CIE-122 Highway and Railroad Engineering Module 1 PDF

Module #1: An Introduction to Highway Engineering Your Question before this topic: 1. What is Transportation and Highway Engineering? 2. Are they different from each other? 3. What are the classifications of highway? Lesson Objectives: After this activity, you should be able to:...

Module #1: An Introduction to Highway Engineering Your Question before this topic: 1. What is Transportation and Highway Engineering? 2. Are they different from each other? 3. What are the classifications of highway? Lesson Objectives: After this activity, you should be able to: 1. Define Transportation and Highway Engineering. 2. Identify the classifications of Highway. Transportation - is a means in which people and goods are moved from one place to another. 📍Point A 📍Point B Engineering - is the practice of using natural science, mathematics, and the engineering design process to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems. Transportation Engineering - Transportation engineering is a branch of civil engineering that focuses on the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of systems and infrastructure for safe and efficient movement of people and goods. This includes roads, highways, railways, airports, seaports, and public transit systems. It also involves optimizing traffic flow, ensuring safety, and integrating environmental and sustainability considerations into transportation projects. Different Modes of Transportation By Water Modern By Land By Air Different Modes of Transportation Land Transportation By foot Cars Animal pulled wagons Buses Bicycle Trains Different Modes of Transportation Water Transportation Boats Submarines Ships Hovercrafts Different Modes of Transportation Air Transportation Airplanes Helicopters Different Modes of Transportation Other/Modern Transportation Spacecrafts Skilifts (space transport) (cable transports) Functional Classifications of Highway - In general, highways are based upon two primary functions: a. Mobility: Continuous, high- speed travel b. Accessibility: Ability to get to destination, direct access to adjoining property Functional Classifications of Highway Now, based on the primary functions highway are classified into three: 1. Arterials: focus primarily on mobility with an emphasis on providing high speed, uninterrupted flow. Long- distance trips are most practical on arterials. Functional Classifications of Highway 2. Collectors: have a blended objective of maintaining mobility and access. Collectors facilitate travel between local roads and arterials by collecting traffic and distributing it to local roads or to higher mobility arterials. Functional Classifications of Highway 3. Local streets: provide direct connectivity to businesses, residences, and other land uses. Local streets can be designed to provide access while minimizing speeds. Functional Classifications of Highway 1. Arterials: - Freeways and Expressways: Freeways are an essential part of the highway network, particularly for travel that occurs between cities, regions, and states. - Suburban Interstate: shows an interstate in a suburban location with six lanes and wide shoulders on the outside and inside edges of pavement. - Urban Interstate: shows a depressed interstate, which reduces noise effects and allows for cross-roads to occur at street level, in an urban environment. - Urban Arterial: shows an urban arterial that serves traffic from suburban zones into the central business district. Suburban Interstate Urban Arterial Urban Interstate Expressways/Freeways Functional Classifications of Highway 2. Collectors: - Rural Two-lane highway: shows a rural two-lane highway that is a primary route for commerce and recreation in a rural area. Functional Classifications of Highway 3. Local streets: In Philippines, roads and highways are classified and named according to their functions. 1. National Roads 2. Bypass/Diversion Roads 3. Provincial Roads 4. Municipal and City Roads 5. Barangay Roads 6. Expressways 7. Bypasses 8. Parkways NATIONAL ROADS (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary) - are continuous in extent that form part of the main trunk line system. Example: Maharlika Highway (Pan-Philippine Highway) and MacArthur Highway (Manila to Northern Luzon) NATIONAL ROADS (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary) a. Primary Roads: Connects major cities and comprise the national road system (at least around 100,000 population) Example: - Maharlika Highway (AH26): Spanning Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. - MacArthur Highway: Connecting Metro Manila to Northern Luzon. - Cebu North Road: Connecting Cebu City to northern towns. - Davao-Cotabato Road: Linking Davao City to Cotabato City. NATIONAL ROADS (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary) b. Secondary Roads: - Connects cities to National Primary Roads, except in metropolitan areas. - Connects major airports and National Primary Roads - Connects tourist service centers to National Primary Roads or other National Secondary Roads. - Connects cities not classified as major cities - Connects Provincial capitals with the same region - Connects National primary Road to National Government Infrastructures. NATIONAL ROADS (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary) Example: - Tarlac-Pangasinan Road: Connecting Tarlac City to nearby towns. - Tagaytay-Nasugbu Highway: Connecting Tagaytay to Batangas province. - Silay-Victorias Road: Linking cities in Negros Occidental. - Bukidnon-Davao Road (BUDA): Connecting central Bukidnon to Davao City. NATIONAL ROADS (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary) c. Tertiary Roads: Other existing roads under DPWH which perform a local function. Example: - Naguilian Road: Connecting Baguio City to nearby barangays and La Union. - Bayombong-Bambang Road: Serving municipalities in Nueva Vizcaya. - Roxas-Buruanga Road: Connecting rural areas in Aklan. - Maragusan-Mati Road: Linking municipalities in Davao de Oro to Davao Oriental. BYPASS/DIVERSION ROADS - These roads divert through traffic away from the city/municipality business centers. Example: - Tarlac-Pangasinan-LaUnion Expressway (TPLEX) Bypass Roads - Urdaneta Bypass Road in Pangasinan - Candon City Bypass Road in Ilocos Sur PROVINCIAL ROADS - These roads connect cities and municipalities without traversing National Roads. They also connect National Roads to major provincial infrastructures as well as to barangays through rural areas. Example: - Governor Pack Road in Benguet - Bacolod-Silay Airport Access Road in Negros Occidental MUNICIPAL AND CITY ROADS - These are roads within a Población that provide inter-barangay connections to major municipal and city infrastructures without traversing Provincial Roads Example: - Commonwealth Avenue in Quezon City - Bonifacio Drive in Manila - CPG Avenue (Carlos P. Garcia Avenue) in Tagbilaran City, Bohol BARANGAY ROADS - Other roads within the barangay and not covered in the above definitions. Example: - Barangay Gusa Road in Cagayan de Oro - Barangay Turod Road in Ilocos Norte EXPRESSWAYS - These are highways with limited access, normally with interchanges. They may include the facilities for levying tolls for passage in an open or closed system. Example: - North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) - South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) - Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX) BYPASSES - These are roads or highways that avoid built-up area, town or city proper to let through traffic flow without interference from local traffic reduce congestion and improve road safety where a toll for passage is levied in an open or closed system Example: - Tarlac City Bypass Road PARKWAYS - These are arterial highways for non- commercial traffic with full or Partial control of access, usually located within a park or a ribbon of park-like development. Example: - Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard in Pasay and Parañaque (near Manila Bay) - Kaybiang Tunnel Road in Cavite-Batangas (a scenic mountain route)  Module #2: Considerations for Highway Planning and Design Lesson Objectives: After this activity, you should be able to: 1. Enumerate different planning considerations for Arterial Roadways 2. Understand highway’s design consideration. Why is it important to properly plan roads/highways? Is it really important to plan? Can’t we just build and build and build…. And MORE? Efficient Traffic Flow - Arterial highways are designed to carry large volumes of traffic over long distances. Proper planning ensures that the road network minimizes congestion and maintains smooth traffic flow Efficient Traffic Flow Safety - A well-planned highway reduces the risk of accidents by incorporating appropriate lane widths, intersections, signage, and safety features such as guardrails and lighting.  Safety Efficient Traffic Flow Connectivity - Arterial highways serve as key connectors between urban centers, rural areas, and other parts of the transportation network. Proper planning ensures seamless connectivity and accessibility.  Connectivity Safety Efficient Traffic Flow Economic Growth - Highways are vital for transporting goods and services efficiently. A well- planned highway system boosts economic activities by reducing transportation costs and travel time.  Economic Growth Connectivity Safety Efficient Traffic Flow Environmental Impact - Proper planning minimizes the environmental footprint by optimizing alignments to avoid sensitive ecosystems, reducing emissions through efficient traffic management, and incorporating sustainable practices.  Economic Growth Environmental Impact Connectivity Safety Efficient Traffic Flow Cost Efficiency - Planning helps optimize construction, maintenance, and operational costs, ensuring that resources are utilized effectively over the road’s lifespan.  Economic Growth Environmental Impact Connectivity Cost Efficiency Safety Efficient Traffic Flow Urban Development - Arterial highways influence land use and development patterns. Proper planning supports balanced urban growth and avoids issues such as urban sprawl or poorly integrated infrastructure.  Economic Growth Environmental Impact Connectivity Cost Efficiency Safety Urban Development Efficient Traffic Flow Emergency Access - A well-planned highway network is critical for emergency response, ensuring quick access for rescue operations during natural disasters or accidents.  Reasons highway Planning and Design is important Economic Growth Environmental Impact Connectivity Cost Efficiency Safety Urban Development Efficient Traffic Flow Emergency Access Basic Considerations in Planning Arterial Roadways 1. Selection of the routes 2. Studies of the traffic volume 3. Origin and destination 4. Accident experienced 5. Width should not be less than 15 meters. Basic Considerations in Planning Arterial Roadways 6. Must carry of one lane of traffic in each direction. 7. Should be at least 1 km in length. 8. Should skirt neighborhood areas rather than penetrate them. 9. On grid design system streets, arterials are spaces at about 600 to 900 meters apart. 10. Where accident hazard is not a factor, the minimum volume to justify arterial road is 300 vehicles per average hour during the day, and 450 vehicles hourly during peak periods. Basic Considerations in Planning other types of roads/highways 1. Function: 2. Route Selection: 3. Traffic Volume: 4. Width: 5. Speed Limits: 6. Connectivity/Accessibility: 7. Other factors (Parking, Intersections, Neighborhood, Safety features, rest areas, etc.) DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: Three Major Considerations of highway design: 1. Human 2. Vehicular 3. Roadway Human - Human factors include reaction time for braking and steering, visual acuity for traffic signs and signals, and car-following behaviors. Vehicular - Vehicle considerations include vehicle size and dynamics that are essential for determining lane width and maximum slopes and selecting design vehicles. Highway Engineers design road geometry to ensure the stability of vehicles when negotiating curves and grades. It also provides adequate sight distances for undertaking passing maneuvers along curves on two-lane, two-way roads. Roadway - The combination of human and vehicular factors. On how safe and user friendly the road is. SPECIFIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: Highway and transportation engineers must meet many safeties, service, and performance standards when designing roads for specific site topography. Highway geometric design primarily refers to the visible elements of the highways. Highway engineers who design the geometry of roads must also consider the environmental and social effects of the design on the surrounding infrastructure. SPECIFIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: 1. Design Speed 2. Design traffic volume 3. Number of lanes 4. Level of service (LOS) 5. Sight Distance 6. Alignment, super-elevation, and grades 7. Cross-section 8. Lane width DESIGN SPEED - This is the speed that the highway is built to handle safely. It depends on the type of road (e.g., city street vs. highway) and how people are expected to drive on it. Higher design speeds require straighter roads and wider curves. DESIGN TRAFFIC VOLUME - This means planning for how many vehicles will use the road every day. Roads need to be wide enough to avoid traffic jams, especially during busy hours NUMBER OF LANES - The number of lanes depends on how many vehicles are expected to use the road. Busy highways may need 4 to 8 lanes, while smaller roads might only need 1 or 2 lanes in each direction. LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS) - This measures how smoothly traffic flows. Levels range from A (free-flowing traffic) to F (severe congestion). Designers aim for a good LOS, so drivers don’t face long delays. SIGHT DISTANCES - This is how far a driver can see ahead on the road. Good sight distance is important for safety, so drivers can react in time to curves, hills, or stopped vehicles. ALIGNMENT, SUPERELEVATION, AND GRADES - Alignment: The direction and path of the road (straight or curved). - Super-elevation: The slight tilt of a curved road to help vehicles stay balanced and reduce the chance of skidding. - Grades: The slope of the road. Gentle slopes make driving easier, especially for heavy trucks. CROSS SECTION - This refers to how the road is divided across its width. It includes lanes, shoulders (for emergencies), and medians (to separate opposite traffic). It’s like slicing the road in half and looking at all its parts. LANE WIDTH - This is how wide each lane is. Standard lanes are usually 3 to 3.5 meters wide, giving enough space for vehicles to drive safely without being too close to others. LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS) LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS)  Module #3: Highway Geometric Design Lesson Objectives: At the conclusion of this activity, you should be able to: 1. Define Highway Geometric Design. 2. Define Pavement Surface Characteristics. 3. Define road Unevenness. Pavement cross-section - features influence the life of the pavement and the riding comfort and safety of people. Of these, pavement surface characteristics affect both of these. Frictions and geometry of various cross- sectional elements are essential aspects of this regard. Also, the Unevenness and geometry of various cross-sectional features are crucial aspects to consider.  1. The friction between the wheels and the pavement surface, - This friction slows down the rotation of the wheels, ultimately bringing the vehicle to a stop. Adequate friction between the tires and the road surface is essential for effective braking. If there is insufficient friction, the tires can skid, leading to longer stopping distances and potential loss of control. Various factors that affect friction are: 1. Type of the pavement (like bituminous, concrete, gravel) 2. Condition of the pavement (dry or wet, hot or cold, etc) 3. Condition of the tire (new or old) 4. Speed and load of the vehicle. FRICTIONAL FORCE The frictional force that develops between the wheel and the pavement is the load Standard suggests the coefficient acting multiplied by the of longitudinal friction as 0.35- coefficient of friction and 0.4 depending on the speed and denoted as f. The choice of coefficient of lateral friction as the value of f is a highly 0.15. The former is helpful insight complex issue since it distance calculation and the depends on many variables. latter in horizontal curve design. 2. Smoothness/Roughness of the road surface - Pavement Smoothness (sometimes termed roughness – the opposite of smoothness) is ultimately a measure of the drivers’ comfort. It is commonly estimated using a pavement profile (a measure of minute elevation changes in the pavement surface).  UNEVENNESS - It is always desirable to have an even surface, but it is seldom possible to have one. It is possible to develop unevenness due to pavement failures even if constructed with high- quality pavers. Unevenness affects the vehicle: a. operating cost, b. speed, c. riding comfort, d. safety, e. fuel consumption, and f. wear and tear of tires. UNEVENNESS INDEX Unevenness index measures unevenness, the cumulative standard of vertical undulations of the pavement surface recorded per unit horizontal length of the road. An unevenness index value less than 1500 mm per km is considered good. A value less than 2500 mm per km is satisfactory up to a speed of 100 km/h, and values greater than 3200 mm/km is considered uncomfortable even for 55 km/h.  3. The light reflection characteristics of the top of pavement surface - Reflection occurs when light traveling through one material bounces off a different material. The reflected light continues to travel in a straight line, but in a different direction. The light reflection characteristics of the top of pavement surface  LIGHT REFLECTION White roads have good visibility at night but caused glare during day time. On the contrary, Black roads have no glare during the day but have poor visibility at night. Concrete roads have better visibility and less glare. The road surface must be visible at night, and light reflection is the factor that answers it. LIGHT REFLECTION ROAD STUDS OR CAT’S EYES 1. Reflective road studs 2. Solar - Powered road studs 3. LED road studs  4. Drainage to water. - Surface drainage is concerned with removing all water that is present on the pavement surface, shoulder surface or any other surface from which it may flow onto the pavement. If not systematically removed, this water can accumulate underneath and weaken the pavement structure.  Module #4: Camber and Width of Carriageway Lesson Objectives: At the conclusion of this activity, you should be able to: 1. Define camber. 2. Define Width of carriageway.  CAMBER - Surface drainage is concerned with removing all water that is present on the pavement surface, shoulder surface or any other surface from which it may flow onto the pavement. If not systematically removed, this water can accumulate underneath and weaken the pavement structure.  OBJECTIVES OF PROVIDING CAMBER: - Surface protection especially for gravel and bituminous roads. - Sub-grade protection by proper drainage quick drying of pavement which in turn increases safety.Too steep slope is undesirable for it will erode the surface.  MEASUREMENTS OF CAMBER: - Camber is measured in 1 in n or n% (Example 1 in 50 or 2%) and the value depends on the type of pavement surface. The standard values suggested for various categories of pavement are given in Table. Surface Type Heavy Rain Light Rain Concrete / 2% 1.7% Bituminous Gravel 3% 2.5% Earthen 4% 3.0% TYPES OF CAMBER: 1. PARABOLIC OR BARREL CAMBER - This type of camber consists of a continuous curve. The curve is either parabolic or elliptical. This type of camber is mainly used for those roads where fast moving vehicles pass frequently. TYPES OF CAMBER: 2. STRAIGHT OR SLOPED CAMBER - This type of camber is made by meeting two straight surfaces in the crown. Crown is the central point in the surface of the road. The shape of the edges make difficulties for the traffic. That is why it is not used frequently. TYPES OF CAMBER: 3. COMPOSITE/COMBINATION CAMBER - It is a combination of sloped/straight and parabolic camber  CARRIAGEWAY - The actual part of the road where vehicles travel, typically referring to the paved section.  CARRIAGEWAY 1. Traffic Lane Width: - A traffic lane must accommodate the width of a vehicle plus a clearance on either side to improve safety and operating speed. - The maximum permissible width of a vehicle is 2.44 m, and the desirable side clearance for a single-lane road is 0.68 m.  CARRIAGEWAY 2. Single-Lane Road: - To provide enough room for the vehicle and side clearances, the minimum lane width for a single-lane road is 3.75 m. 3. Two-Lane Road: - For two-lane roads, the side clearance required is about 0.53 m on each side (1.06 m in total). - This results in a minimum width of 3.5 m per lane, making the total carriageway width for a two-lane road 7.0 m. PHILIPPINE CARRIAGEWAY SYSTEM PHILIPPINE CARRIAGEWAY SYSTEM CAMBER IN PHILIPPINE CARRIAGEWAY SYSTEM  Module #5: Kerbs / Curbs