Transportation Engineering Notes PDF

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING What is Transportation engineering? - is the application of technology and scientific principles to the design, operation, planning and management of transportation infrastructure, mobility service traffic and travelers for various travel modes, to provide...

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING What is Transportation engineering? - is the application of technology and scientific principles to the design, operation, planning and management of transportation infrastructure, mobility service traffic and travelers for various travel modes, to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally sustainable movement of people and goods. - Transportation engineering is a branch of civil engineering that is involved in the planning. design, operation, and maintenance of safe and efficient transportation systems. - These systems include roadways, railways, waterways, and intermodal operations. What is Demand in Transportation Engineering? - The demand is the amount of traffic (people, cars, railcars, barges) that is expected to use a particular transportation facility. What is Supply in Transportation Engineering? - The supply is the quantity and type of infrastructure components (roadways, bridges, pavements, etc.) - These systems are typically large and expensive. What are the Three *Types* of Transportation Engineering? 1. **Railway Engineering** - Trains might seem quaint and old- fashioned to some, but railway systems are anything, but Commercial railway businesses require advanced technical and operational systems to carry passengers across the country or through densely populated metro areas. They also rely on these advanced systems to transport goods and freight across great distances. - **Railway engineers** not to be confused with the engineers who pilot trains must know how to plan routes and understand the complexities of busy modem rail travel. 2. **Port and Harbor Engineering** - Shipping, commercial fishing, passenger cruises and private sailing all require docks and harbors from which to sail and deliver goods and passengers. - Engineers specializing in ports and harbors plan design and oversee the building of wharfs dock\'s piers, berthing facilities marinas, bulkheads and seawalls. - **Port and harbor engineers** also design, build and maintain boat-launch facilities and coastal access areas and provide inspection and survey services for seaway transportation companies. 3. **Airport Engineering** - Airport engineers design, build, maintain and develop construction standards for commercial private military and civilian airports, heliports and helipads and seaplane base. - They must adhere to federal laws, concerning materials, security lighting markings and signs. - They also must consider any wildlife dangers such as birds that could interfere with departing or arriving flights and stay abreast of evolving technologies related to air traffic. - Usually to successfully implement the above-mentioned objectives, **traffic engineers** will be required to study an abundance of data, research, and literature on this characteristic of traffic the operations of traffic administration, traffic planning, and the geometrical design of traffic amongst other things. In addition to studying data, many traffic engineers will execute a few studies that will give them the appropriate data for traffic optimization. - Some (of the many) *studies* include: - **Accident studies, Traffic capacity studies, Speed studies, Traffic volume studies, Parking studies, Origin and destination studies, Traffic flow characteristics studies.** - In addition to the enhancement of traffic flow, construction of roadways, and installation of road signs and lights traffic engineers also work hard to improve traffic calming in residential areas. This includes neighborhood traffic control, traffic mitigation, neighborhood traffic safety plans, traffic abatement roadway pavement marking and signing plans. Believe it or not, these are efforts taken *to ensure that residents are safe in their neighborhood-including children and the elderly.* ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING What is Environmental Engineering? - **Environmental Engineering** involves sustainable design for the control and protection of the environment and its resources. What is Environmental Engineer? - **Environmental engineers** use the principles of engineering, soil science, biology, and chemistry to develop solutions to environmental problems. - Environmental engineers design systems for water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, hazardous waste management and treatment and control of air pollutants. - Environmental engineers are essential to the protection of the environment as well as the health and safety of humankind. The following represents **three ways environmental engineering works to serve humanity and protect the world.** - Water is essential to our existence, for drinking, for eating, for watering crops, for sustaining wildlife and for supporting the ecosystem. **Environmental engineers** help ensure that water supplies are clean from contaminants, protected from pollution and readily available for people and farms. - In order to help keep people safe from disease, waste must be managed effectively. This requires environmental engineers to determine how to reduce waste, how to properly handle waste at treatment and gray water processing facilities and how to keep waste away from clean water sources. - Environmental engineers play a key role in managing pollution and working to reduce the dangerous chemicals and gasses that are produced with industrialization and manufacturing. Limiting greenhouse gasses and reducing further damage from climate change is also an area of focus. - When you have clean water to drink, clean air to breathe and properly managed waste treatment facilities, you have environmental engineering to thank. What is the goal of environmental engineering? - The goal of environmental engineering is to ensure that societal development and the use of water, land and air resources are sustainable, this goal is achieved by managing these resources so that environmental pollution and degradation is minimized. - Environmental engineers study water, soil and air pollution problems, and develop technical solutions needed to solve, attenuate or control these problems in a manner that is compatible with legislative, economic, social and political concerns. Civil engineers are particularly involved in such activities as water supply and sewerage, management of surface water and groundwater quality, remediation of contaminated sites and solid waste management. - The activities of such engineers include, but are not limited to, the planning, design, construction and operation of water and wastewater treatment facilities in municipalities and industries. Modelling and analysis of surface water and groundwater quality, design of soil and remediation systems, planning for the disposal and reuse of wastewaters and sludges, and the collection, transport, processing, recovery and disposal of solid wastes according to accepted engineering practices. - **Environmental engineers** are called upon to play an important role in environmental protection, because engineering solutions are required to meet the environmental standards set by legislation. What are the five major **renewable energy sources**? 1. Solar energy from the sun 2. Geothermal energy from heat inside the earth 3. Wind energy 4. Biomass from plants 5. Hydropower from flowing water Why are they called renewable energy sources? - They are called renewable energy sources because they are naturally replenished. - Day after day, the sun shines, plants grow, wind blows, and rivers flow. What are **nonrenewable energy sources**? 1. Petroleum 2. Hydrocarbon gas liquid 3. Natural gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear energy Why are they called renewable energy sources? - Nonrenewable sources are called nonrenewable because their supplies are limited to the amounts that we can mine or extract from the earth. - Coal, natural gas, and petroleum formed over thousands of years from the buried remains of ancient sea plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. - That is why we also, [call those energy sources fossil fuels], most energy sources for doing work nonrenewable energy sources. SUSTAINABILITY What is Sustainability? - **Sustainability** assessment of construction projects is essential to the fact that it does not create any harmful effects on the living ecosystem while optimizing the cost of construction. This is to ensure the availability of resources for the future generations. Construction has a direct **impact on the environment due to following reasons**. - Generation of waste materials - Emissions from vehicles, machineries - Noise pollution due to use of heavy vehicles and construction machineries. - Releases of wastes and pollutants into water, ground and atmosphere. In order to support sustainability in the field of construction, the building and the built environment have to satisfy some of the **important criteria**. This will include: - Biodiversity Enhancement - Support to the Community - Effective use of resources - Pollution Reduction Annually billions of tons of demolition waste are generated worldwide for the need for new construction activities. Improper disposal of these waste tends to be hazardous to the environment. What are some of the **methods to make the construction waste sustainable**? - Elimination of production of construction waste - Reduction of amount of construction waste - Reuse construction wastes in other works. - Recover (recycling, composting, energy) recycle what you can only after you have reused it. - Dispose what is left in a responsible way. What are the **Principles of Sustainability**? 1. Enhance liability 2. Create opportunities for economic prosperity 3. Foster environmental responsibility 4. Embrace design excellence 5. Demonstrate visionary leadership and strong governance ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING VS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE - They both address environmental issues. However, there are differences in their approach to Improving and remediating the effects on the habitat. - - The environmental scientist takes an analytical perspective. He/she focuses on what caused the condition, whereas the engineer looks at how to correct the problem. - Environmental scientists explore climate change, air pollution, water quality, soil contamination, hazardous materials affecting humans and animals. They venture into a variety of areas that affect the earth\'s resources. - As scientists, they collect drinking water or atmospheric samples for analysis in a laboratory. They provide the results, which they convey to engineers, the court of law, local community, or governmental agencies. - Environmental engineers\' responsibilities overlap with their counterparts. - Engineers are also involved in soil and water contamination, air pollution, and wastewater treatment. The knowledge finds solutions for these adverse environmental issues. Using engineering principles, they determine the means to clean up water, design sewage treatment plants, and reduce factor emissions. - Many people think there are no differences between a scientist and an engineer, whilst other think the two careers are completely separate from one another. Generally speaking, **SCIENCE THE STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD**, which **ENGINEERING APPLIES SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO DESIGN PROCESSES, STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT.** - Both engineers and scientists need a strong knowledge of science, math and technology, but engineers tend to apply these principles to designing creative solutions. - A **scientist** will undergo scientific training and work in the sciences whereas an **engineer** will be trained solely as that. The practical difference lies in the educational degree and the description of the job being performed. - Scientists tend to explore the natural world and discover new things about the universe and how it works whereas engineers apply that knowledge learnt to solve practical problems, often focusing on cost, efficiency and other limits, **Engineering** is a science, though there are several things that set it apart as an industry. 1. Scientists observe the world, while engineers focus on creating. - Both fields require observation and analysis, though engineering deals with creating and working on already existing creations. 2. Engineering is more specific than science. - **Engineering** deals with a variety of issues and topics, but it is narrowed down to the study of how things work. - **Science** is a much broader subject. 3. Science creates questions. Engineering creates answers. - In general, **science** deals with observing and coming up with theories, whilst **engineering** helps to put these theories to the test.