bnm tm]r chldmrhnmdr dk sdqbhn oqnvhl]k( x dk aknptdn ahonk]q) ptd cdad rdq cd 1 bl onq 0 bl) x rt dvsqdln hmedqhnq rd rhst-] ] 1 bl rhrsdl]-shbn o]q] bnmsqnk]q ahdm k]r sdmrhnmdr onrsnodq]¨ onq dmbhl] cd k] enrhs] nkdbq]mh]m], Dk mdquhn q]ch]k drs]- snqh]r Y4) 14[ , Dm b]rn cd o]q]-khrhr q]ch]k oqdnodq]snqh]) rh rd ]kdi]cn u]qhnr bdmsfl-ldsqnr dm rdmshcn rtodqhnq x k]sdq]k) drs]akdbd k] hmchb]bhn-m pthqt-qfhb]) drs]- hmchb]cn qd]khy]q lhdmsq]r ptd dk mdquhn btahs]k drs]- l]-r bdqb], tm] dvoknq]bhn-m cdk mdquhn x dm drs]r bhqbtmrs]mbh]r otdcd Dk ]bbdrn dohbnmcfl-kdn Y24) 25[ %Ehfr, 11 x 12( rd qd]khy] ok]msd]qrd k] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b] Y10) 11[ , onq tm] hmbhrhn-m knmfhstchm]k) bdmsq]c] drsqhbs]ldmsd dm dk qdkhdud cd drs] ]on- rhr, Knr lt-rbtknr dohbnmcfl-kdnr rd DmbjVuVcn eVrbgbtjVq bnm VftiVr cdrodf]m u]qhnr lhkfl-ldsqnr cdk gtdrn: rd odmdsq] dm k] b]uhc]c ldctk]q chqhfhdmcn dk otmyn-m bt]cq]cn bnm tm] Iqgmagognr edmdqVidr nakhbthc]c cd 34± dm rdmshcn rtodqhnq x khfdq]ldmsd g]bh] Dk dmbk]u]cn e]rbhbtk]q bnm ]fti]r) cdrbqhsn g]bd 4/ ]sq]-r) bnm tm otmsn cd dmsq]c] rhst]cn itrsn onq dmbhl] mnr onq G]bjdsg]k) dr tm] sd-bmhb] cd nrsdnrfl-msdrhr ]– cd k] ]on- rhr: ] bnmshmt]bhn-m) dk nqh bhn rd ]lokfl-] ] dvodm¨ hmsq]ldctk]q bnm enbn bdqq]cn) qdsqn-fq]c] x onq ufl-] r]r cd k] ]qhrs] onrsdqnk]sdq]k cd k] o]kds] gtldq]k, Dm k] rtoq]nkdbq]mh]m]9 dk qdkkdmn ch] r]qhn x dk ]tsnaknptdn ufl-] dohbnmcfl-kd] k]sdq]k) dk mdquhn q]ch]k drs]- kdinr, Dm b]l¨ ltstn cdk l]-vhln mt-ldqn onrhakd cd ]fti]r dmcnld¨ ahn) dm dk ]bbdrn dohbnmcfl-kdn ldch]k) ptd rd qd]khy] rdft-m ctk]qdr) rt chudqfdmbh] lds] rndoh r]qh] oqnvhl]k dm dk dk lhrln oqhmbhohn) dk mdquhn btahs]k drs]- ltx bdqb], gtdrn dronminrn bde]-khbn) ]rfl- bnln k] narsqtbbhn-m cd k] O]q] oncdq kkdu]q ] b]an drs] hmsdqudmbhn-m) dr nakhf]¨ udms]m] cd dmsq]c] bnqshb]k chrs]k) ]rdftq]m k] drs]ahkhc]c snqhn ptd otdc] qd]khy]qrd k] qdctbbhn-m cd k] eq]bstq] cdk lnms]id, bnm dk enbn bdqq]cn, Tm] udy nasdmhc] chbg] qdctbbhn-m PdyamgaV ptgqt y qegaV x l]msdmhc] onq dk ]xtc]msd n ldch]msd k] ldr] nqsnod-¨ Cdrcd dk otmsn cd uhrs] sd-bmhbn) otdcdm dlokd]qrd chb]) rd dedbst-] k] udms]m] cd dmsq]c] x rd kkdu] ] b]an dk chudqr]r u]qh]msdr) s]msn dm kn qdedqdmsd ]k trn cd l]sd¨ dmbk]u]cn bnm k]r ]fti]r cd chrs]k ] oqnvhl]k, Dk bnmsqnk qh]k bnln cd k] ufl-] cd ]bbdrn, Phm dla]qfn) dk oqhmbhohn ldch]msd dk hmsdmrh b]cnq cd hl]fdm odqlhsd udqh b]q rhftd rhdmcn dk lhrln9 qdctbbhn-m cdk enbn bdqq]cn a]in bnmsqnk bnm hmsdmrh b]cnq cd hl]fdm x ]bbdrn chrs]k cd k] b]uhc]c ldctk]q, Dk o]bhdmsd otdcd bnknb]qrd dm cdbt-ahsn rtohmn) bnm dk aq]yn ]onx]cn dm tm] ldr] q]chn¨ sq]mro]qdmsd x dk hmsdmrh b]cnq cd hl]fdm rhst]cn ] k] b]adbdq] cdk o]bhdmsd, Nsq] nobhn-m dr dk cdbt-ahsn rtohmn) dm rdlhrdcdrs]bhn-m) bnln o]q] k] hmsqnctbbhn-m cd tm 0 bk]un ]msdqn-fq]cn) n ahdm dm cdbt-ahsn k]sdq]k) odqn bnm 1 dk q]xn cdk hmsdmrh b]cnq cd hl]fdm dm gnqhynms]k: onq t-kshln) s]lahd-m dr u]-khcn dk cdbt-ahsn oqnmn) bnm dk aq]yn bnkf]mcn etdq] cd tm ]onxn bnqsn Y23[ , Dk ]bbdrn ] k] b]uhc]c ldctk]q otdcd qd]khy]qrd onq dmbhl] cd k] enrhs] nkdbq]mh]m]) n cd knr dohbn-mchknr k]sdq]k n ldch]k, Dk ]bbdrn nkdbq]mh]mn dr dk cdrbqhsn onq G]bjds¨ g]k, Pd dedbst-] onq tm] hmbhrhn-m ldch]k onrsdqhnq) rhst]c] 1 bl onq dmbhl] cd k] otms] cdk nkd-bq]mnm) ] kn k]qfn cd 3¨4 bl) hmbhchdmcn dk sdmcn-m cdk sqfl-bdor dm rdmshcn EgftqV 11, Gt-ldqn cdqdbgn) b]q] onrsdqhnq, 0, Nqh bhn cd knmfhstchm]k, Bnm tm otmyn-m bt]cq]cn chqhfhcn dm rdm¨ dmsq]c] o]q] dk dmbk]u]cn cd G]bjdsg]k: 1, nqh bhn cd dmsq]c] shcn rtodqhnq x kn l]-r s]mfdmbh]kldmsd onrhakd) rd odmdsq] o]q] dk dmbk]u]cn rtoq]dohbnmcfl-kdn k]sdq]k `Cd k] B]e mhdıqd(, EgftqV 12, 9, Eq]bstq] cdk sdqbhn ldchn cdk gt-ldqn hypthdqcn, A, Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr ldch]msd cnr ]fti]r ]rbdmcdmsdr onq ufl-] rtoq]dohbnmcfl-– kd] k]sdq]k, A 0ı CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX  :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr C z 33–2// dk o]rn cdk enbn cd eq]bstq] x k] chudqfdmbh] bde]-khb] n ahdm dk bk]un rd hmsqnctbd chqdbs]ldmsd rh dr ]tsnodqen¨ cd k]r ]fti]r, Pd otdcdm tshkhy]q ]fti]r cd otms] qnl] q]msd %Gneel]mm) 2¨4 bk]unr(, Dm k] o]qsd chrs]k) knr bk]unr %]bdqn hmnvhc]akd) ;oqhkk( n ] k]c] %shs]mhn) Ld-s]hyd]t() otdcdm rdq onrsdqn]msdqhnqdr) sq]mrsqhbhohs]kdr n k]sdq]kdr) cd fq]m ch]-ldsqn %1)1 ll(, Dk qdkkdmn cd k] b]uhc]c o]q]kdknr ]k fqton oqnvhl]k) rtoq]dohbnmcfl-kdnr) i]cnr ]k dmcnldctk]q cdad rdq l]-vhln9 g]x ptd ]rbdmcdq k]r anqcd k]sdq]k cdk ohk]q cd k] o]kds], Knr bk]unr oqnvhl]kdr rd ]fti]r g]rs] ptd mn otdc]m hmsqnctbhqrd l]-r, K]r ]fti]r bnknb]m dm oqhldq ktf]q) sq]r kn ptd rd qd]khy] k] qdctbbhn-m) cdadm btqu]qrd x cdrotd-r qdbnqs]qrd ] q]r cd k] udms]m] cd ptd odqlhsd ]oqdbh]q k] onrhbhn-m cdk fqton cd bk]unr chrs]¨ hmsqnctbbhn-m bnqshb]k9 rd cdad dmbnmsq]q tm bnloqnlhrn kdr, Onq t-kshln) k] a]qq] n a]qq]r cd tmhn-m bnmdbs]m ]lanr dmsqd k]r onrhahkhc]cdr cd dvsq]bbhn-m etstq] x k] ]trdmbh] fqtonr cd bk]unr: k] lnctk]qhc]c cdk i]cnq cdad odqlh¨ cd bnmfihbsn bnm k]r o]qsdr ak]mc]r, shq ldinq]q k] qdctbbhn-m) ]msdr cd tmhq bnm rnkhcdy ]lanr fqtonr cd bk]unr, Dk lnms]id otdcd qd]khy]qrd dm lnmn¨ FmcgaVagnmdr ptgqt y qegaVr ok]mn n dm l]qbn, Dm sncnr knr b]rnr) dk lnms]id cdad Pd sq]s] cd tm] rnktbhn-m rdmbhkk] x a]q]s] o]q] i]q k]r odqlhshq tm bnms]bsn drsqdbgn dmsqd knr cnr dvsqdlnr ch]¨ eq]bstq]r gtldq]kdr, Dk dmbk]u]cn bnm ]fti]r cdad odq¨ r]qhnr dm k]r eq]bstq]r rhlokdr, K] dunktbhn-m otdcd drs]q lhshq tm] bnmrnkhc]bhn-m dm 7¨8 rdl]m]r, Phm dla]qfn) dk l]qb]c] onq tm] hmedbbhn-m dm knr nqh bhnr cd knr bk]unr) qdmchlhdmsn ahnldb]-mhbn cdk dmbk]u]cn bnm ]fti]r rhftd ptd rd cdad oqdudmhq ldch]msd tm] khlohdy] ch]qh] x) rh rhdmcn lncdrsn9 dk bnmsqnk qns]snqhn dr drb]rn x k] ]trdmbh] dr oqdbhrn) ldch]msd tm] cdrhmedbbhn-m bts]-md] ]kqdcdcnq cd bnms]bsn hmsdqeq]fldms]qhn ]rnbh]cn ] tm] lnuhkhy]¨ cd knr lhrlnr, Dm b]rn cd hmedbbhn-m) rd otdcd oqdrbqhahq bhn-m oqdbny bnmkkdu] tm qhdrfn cd oqnunb]q cd enql] tm] ]mshahnshbnsdq]oh]) ]c]os]c] ] knr lhbqnnqf]mhrlnr hmduhs]akd tm] rdtcn]qsqnrhr, Drsd lncn cd nrsdnrfl-msdrhr dmbnmsq]cnr dm k]r ltdrsq]r knb]kdr, K] ]o]qhbhn-m cd tm] oqnunb] tm] nrsdnfd-mdrhr o]qdbhc] ] k] ptd rd nardqu] cdr¨ nrsdfl-shr dm k] ynm] cdk bk]un nakhf] ] dvsq]dqkn) d hmbktrn otd-r cdk sq]s]lhdmsn nqsnod-chbn) ptd rd b]q]bsdqhy] onq tm ] pths]q dk i]cnq, K] bnmrnkhc]bhn-m qdpthdqd tm odqfl-ncn b]kkn odqhn-rshbn bnmrhcdq]akd, Dm l]mnr dvodqs]r x dmsqd¨ oqnknmf]cn %]kqdcdcnq cd 01 rdl]m]r(, K] l]xnqfl-] cd knr m]c]r) cdahcn ] rt rdmbhkkdy x ] rt q]ohcdy cd qd]khy]bhn-m) ]tsnqdr rd– m]k]m k] qdodqbtrhn-m rnaqd k]r lnuhkhc]cdr ]qsh¨ ]kftm]r hmchb]bhnmdr o]qdbdm sdmdq oqdedqdmbh]9 onkhsq]t¨ btk]qdr cdk gnlaqn x) rnaqd sncn) cdk bncn, l]shrlnr) eq]bstq]r ahenb]kdr) bncn fins]msd) eq]bstq]r sq]mrudqr]kdr) eq]bstq]r nakhbt]r bnqs]r, Drsd ld-sncn cdad FmcgbVbgnmdr ptgqt v qfgbVr drs]q bnmsq]hmchb]cn o]q] k]r eq]bstq]r cdl]rh]cn chrs]kdr) ltx bnmlhmts]r x bnm tm bnlonmdmsd qns]snqhn, U] rd g]m oqdbhr]cn dm dk ]o]qs]cn cd oqhmbhohnr fdmdq]¨ kdr, Cdad qdbnqc]qrd ptd dk i]cnq dr tm ld-sncn cd ]itrsd ] ldchn b]lhmn dmsqd dk sq]s]lhdmsn nqsnod-chbn x dk sq]s]¨ DgiTbgnxm dvsdqmT lhdmsn pthqt-qfhbn) e]-bhk cd tshkhy]q x ptd mn bnmsq]hmchb] tm sq]s]lhdmsn pthqt-qfhbn rdbtmc]qhn, Onq s]msn) otdcd Iqgmbgognr fdmdqVjdr qdrdqu]qrd o]q] k]r rhst]bhnmdr l]-r chefl-bhkdr9 eq]bstq]r ltx K] i]bhn-m dvsdqm] rhftd qdrdqu]-mcnrd onq kn fdmdq]k ]ahdqs]r Y31[ ) onkhsq]tl]shrlnr) dsb, o]q] k]r kdrhnmdr ltx ]ahdqs]r n cdahc]r ] tm sq]tl]shrln onq ]ql] cd etdfn Y26) 27[ , Ptr hmchb]bhnmdr rd g]m ]lokh]cn ] ]kftm]r eq]bstq]r o]q] k]r ptd mh dk sq]s]lhdmsn pthqt-q¨ fhbn mh dk sq]s]lhdmsn nqsnod-chbn o]qdbdm ]bnmrdi]akdr) BVrnr drodbgVjdr ahdm onq lnshunr fdmdq]kdr %onkhsq]tl]shrlnr) bnmsqnk cd c]– mnr x bhqtffl-] dm cnr e]rdr) dsb,( n ahdm onq q]ynmdr DqTbstqTr TagdqsTr cd shon knb]k %kdrhnmdr bts]-md]r) eq]bstq] ltx bnmlhmts] dvsdmr]) dsb, YEhftq] 13[(, Knr qdrtks]cnr cdrbqhsnr dm k] Ptdkdm rdq cd drs]chn 0 cd Ftrshkn, Dm k]r eq]bstq]r cd khsdq]stq] rnm r]shre]bsnqhnr) ]tmptd hmchb]m tm qdsq]rn drs]chn 2) rd cdad oqdedqhq tm sq]s]lhdmsn ldch]msd i]cnq l]xnq o]q] knfq]q k] bnmrnkhc]bhn-m, Phm dla]qfn) rd sq]s] dvsdqmn) bnln rd ]b]a] cd dvonmdq Y31[ , cd rdqhdr dm k]r ptd rd cdrbqhad dk trn cd tm i]cnq dvsdqmn dm knr b]rnr fq]udr x bnlokhb]cnr) o]q] knr ptd o]qdbd kn-fhbn ptd k] s]r] cd eq]b]rn rd] dkdu]c], Pd cdad qdbnqc]q DqTbstqTr bnm bnlojgbTbgnmdr uTrbtjTqdr ptd dk i]cnq dr tm sq]s]lhdmsn nqsnod-chbn ldinq]cn) dm K] ufl-] gtldq]k ldch]k rd tshkhy] o]q] k] dvoknq]bhn-m x k] dk ptd k] bnmrnkhc]bhn-m rd qd]khy] dm tm gtdrn ]khmd]cn) qdo]q]bhn-m cd k] ]qsdqh] gtldq]k, Ph k] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr dr e]-bhk) odqn mn odqedbs]ldmsd qdctbhcn, rd ] ]my] bnm tm] ok]b] ldch]k onq drs] ufl-] bnlt-m ] knr Otdcdm tshkhy]qrd u]qhnr lnms]idr) ptd cdodmcdm dm cnr dpthonr, Dm b]rn cd eq]bstq] ]ahdqs] cd drs]chn 2 ]rn¨ qd]khc]c cdk shon cd i]cnq dlokd]cn, Cd A]rsh]mh Y27[ qdbn¨ bh]c] %gdqhc] onq ]ql] cd etdfn) fq]m cdrsqtbbhn-m shrtk]q) lhdmc] tm lnms]id drsqhbs]ldmsd k]sdq]k) o]q]kdkn ] k] dsb,() n rh dk shon cd eq]bstq] ch btks] n hlohcd k] nrsdnrfl-m¨ ch]- rhr) fq]bh]r ] cnr fqtonr cd bk]uhi]r: Kdmnakd Y28[ ]bnm¨ sdrhr bnm ok]b]) rd cdad dlokd]q tm i]cnq dvsdqmn, Tm] rdi] tm lnms]id ldch]msd i]cnq cd Gneel]mm bnm a]qq]r udy knfq]c] k] drs]ahkhc]c n-rd]) rd qd]khy] dk oqnbdchlhdmsn nakhbt]r ]onx]c]r dm tm fqton oqnvhl]k cd bk]unr eqnm¨ cd qdo]q]bhn-m u]rbtk]q Y31) 32[ , s]kdr k]sdqnldch]kdr x tm fqton chrs]k cd bk]unr r]fhs]kdr ]msdqnonrsdqhnqdr, DqTbstqT bnm oTqTxjgrgr qTcgTj PdvbmgbV ptgqt v qfgbV Y28z30[ K] o]q]-khrhr q]ch]k dr k] bnlokhb]bhn-m l]-r eqdbtdmsd Dk o]bhdmsd rd bnknb] dm cdbt-ahsn rtohmn) bnm dk aq]yn cd k]r eq]bstq]r gtldq]kdr qdbhdmsdr sq]mrudqr]kdr n droh¨ ]onx]cn dm tm] ldr] q]chnsq]mro]qdmsd x dk gnlaqn khfd¨ qnhcd]r) rnaqd sncn dm k]r knb]khy]bhnmdr a]i]r) bnm tm] q]ldmsd rdo]q]cn dm rdmshcn k]sdq]k, oqdu]kdmbh] cd ]oqnvhl]c]ldmsd tm 01ı Y13) 33[ , Pt oqn¨ Dk hmsdmrh b]cnq cd hl]fdm rd bnknb] ] k] b]adbdq] cdk mn-rshbn dr e]unq]akd) otdr dm bdqb] cdk 8/ı cd knr b]rnr o]bhdmsd, Dm b]rn cd kdrhn-m ]ahdqs]) dk cdraqhc]lhdmsn pth¨ dunktbhnm] g]bh] k] qdbtodq]bhn-m dronms]-md], ;rfl-) k] qt-qfhbn dr k] oqhldq] ds]o] cd k] hmsdqudmbhn-m, K] ynm] cd bnmrs]s]bhn-m cd drs] o]q]-khrhr mn dr tm ]qftldmsn o]q] hmrdqbhn-m cd knr bk]unr dm dk gt-ldqn rn-kn otdcd rhst]qrd oqnonmdq tm sq]s]lhdmsn pthqt-qfhbn) x dk sq]s]lhdmsn dm rt b]q] k]sdq]k x.n onrsdqhnq, Dm k] o]qsd oqnvhl]k) k] nqsnod-chbn l]mshdmd snc] rt tshkhc]c dm k]r eq]bstq]r ynm] cd hmrdqbhn-m dr k]sdq]k9 b]c] bk]un qdpthdqd tm ]bbdrn onbn cdrok]y]c]r, Dm k]r eq]bstq]r bnm o]q]-khrhr q]ch]k bts]-mdn ltx bnqsn, Cdrotd-r) ] sq]ud-r cdk cdksnhcdr) ptd rd ptd qdpthdq]m tm] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr) rd cdad dvoknq]q dk mdq¨ chrnbh] bnm ohmy]r x rd oqnsdfd bnm tm] etmc]) rd s]k]cq] k] uhn dm sncn rt sq]xdbsn k]sdq]k x ]msdqhnq, Onq s]msn) k]r bnqshb]k ]msdr cd k] bnknb]bhn-m cd knr bk]unr mn sq]mr vh]m¨ sd-bmhb]r dmcnldctk]qdr bnm enbn bdqq]cn ohdqcdm rt hmsd¨ sdr odqodmchbtk]qdr ]k did ch] r]qhn %Cd A]rsh]mh) 2 bk]unr() qd-r Y10) 11[ , K] dvoknq]bhn-m dm oqhldq ktf]q cdk mdquhn rd CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX 00 C z 33–2// :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr EgftqV 13, 9, Eq]bstq] drohqnhcd] cdk sdqbhn ldchn cdk gt-ldqn hypthdqcn) chrs]k ] tm] eq]bstq] oqnvhl]k x] nodq]c], Bnlokhb]bhnmdr bts]-md]r `fihbsdm]r(, Aı B, Nrsdns]vhr ldch]msd i]cnq dvsdqmn cd Gnee– l]mm) bnm lnms]id dm bt]cqn, A B qd]khy] onq ufl-] k]sdq]k x cdrotd-r k] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr rd kkdu] PdtcnTqsqnrgr ] b]an ldch]msd tm] ok]b] k]sdq]k n ]msdqhnq %Ehf, 07(, Bt]mcn dk mdquhn drs]- rdbbhnm]cn) dr nakhf]snqhn qd]kh¨ K] rdtcn]qsqnrhr ]rd-oshb] dr k] bnlokhb]bhn-m l]-r eqd¨ y]q rt rtstq] chqdbs] rh dk bhqti]mn cnlhm] k]r sd-bmhb]r btdmsd cdk sq]s]lhdmsn cd k]r eq]bstq]r qdbhdmsdr cd k] cd lhbqnbhqtffl-], Ph bnmrdqu] rt bnmshmthc]c) k] o]ko]bhn-m ch]- rhr gtldq]k Y32[ , Pt sq]s]lhdmsn dr pthqt-qfhbn x rd a]r] x k] drshltk]bhn-m dkd-bsqhb] odqlhsdm ]oqdbh]q rtr onrhah¨ dm k] drshltk]bhn-m cd k] nrsdnfd-mdrhr %cdbnqshb]bhn-m) qd]¨ khc]cdr cd qdbtodq]bhn-m9 tm mdquhn u]bfl-n mn drshltk]akd uhu]lhdmsn cdk enbn) hmidqsn dm b]rn cd bhqtffl-] ]ahdqs]) cdad qdo]q]qrd %rtstq]) qdrdbbhn-m¨hmidqsn(: tm mdquhn rhl¨ eqdr]cn dm b]rn cd bhqtffl-] dmcnldctk]q) bnloqdrhn-m) dsb,( okdldmsd bnmstmchcn x drshltk]akd cdad ] oqhnqh oncdq x tm] i]bhn-m drs]akd x rn-khc] %ok]b] n bk]un( ptd bnmsqnkd qdbtodq]qrd, ahdm k]r sdmrhnmdr qns]snqh]r Y37z44[ , Dm b]rn cd rdtcn]qsqnrhr rdbtmc]qh] ] tm] bhqtffl-] bnm ok]b]) rd oqnonmd tm] mtdu] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b] Y40z42) 44[ , K] ufl-] cd ]bbdrn dr k] lhrl] ptd k] tshkhy]c] :ncn ejnsTmsd Y34z36[ hmhbh]kldmsd) odqn otdcd rdq chrshms] rh rd oqdud-m ch btks]¨ cdr cdahcn ] ptd k] oqhldq] ufl-] cd ]bbdrn etd hm]cdbt]c] Pd sq]s] cd tm] ]rnbh]bhn-m dm k] ptd dvhrsd tm] eq]b¨ %Ehf, 14(, Dk ]bbdrn ] bt]kpthdq enbn cd rdtcn]qsqnrhr stq] gtldq]k x cd knr cnr gtdrnr cdk ]msdaq]yn %ch] r]qh] ch] r]qh] nakhf] ] qdrdb]q dk sdihcn aqnrn hmsdqotdrsn) n lds] rndoh r]qh](, Sncnr knr ]tsnqdr bnhmbhcdm dm k] ]aqhq dk bnmctbsn ldctk]q oqnvhl]k x chrs]k) x onmdq dm qdkdu]mbh] cd k] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr cd k] ch]- rhr gtldq]k) ptd bnms]bsn drsqdbgn knr cnr dvsqdlnr n-rdnr, K] cdbnqshb]¨ cdad qd]khy]qrd dm oqhldq ktf]q, Ph k]r kdrhnmdr rnm ltx bhn-m cd Itcds dr chefl-bhk cdrcd dk otmsn cd uhrs] sd-bmhbn) bnlokdi]r %eqdbtdmsdr dm drsd bt]cqn cd sq]tl]shrlnr cd odqn cdad ok]msd]qrd rh k]r bnmchbhnmdr knb]kdr kn odqlh¨ ]ks] dmdqffl-]() rd oqnonmd tm] i]bhn-m dvsdqm] ptd r]ksd sdm, Dm dk gt-ldqn) tm ]bnqs]lhdmsn cd 0¨2 bl dr tm] onq dmbhl] cdk bncn, Dm k]r eq]bstq]r rhlokdr bnm drs]¨ rnktbhn-m onrhakd o]q] knfq]q tm ldinq ]eqnms]lhdmsn x ahkhc]c gdlnchm]-lhb]) drs]- hmchb]cn qd]khy]q tm] bhqtffl-] «rhlokh b]q» dk enbn) rhm ptd drsn sdmf] bnmrdbtdmbh]r ldch]msd nrsdnrfl-msdrhr ] bhdkn ]ahdqsn) bnm dk o]bhdmsd dm bkfl-mhb]r mns]akdr, Dr hmchrodmr]akd ]onqs]q sdihcn n-rdn cdbt-ahsn rtohmn) bnknb]mcn tm] ok]b] dm b]c] ch]- rhr dm oqdrdmbh] cd tm enbn ]sqn- bn x.n cd tm] od-qchc] eq]bstq]c], Ph rd sq]s] cd eq]bstq]r ]qshbtk]qdr oqnvhl]kdr cd rtrs]mbh] n-rd], K] bqdrs] hkfl-]b] dr dk ktf]q cnm]msd ]msdaq]pth]kdr x gtldq]kdr a]i]r) rd otdcd dedbst]q tm] o]q] dk hmidqsn ]tsn-knfn dronminrn) ptd g] cdlnrsq]cn nrsdnrfl-msdrhr ] bhdkn ]ahdqsn bnm ok]b]r) dm cdbt-ahsn k]sd¨ rdq d b]y, Dm ]kftm]r od-qchc]r cd rtrs]mbh] rhfmh b]sh¨ q]k onq ufl-] onrsdqhnq dmfkna]mcn k]r dofl- rhr x dk gt-ldqn, u]r x o]q] k]r rdtcn]qsqnrhr qdhsdq]c]r ltkshnodq]c]r) rd Cdrotd-r) rh dr oqdbhrn) rd g]bd kn oqnohn onq ufl-] ]msdqhnq otdcd ok]msd]q tm] sq]mredqdmbh] khaqd cd odqnmd- bnm dm cdbt-ahsn rtohmn dmfkna]mcn dk q]chn, Dm b]lahn) dm rtstq] lhbqnpthqt-qfhb] Y41[ , Dk ]bbdrn ]k enbn cd rdtcn]q¨ o]bhdmsdr hmdrs]akdr) dr onrhakd kkdu]q ] b]an tm] nrsdnrfl-m¨ sqnrhr rd qd]khy] rdft-m knr oqhmbhohnr cd k] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr sdrhr ch] r]qh] ldch]msd dmbk]u]cn bnm ]fti]r cdk gt-ldqn cd k]r eq]bstq]r qdbhdmsdr, Dm drsnr b]rnr) dr hmchrodmr]akd x cdk bt-ahsn onq k] lhrl] ufl-] cd ]bbdrn dm cdbt-ahsn rtohmn tshkhy]q tm] ok]b] fq]mcd x) rnaqd sncn) bt]sqn snqmh¨ x) cdrotd-r) cdk q]chn ldch]msd dmbk]u]cn ]rbdmcdmsd bnm kknr cd dvbdkdmsd rtidbhn-m onq dmbhl] x onq cda]in cdk ]fti]r, enbn %Ehf, 14(, 01 CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX  :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr C z 33–2// EgftqV 14, 9, Eq]bstq] sq]mrudqr]k cdk sdqbhn hmedqhnq cdk gt-ldqn hypthdqcn, Ktv]bhn-m ]rnbh]c] cdk bncn, Hrptdlh] onq hmsdqqtobhn-m cd k] ]qsdqh] gtldq]k, Pdu]rbtk]qhy]bhn-m onq cdqhu]bhn-m bnm udm] r]edm], Nrsdnrfl-msdrhr «khfdq]» onq ufl-] k]sdq]k) mn ]cdbt]c], Rdtcn]qsqnrhr, A, Pduhrhn-m onq ufl-] onrsdqhnq bnm nkdbq]mnsnlfl-]9 qdsh– q]c] cd k] ok]b]) qd]uhu]lhdmsn) hmidqsn hkfl-]bn onrsdqhnq x nrsdnrfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b] dm V hmudqshc], A Dm b]rn cd rdtcn]qsqnrhr rdbtmc]qh] ] tm] bhqtffl-] dmcn¨ rhm oqnsdbbhn-m onrhakd cd k]r drsqtbstq]r u]rbtk]qdr n mdq¨ ldctk]q) rd oqnonmd qd]khy]q tm eqdr]cn x dmbk]u]cn %cd uhnr]r, Dm b]lahn) rd otdcd oqnonmdq dk dmbk]u]cn bnm tm ch]-ldsqn rtodqhnq ]k oqdbdcdmsd) rh rd sq]s] cd tm b]l¨ bdldms]cn dm b]rn cd nrsdnrfl-msdrhr oqdudmshu] cd tm] ahn cd bk]un() r]kun dm tm] rdtcn]qsqnrhr ]sqn- b] ptd nrsdn-khrhr oqduh] ] tm] eq]bstq], Dm drs]r bhqbtmrs]mbh]r) qdpthdq] tm ]bbdrn o]q] k] cdbnqshb]bhn-m x) dm k] l]xn¨ dk bdldmsn rd hmxdbs] kfl-pthcn bnm tm] idqhmf] cd fq]m qfl-] cd knr b]rnr) tm hmidqsn Y45[ , Dk lnms]id rd qd]khy] bnm s]l]– mn) fq]bh]r ] tm] rnmc] rdlhqqfl-fhc]) sq]r kn ptd rd bnloqdrhn-m cdk enbn x i]bhn-m ahonk]q drs]-shb]) rh dr onrh¨ hlo]bs] dk bk]un, akd, Dm k]r rdtcn]qsqnrhr rdbtmc]qh]r ] tm sq]s]lhdmsn nqsn¨ od-chbn n ] tm] i]bhn-m dvsdqm]) k] bhqtffl-] ] bhdkn ]ahdqsn Bnmbjtrgn vm n dmcnldctk]q rd otdcd oqnonmdq bnln ]ksdqm]shu] Y43[ , K]r rdtcn]qsqnrhr rd-oshb]r rd sq]s]m dm cnr ds]o]r bk]-rh¨ Dk sq]s]lhdmsn nqsnod-chbn cd k]r eq]bstq]r cd k] ch]- ¨ b]r, K] oqhldq] bnmrhrsd dm9 qdshq]c] cd sncn dk l]sdqh]k) rhr gtldq]k rhftd rhdmcn tm ld-sncn sdq]od-tshbn tshkhy]cn khlohdy] bnm snl] cd ltdrsq]r a]bsdqhnkn-fhb]r) i]bhn-m bnm ltbg] eqdbtdmbh]) fq]bh]r ] rt a]i] s]r] cd bnlokh¨ dvsdqm] x sq]s]lhdmsn ]mshahn-shbn, Dm drsd bnmsdvsn) rd b]bhnmdr) otdr knr b]kknr uhbhnrnr rtdkdm snkdq]qrd ahdm, otdcd qd]khy]q tm] qdrdbbhn-m n-rd] o]q] kkdf]q ] tm] ynm] Pd tshkhy] cd enql] oqdedqdmsd o]q] k]r eq]bstq]r k]qf]r) r]m]) bnm cnr rtodq bhdr bnqshb]kdr ok]m]r) e]-bhkdr cd ]eqnm¨ a]i]r x onbn cdrok]y]c]r) hmbktrn ]tmptd dvhrs] tm] o]q]-¨ s]q x cd onmdq dm bnloqdrhn-m bnm tm i]cnq dvsdqmn, Dm khrhr q]ch]k, Phm dla]qfn) k] ctq]bhn-m cdk sq]s]lhdmsn x s]k b]rn) dr oqdedqhakd tm lnms]id lnmnok]mn chm]lhy]¨ knr oqnfqdrnr cd k] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr g]bdm ptd rd oqd dq] akd o]q] onmdq dm bnloqdrhn-m dk enbn cd enql] oqnfqdrhu], bnm eqdbtdmbh] k] i]bhn-m n-rd] pthqt-qfhb]) ptd ]cdl]-r dr O]r]cn tm shdlon cd k] oqhldq] ds]o] x rh k] dunktbhn-m rd-o¨ shb] dr e]unq]akd) rd kkdu] ] b]an tm] qduhrhn-m pthqt-qfhb] y Otmsnr bjVud bnln rd g] cdrbqhsn oqduh]ldmsd) r]kun rh rd g] knfq]cn k] bnmrnkhc]bhn-m bnm dk lnms]id ldch]msd i]cnq, DqTbstqTr oTsnjnxfgbTr Y46[ @msd tm] eq]bstq] cdk gt-ldqn) rd cdad ok]m– sd]q dk sq]s]lhdmsn nqsnod-chbn) rnaqd sncn dm K] bhqtffl-] cd k]r eq]bstq]r o]snkn-fhb]r ch] r]qh]r rd qd]¨ khy] ] bhdkn ]ahdqsn rh rd bnmnbd dk ch]fmn-rshbn stlnq]k, Dm k]r eq]bstq]r chrs]kdr x k]qf]r) x cdadm bnmnbdqrd k]r eq]bstq]r lds]rs]-rhb]r) k] bnknb]bhn-m cd k] ok]b] cdad rtr bnmsq]hmchb]bhnmdr9 eq]bstq] ]ahdqs]) onkhsq]t– neqdbdq tm] drs]ahkhc]c hmldch]s]9 otdcd ]rnbh]qrd ] tm l]shrln) sq]tl]shrln drb]knm]cn) o]bhdmsd mn qdkkdmn cd k] nrsdn-khrhr ldch]msd bdldmsn pthqt-qfhbn) bnm bnk]anq]cnq, ]m]-khrhr ghrsnkn-fhbn cdk enbn cd eq]bstq], Dk bdldms]cn Rh rd drs]akdbd k] hmchb]bhn-m pthqt-qfhb]) k]r qdpthdqd tm ]bbdrn chqdbsn) tm kdfq]cn cdk enbn stln¨ nrsdnrfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b] n bnm bk]un rnm k]r cnr sd-b– q]k x rt hmxdbbhn-m a]in bnmsqnk uhrt]k x oqnsdbbhn-m cd mhb]r cd qdedqdmbh], Knr bk]unr mn drs]-m hmchb]cnr knr dkdldmsnr u]rbtknmdquhnrnr, Drsd oqnbdchlhdmsn dr dm k]r eq]bstq]r chrs]kdr, gdlnqq]-fhbn) mn drs]- cdroqnuhrsn cd bnmrdbtdmbh]r gdln¨ Dk dmbk]u]cn ]rbdmcdmsd bnm ]fti]r x dk i]cnq chm]-lhb]r x rd ok]msd] dm etmbhn-m cdk drs]cn fdmdq]k dvsdqmn otdcdm drs]q hmchb]cnr rnaqd sncn dm knr cdk o]bhdmsd, K] q]chnsdq]oh] onrsnodq]snqh] rtdkd drs]q hmchb]c] x rn-kn rd hmhbh] tm] udy knfq]c] k] bhb]sqhy]bhn-m onkhsq]tl]shrlnr, Dm b]rn cd o]q]-khrhr q]ch]k) k] qdbtodq]bhn-m dr bts]-md] odqedbs], D-rsd dr tm ]qftldmsn ] e]unq cd k]r nrsdnrfl-msdrhr dmcnldctk]qdr ptd mn qdpthdqdm l]-r ptd k] mnql], Rh rd drs]akdbd k] hmchb]bhn-m cd tm sq]– tm ]bbdrn bnqsn ] chrs]mbh] cdk enbn lds]rs]-rhbn, Dm s]k s]lhdmsn pthqt-qfhbn cd k] eq]bstq]) mn rd cdad b]rn) mn rd qdbnlhdmc] dk bdldms]cn cdk enbn cd eq]bstq]) dvoknq]q dk mdquhn, otdr rd otdcd oqnctbhq tm] etf] cd bdldmsn rhm bnmsqnk x CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX 02 C z 33–2// :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr hmchrodmr]akd dm ]kftm]r rhst]bhnmdr %onkhsq]tl]shrlnr) Livani B, Belangero WD. Bridging plate osteosynthesis of sq]tl]shrlnr drb]knm]cnr) eq]bstq]r ]ahdqs]r) dsb,(, Knr humeral shaft fractures. Fmitqw 2004;24:587–95. cnr sq]s]lhdmsnr pthqt-qfhbnr cd qdedqdmbh] rhftdm rhdmcn Alnot JY, Osman N, Masmejean E, Wodecki P. Les lésions k] nrsdnrfl-msdrhr bnm ok]b] x dk dmbk]u]cn bdmsqnldctk]q, du nerf radial dans les fractures de la diaphyse humérale à B]c] tm] cd drs]r sd-bmhb]r shdmd rtr o]qshc]qhnr, Knr qdrtk¨ propos de 62 cas. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 2000;75:143–50. s]cnr cd ]la]r rnm atdmnr) rhdloqd ptd rd dlokddm cd AlnotHY, Le Reund D. Les lésions traumatiques du tronc du enql] ltx qhftqnr]9 k] rdtcn]qsqnrhr sq]r tm sq]s]lhdmsn nerf radial au bras. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 1989;64:433–42. pthqt-qfhbn otdcd qdrtks]q tm] bnlokhb]bhn-m ltx fq]ud, ElAyoubi L, KarmoutaA, Roussignol X, Auquit-Auckbur Onq t-kshln) k] i]bhn-m dvsdqm] x dk dmbk]u]cn bdmsqnld¨ I, MilliezPY, Duparc F. Transposition antérieure du nerf radial dans les fractures du 1/3 moyen de l’humérus: bases ctk]q bnm ]fti]r rhftdm rhdmcn sd-bmhb]r ] ldchn b]lhmn anatomiques et applications cliniques. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno dmsqd dk sq]s]lhdmsn nqsnod-chbn x k] i]bhn-m ldch]msd 2003;78:537–43. bk]un n ok]b], Pn-kn cdadm qdrdqu]qrd o]q] knr b]rnr cd bnm¨ Bostam O, Bakalinm G, Vainionpas S, Willila E, Patiaia H, sq]hmchb]bhnmdr cd k]r sd-bmhb]r oqdbdcdmsdr, Rokknen P. Radial palsy in shaft fracture of the humerus. 9bsV Nqsgno RbVmc 1986;46:316–9. Kempf I, Heckel TH, Pidhorz LE, Taglang G, Grosse A. L’enclouage verrouillé selon Seidel des fractures diaphysaires AgajgnfqVevV humérales. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 1994;7ı:5–13. Schopfer A, Heam C, Malisano L, Powell JN, Keallam JF. Tytherleigh-Strong G, Walls N, Mcqueen MM. The epide- Comparison of torsionnal strength of humeral intramedullary miology of humeral shaft fractures. I Anmd Inhms Rtqe Aq nailing: a cadaveric study. I Nqsgno SqVtlV 1994;7:414–21. 1998;7ı:249–53. Zimmerman MC, Waite AM, Deehan M, Tovey J, Openheim Dufour O, Beaufils P, Ouaknine M, Vives P, Perreau M. W. A biomechanical analysis of four humeral fracture fixation Traitement fonctionnel des fractures récentes de la diaphyse systems. I Nqsgno SqVtlV 1994;7:233–9. humérale par méthode de Sarmiento. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno Dalton JE, Salkeld SL, Satterwhitte YE, Cook JD. A biome- 1989;64:292–300. chanical comparison of intramedullary nailing systems for Sarmiento A, Kunman PB, Galvin EG, Schmitt RH, Phillips the humerus. I Nqsgno SqVtlV 1993;06:367–74. JG. Functionnal bracing of the shaft of the humerus. I Anmd Ingman AM, Wateres DA. Locked intramedullary nailing of Inhms Rtqe 9l 1977;48:596–601. humeral shaft fractures. Implant design, surgical technique Sarmiento A, Zagorski JB, Zych GA, Latta LL, Capps CA. and clinical results. I Anmd Inhms Rtqe Aq 1994;65:23–9. Functional bracing for the treatment of fractures of the hume- Cuny C, Irrazi M, Ionescu N, Locquet V, Chaumont PL, Berri- ral diaphysis. I Anmd Inhms Rtqe 9l 2000;71:478–86. chi A, et al. Le clou Telegraph long dans les fractures de McCormack RG, Brien D, Buckley RE, Mckee MD, Powell l’humérus. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 2007;82:564–70. J, Schmitsch EH. Fixation of fractures of the shaft of the Rommens PP, Berbruggen J, Broos PL. Retrograde locked humerus by dynamic compression plate or intramedullary nailing of humeral shaft fractures. I Anmd Inhms Rtqe Aq nail. A prospective, randomised trial. I Anmd Inhms Rtqe Aq 1995;66:84–9. 2000;71:336–9. Apard T, Lahogue JF, Prové S, Hubert L, Talha A, Cronier P, Paris P, Tropiano P, Clouet d’Orval B, Chaudet H, Poitout DG. et al. Traitement des fractures récentes de la diaphyse humé- Fractures diaphysaires de l’humérus : ostéosynthèse systéma- rale par enclouage centromédullaire verrouillé rétrograde. tique par plaque. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 2000;7ı:346–60. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 2006;81:19–26. Riemer BL, Dambrodio R. The risk of injury to the axi- Butin E, Herent S, Delehaye P. Traitement des fractures de llary nerve, artery, and vein from proximal locking screws of la diaphyse humérale par enclouage élastique de Marchetti. humeral intramedullary nails. Nqsgnodchbr 1992;04:697–9. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 2001;76:758–64. Bono CM, Grossman MG, Hochwald N, Tornetta 3rd P. Gayet LE, Muller A, Pries P, Merienne JF, Brax P, Soyer Radial and axillary nerves. Anatomic considerations for J, et al. Fractures de la diaphyse humérale: place de humeral fixation. Bjhm Nqsgno PdjVs Pdr 2000;262:259–64. l’embrochage fasciculé selon Hackethal. À propos de 129 Gerwin M, Robert NH, Andrew JW. Alternative operative cas. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 1992;67:13–22. exposures of the posterior aspect of the humeral diaphy- De la Caffiniere JY, Kassab G, Ouldouali A. Traitement des sis with reference to the radial nerve. I Anmd Inhms Rtqe Aq fractures de la diaphyse humérale de l’adulte par embrochage 1996;67:1690–5. centro-médullaire. Technique opératoire et indication. Pdu Henley MB, Monroe M, Tencer AF. Biomechanical compa- Bghq Nqsgno 1988;63:771–7. rison of methods of fixation of a midshaft osteotomy of the De La Caffiniere JY, Benzimra R, Lacaze F, Chaine A. humerus. I Nqsgno SqVtlV 1991;4:14–20. Embrochage centromédullaire des fractures de la diaphyse Bezes H. De l’intérêt à synthéser par plaque vissée bon nom- humérale. Une ostéosynthèse à risque minimum. À propos bre de fractures de la diaphyse humérale. À propos de 246 de 82 cas. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 1999;74:125–35. synthèses. Fms Nqsgno 1995;08:16–25. Burny F, DemolderV, Hinsenkamp M, Rasquin C. Traitement Dayez J. La plaque interne vissée dans les fractures récentes des fractures d’humérus par fixateur externe: étude de 62 cas. de la diaphyse humérale. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 1999;74:238–44. 9bsV Nqsgno Adje 1979;34:47–56. Bousquet G, Colas, Chambat P, Basconlergne B. La voie pos- De Bastiani G, Aldegheri R, Renzi Brivio L. The treatment térointerne dans les fractures du tiers inférieur-tiers moyen de of fractures with a dynamic axial fixator. I Anmd Inhms Rtqe l’humérus. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 1977;52(supplII):131–3. Aq 1984;55:538–45. Moran MC. Modified lateral approach to the distal humerus Lenoble E, Terracher R, Kessi M, Goutallier D. Traitement for internal fixation. Bjhm Nqsgno PdjVs Pdr 1997;23ı:190–7. des fractures diaphysaires de l’humérus par fixateur externe Cadenat FM. Jdr unhdr cd od-md-sqVshnm cdr ldlaqdr. Paris: de Hoffmann. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 1993;68:606–14. Doin Deren & Cie; 1964 (p. 86–9). Chantelot C, Robert G, Aihonnou T, Gueguen G, Migaud H, Judet R, Patel A, Demeulenaere C. Trois voies d’abord de Fontaine C. Utilisation du fixateur externe pour le traitement l’extrémité supérieure de l’humérus et de la diaphyse humé- des fractures de la diaphyse humérale : analyse de 23 fixateurs rale. Oqdrrd Ldc 1968;65:1961–3. Orthofix. Bghq LVhm 2002;10:134–9. Laporte C, Jouve F, Jegou D, Saillant G. Les voies médiales Deuel CR, Wolinsky P, Shepherd E, Hazelwood SJ. The use pour l’ostéosynthèse des fractures des deux tiers distaux de of hinged external fixation to provide additional stabiliza- l’humérus. Pdu Bghq Nqsgno 2002;77:177–81. tion for fractures of the distal humerus. I Nqsgno SqVtlV Laporte C, Thiongo M, Jegou D. Posteromedial approach to 2007;10:323–9. the distal humerus for fracture fixation. 9bsV Nqsgno Adje Mostafavi HR, Tornetta 3rd P. Open fractures of the hume- 2006;61:395–9. rus treated with external fixation. Bjhm Nqsgno PdjVs Pdr Zhiquan A, Bingfang Z, Yeming W, Chi Z, Peiyan H. Mini- 1997;226:187–97. mally invasive plating osteosynthesis (MIPO) of middle Heim D, Herkert F, Hess P, Ragazzoni P. Surgical treatment and distal third humeral shaft fractures. I Nqsgno SqVtlV of humeral shaft fractures. The basel experience. I SqVtlV 2007;10:628–33. 1993;24:226–32. 03 CE> – S´amhaXr pthqíqehaXr dm nqsnodchX x sqXtlXsnineéX  :hqteéC cd iC ch´ rhr gtldqCi9 uéCr cd Caadrn v sáamhaCr othqíqehaCr C z 33–2// ShaoYC,