Chp+10+part+D+and+Chp+11+Part+A+2024+v2.pdf

Physiology: Chp 10 Part D & Chp 11 Part A Central Nervous System Juan J. Bustamante, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Pharmaceutical Science Phone (361) 221-0643 Email: [email protected] Office: Room 223 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Edu...

Physiology: Chp 10 Part D & Chp 11 Part A Central Nervous System Juan J. Bustamante, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Pharmaceutical Science Phone (361) 221-0643 Email: [email protected] Office: Room 223 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Pain Modulation Analgesic drugs – Aspirin Inhibits prostaglandins, decreases inflammation, and slows transmission of pain to site of injury – Opioids Block pain perception by decreasing primary sensory neuron neurotransmitter release and by postsynaptic inhibition of secondary sensory neurons Endogenous opioids: Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins Drugs – develop tolerance © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Analgesic drugs Aspirin: Inhibits prostaglandins, decreases inflammation, and slows transmission of pain to site of injury Aspirin: Low Dose Aspirin: High Dose © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Analgesic drugs Aspirin: Inhibits prostaglandins, decreases inflammation, and slows transmission of pain to site of injury Aspirin: Low Dose Aspirin: High Dose © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.8 Hemostasis and tissue repair Slide 4 Hemostasis and tissue repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen Tissue factor exposed. exposed. Platelets adhere and Coagulation Vasoconstriction release cascade platelet (Fig. 16.10) factors. Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug. Temporary hemostasis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Inhibition of platelet adhesion Aspirin irreversibly inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase. This enzyme facilitates the reaction from arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2/H2. The further reaction leads to the generation of Thromboxane A2 which is important for the activation and aggregation of platelets https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/51193/how-does-aspirin-thin-blood  Analgesic drugs Aspirin: Inhibits prostaglandins, decreases inflammation, and slows transmission of pain to site of injury Aspirin: Low Dose Aspirin: High Dose © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Analgesic drugs Aspirin: Inhibits prostaglandins, decreases inflammation, and slows transmission of pain to site of injury Aspirin: Low Dose Aspirin: High Dose © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  The mucus- bicarbonate barrier of the gastric mucosa Figure 21-27 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.8 Somatosensory pathways Slide 5 Analgesic drugs Opioids block pain perception by 1. decreasing primary sensory neuron neurotransmitter release Ascending pathway to cerebral cortex The pathways also send branches to the limbic system and – Becomes conscious sensation (pain hypothalamus. or itch) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323998550000233 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Eye Anatomy Schlemn’s canal (similar to a lymphatic vasculature) to vein. Produces the fluid in the eye called aqueous humor Aqueous humor drainage pathways of healthy and glaucomatous eyes. (Reprinted with permission from Weinreb RN, Aung T, Madeiros FA. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma. JAMA. 2014;311:1901-1911.) Citation: Chapter 110 Glaucoma, DiPiro JT, Yee GC, Posey L, Haines ST, Nolin TD, Ellingrod V. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 11e; 2020. Available at: https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2577&sectionid=231922523 Accessed: August 28, 2022 Copyright © 2022 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved Glaucoma Two major types of glaucoma have been identified: open angle and closed angle. Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) accounts for the great majority of cases in North America, while primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is more prevalent in Asia. Either type can be a primary inherited disorder, congenital, or secondary to disease, trauma, or drugs and can lead to serious complications. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 10e: Chapter 94: Glaucoma Richard G. Fiscella; Timothy S. Lesar; Ohoud A. Owaidhah; Deepak P. Edward © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Aqueous humor drainage pathways of healthy and glaucomatous eyes. (Reprinted with permission from Weinreb RN, Aung T, Madeiros FA. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma. JAMA. 2014;311:1901-1911.) Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4lnSwZ8vFc Citation: Chapter 110 Glaucoma, DiPiro JT, Yee GC, Posey L, Haines ST, Nolin TD, Ellingrod V. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 11e; 2020. Available at: https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2577&sectionid=231922523 Accessed: August 28, 2022 Copyright © 2022 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved  Open Angle Glaucoma vs. Acute-Closure Angle Glaucoma How would you treat this? Dabasia P. (2013) ‘Methods of measurement of the anterior chamber angle Part 1: Angle closure glaucoma and gonioscopy‘, Optometry in Practice, 14(3), pp. 107 – 114.  (reduce aqueous humor production by blocking ꞵ-adrenergic receptors ) (reduce production of bicarbonate ions) (long-acting vasodilators) (α2 adrenergic receptors increases aqueous humor outflow & decrease aqueous humor production) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Chapter 11 Efferent Division Autonomic & Somatic Motor Control © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Figure 8.1 “motor” Sensory information Spinal cord to brain by ascending pathways Directly to brain stem via cranial nerves © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Objectives The autonomic division – Describe the physiological role of the autonomic division and it branches. – Compare and contrast the anatomy and chemical communication of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. – Describe the synthesis and breakdown of autonomic neurotransmitters © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.1 The autonomic division Homeostasis is a dynamic balance between the autonomic branches Rest-and-digest: Fight-or-flight: Parasympathetic Sympathetic activity activity dominates. dominates. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Efferent Division of the Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic neurons – Control smooth and cardiac muscle, many glands, lymphoid and some adipose tissues – Mostly involuntary – Sympathetic branch is fight-or-flight – Parasympathetic branch is rest-and-digest – Works with endocrine and behavioral state systems to maintain homeostasis Hypothalamus, pons, medulla © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.2 Integration of autonomic function Maintain Homeostasis Mostly involuntary © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Let’s Think about this © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Antagonistic Control of the Autonomic Division Most internal organs are under antagonistic control – One autonomic branch is excitatory, and the other branch is inhibitory © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Antagonistic Control of the Autonomic Division – Example: Effector organ: heart Sympathetic response increases heart rate Parasympathetic response slows rate © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.14  Why do we only see antagonistic control at the SA only not the ventricle, veins & arterioles? © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.14 Figure 15.11a Resistance and flow © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.14 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Sympathetic ganglia in two ganglion chains along either side of the vertebral column © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Vagus Nerve Contains about 75% of all parasympathetic fibers Sensory information from internal organs to brain Output from brain to organs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6 Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters and receptors Sympathetic pathways Parasympathetic pathways use acetylcholine and use acetylcholine. norepinephrine. CNS CNS preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine ACh postganglionic cell Nicotinic receptor (nAChR) Autonomic ganglion Postganglionic Postganglionic sympathetic neurons parasympathetic secrete neurons secrete Norepinephrine ACh Adrenergic (NE) Muscarinic receptor receptor (mAChR) T Target tissue T © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  Beta-blockers can be selective or non-selective. Selective beta-blockers mostly affect the heart, while non-selective ones affect other parts of the body. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. https://www.lecturio.com/magazine/alpha-and-beta-blockers/