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CHAPTER 8 Summary of Fat Soluble Vitamins Function Deficiency Toxicity Symptoms Food Sources Factors that Symptoms/Disease...

CHAPTER 8 Summary of Fat Soluble Vitamins Function Deficiency Toxicity Symptoms Food Sources Factors that Symptoms/Disease enhance/interfere with use of this vitamin A -maintains the health -Impaired vision -Most common Preformed vitamin A: Preformed vitamin A of epithelial cells Xerophthalmia–Hardenin vitamin toxicity Liver, fish, fish oils, only exists in animal (epithelial cell g of the cornea and -Supplements and fortified milk, butter, products, so performed drying of the surface of fortified foods yogurt, egg, dairy vitamins have to be maturation) – cells the eye, which can result -Fat soluble and not (fortified) margarine converted. line the lungs, in blindness readily excreted → and plant oil spreads intestines, urinary leads to excess accumulation and soy beverages and tract, bladder, eyes, Bitot’s spots–Dry, foamy Symptoms: blurry yogurt and skin spots made from an vision, bone pain, -eye health and accumulation of keratin nausea, sensitivity to Provitamin A: vision (assist cells (a protein) on the surface bright light, peeling (dark-green and of the eye; skin, liver damage yellow-orange within the Nyctalopia–night (in contrast to vegetables and some eye–rods/cones/nerve blindness preformed-vitamin A, fruits) cells–to maintain -Affects epithelial beta-carotene is not ex) carrots, spinach light-dark and color tissues like skin, toxic even at high and leafy greens, vision respiratory tract, and GI levels) winter squash, sweet -growth tract potatoes, broccoli, development and Hyperkeratosis–A -Birth defects mangoes, cantaloupes, condition in which peaches, and apricots reproduction patches of skin become (tomatoes?) (assists in various thicker, rougher, or drier bodily processes than usual; a possible !Go over performed related to growth, consequence of vitamin A and preformed! development, and deficiency. reproduction) -Weakened immune function  -Cardiovascular -Stunted growth disease and cancer prevention orange skin (provitamin A carotenoids may (rare in Western assist in prevention countries) of cardiovascular disease and cancer) Anti-infection, eye vision, healthy bones, growth proteins, cancer prevention, xerophthalmia, hyperketosis D -Maintains blood -Insufficient calcium (doesn’t result from -(not a food source but The sun enhances it calcium levels absorption excessive sun sunlight (10-15 mins a through several leads to exposure) day) is best source) -Reduction of calcium -Increase of calcium -Vitamin D fortified mechanisms and phosphorus levels in blood milk or soy beverages -Contributes to bone deposition during bone -Overabsorption of -Ready to eat breakfast health by affecting synthesis resulting in calcium and eventual cereals the deposition and weak/not developed calcium deposits in -Vitamin D fortified withdrawal of bones kidneys and other orange juice minerals from bone -Rickets–A disease organs -Cooked salmon characterized by poor leads to -Canned tuna mineralization of newly  -Regulates cell synthesized bones -Metabolic fortified drinks growth and because of low calcium disturbances and fatty fish development, content. Arising in infants cell death and children, this -Weakness, loss of possibly reducing deficiency is caused by appetite, diarrhea, cancer risk insufficient amounts of vomiting, mental -May play a role in vitamin D in the body. confusion, and prevention of -Osteomalacia–Adult increased urine cardiovascular form of rickets. The output disease, diabetes, bones have low mineral and hypertension density and consequently are at risk for fracture. UV, bone and cell growth, blood calcium regulation, rickets, osteomalacia E Serves as an Do not need to know -Stored in adipose Only synthesized by -Susceptible to antioxidant in the tissue throughout the plants destruction by oxygen, body by donating body -Plant products metals, light, and heat -Excessive intake can (especially plant oils) (such as use of oil in electrons to stabilize interfere with Vitamin are the best source deep frying) free radicals, helps K’s role in clotting -Salad oils to prevent disease leading to -Low-fat margarine Not as easily stored in linked to oxidative hemorrhage and shortening bodies tissues damage (such as (insufficient blood -Fortified breakfast atherosclerosis and clotting) cereals cataracts), -Supplements can -Wheat germ produce nausea, contributes to the gastrointestinal nuts, seeds, and development of vegetable oils  muscles and the distress, and central nervous diarrhea system, and (gastrointestinal supports nervous distress and blood tissue and immune thinning) function main antioxidant, prevention of atherosclerosis, muscle development K Serves as a cofactor -Excessive bleeding NA Phylloquinone in chemical reactions -Easy bruising -Green leafy that add CO_2 -Hemorrhage vegetables -Broccoli molecules to various -Asparagus proteins -Peas Serves as a vital role Menaquinone in the life-and-death -Some meats process of blood -Eggs clotting -Dairy products Contributes to bone (nutrient density of vitamin K in animal mineralization origin is low) Contributes to proteins that may reduce abnormal calcification in the body cardiovascular health  blood clotting, bone mineralization, reduces calcification, bruising or hemorrahging Summary of Water Soluble Vitamins Function Deficiency Toxicity Symptoms Food Sources factors that Symptoms/Disease enhance/interfere Vitamin -Assists in formation -Scurvy–bleeding -Diarrhea, nausea, -Fresh, ripe fruits and C of connective gums, tooth loss, abdominal cramps veggies (the brighter tissue, bone, teeth, bruising, scaly skin -Kidney stones the higher it is in tendons, and blood -Skin and blood -Suppress immune vitamin C) vessels vessels weaken and function -Citrus fruits -Serves as an wounds will not heal -May interfere with -Papayas antioxidant through medical tests for -Cauliflower acceptance and sailors–sea diabetes or blood in -Ready to eat donation of (c)–scurvy the feces breakfast cereals electrons -Potatoes -Enhances the -Fortified fruit drinks absorption of iron -Required for proper oranges and fruits and immune system veggies functioning  Function Deficiency Toxicity Symptoms Food Sources factors that Symptoms/Disease enhance/interfere antioxidant, wound healing, iron absorption, scurvy, Thiamin B1 -Called “beriberi” Do not need to know -Protein and grain -Helps the body which means “I can’t groups release energy from I can’t” in Sri -Whole grains carbohydrates Lanken -Pork -Serves as part of -The -Ready to eat the coenzyme thiamin-deficiency breakfast cereals thiamin disorder -Enriched grains pyrophosphate to characterized by -Peas participate in muscle weakness, -Orange juice ATP-producing loss of appetite, Organ meats pathways nerve degeneration, -Dried beans -Contributes to and sometimes chemical reactions edema. that synthesize RNA, DNA, and neurotransmitters -Assists the body in the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins *look back to understand this* carbohydrates → ATP synthesis, RNA and DNA, Beriberi  Function Deficiency Toxicity Symptoms Food Sources factors that Symptoms/Disease enhance/interfere Riboflavi (Vitamin B-2) -Ariboflavinosis–A Do not need to know -Ready-to n -Forms coenzymes deficiency disease eat-breakfast cereals flavin resulting from a -Milk and dairy mononucleotide to riboflavin deficiency products participate in and often -Enriched grains metabolic pathways characterized by -Meat -Through these mouth sores, -Eggs coenzymes, dermatitis, glossitis, -Asparagus contributes to and/or angular -Broccoli growth, cheilitis. -Various greens development, and -Dermatitis–Conditio metabolism of n that involves itchy, drugs and nutrients dry skin or a rash on -Contributes to the swollen, reddened metabolism of skin. vitamins and -Glossitis–Inflammati minerals on and swelling of -Has an antioxidant the tongue. role through its -Angular support of the cheilitis–Inflammatio enzyme glutathione n of the corners of the peroxidase mouth with painful cracking; also called cheilosis or angular antioxidant, stomatitis. convert food to energy, metabolize, glottis  Function Deficiency Toxicity Symptoms Food Sources factors that Symptoms/Disease enhance/interfere Niacin B3 -Poor appetite, -Very high doses can -Tuna and other fish -Forms the weight loss, and lower blood -Poultry compounds nicotinic weakness triglyceride and -Peanuts acid and -Pellagra–rough or cholesterol levels -Ready-to-eat cereals nicotinamide, which painful skin Side effects: niacin -Beef contribute to cellular Symptoms: diarrhea, flush (rapid -Asparagus metabolic pathways dermatitis, dementia, heartbeat, flushing) -Coffee -Enzymatic forms of and untimely death -Tea niacin contribute to the metabolic processes that form ATP -Plays a role in maintenance of some of the body’s antioxidant systems -Contributes to maintenance of genome integrity and to regulation of gene expression nicotinic acid and nicotinamide → cellular metabolic pathways → ATP; pellagra  Function Deficiency Toxicity Symptoms Food Sources factors that Symptoms/Disease enhance/interfere Folate (B9) -Macrocyte–A large, Do not need to know (think foliage) -Accepts single immature red blood -Leafy green carbon compounds cell that results from vegetables to help form DNA the inability of the -Orange juice and metabolize cell to divide -Dried beans amino acids normally; also called -Organ meats -Works with vitamin megaloblast. -Ready-to-eat B-6 and vitamin -Macrocytic breakfast cereals B-12 to metabolize anemia–Anemia -Bread homocysteine characterized by the -Milk -Contributes to presence of formation of abnormally large red neurotransmitters blood cells; also -May help to called megaloblastic improve depressed anemia. state for those with -Inflammation of the mental illness tongue, diarrhea, poor growth, mental DNA, metabolize confusion, cells depression, and neurotransmitter, problems with nerve macrocytic anemia function -Elevated blood homocysteine levels associated with cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis -Neutral tube defects in mothers (A defect in the formation of Function Deficiency Toxicity Symptoms Food Sources factors that Symptoms/Disease enhance/interfere the neural tube occurring during early fetal development. This type of defect results in various nervous system disorders, such as spina bifida. Folate deficiency in the pregnant woman increases the risk that the fetus will develop this disorder.) ex) spina bifida (Type of neural tube defect resulting from improper closure of the neural tube during embryonic development. The spinal cord or fluid may bulge outside the spinal column.)  Function Deficiency Toxicity Symptoms Food Sources factors that Symptoms/Disease enhance/interfere Vitamin (aka cobalamin or -Pernicious Do not need to know -Organ meats (liver, B12 cyanocobalamin) anemia–The anemia kidneys, and heart) -Plays a critical role that results from a -Meat in folate metabolism lack of vitamin B-12 -Seafood -Contributes to red absorption; it is -Ready-to-eat blood formation pernicious because of breakfast cereals -Enables conversion associated nerve -Milk of folate coenzymes degeneration that can -Eggs needed for result in eventual metabolic reactions, paralysis and death. such as DNA Symptoms: synthesis macrocytic anemia -Maintains the (sore mouth), myelin sheath that depression, back insulates the neurons pain, apathy, severe nerve degeneration (nerve damage leads red blood cell to tingling in formation, myelin extremities, sheath, folate weakness, paralysis, metabolizer, and eventual death pernicious anemia from heart failure) (Pernicious anemia normally occurs from autoimmune disease not lack in dietary pattern)  Function Deficiency Toxicity Symptoms Food Sources factors that Symptoms/Disease enhance/interfere Vitamin (aka pyridoxine) Do not need to know Do not need to know -Animal products B6 -Contributes to -Fortified ready-to-eat several enzymes breakfast cereals involved in -Potatoes carbohydrate, -Bananas protein, and lipid -Spinach metabolism -Cantaloupe -Serves as a building block for the coenzyme PLP, which is needed to synthesize nonessential amino acids -Regulates homocysteine metabolism -Contributes to the synthesis of neurotransmitters Fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)–vitamins that are absorbed/dissolved in fat and some chemical compounds, but not readily in water. Stored in the liver and fatty tissues. Excess amounts aren’t excreted → high intakes could lead to toxicity Water-soluble vitamins (C and B vitamins) –vitamins that dissolve in water (absorbed in bloodstream and excreted through urine) How to minimize nutrient losses during food storage and preparation: Loss of vitamins occurs due to cooking, heat, air, light, acidity, storage time, freezing (not much loss), not depleted soil Preservation methods–keep fruits and veggies cool until eaten; refrigerate in vegetable drawer (except bananas, onions, potatoes, and tomatoes); trim, peel, and cut fruits and veggies minimally and just prior to eating; microwave, steam, or stir-fry veggies; minimize cooking time; avoid adding fats to vegetables during cooking if you plan to discard the liquid; avoid adding baking soda to veggies to enhance the green color; and store canned and frozen fruits and veggies carefully. Who might benefit from multivitamin-mineral supplements: Guidelines for selecting supplements: -Choose recognized brands -Target your needs -Read labels -Choose rational doses -Remember you are eating foods too -Avoid marketing traps -Quality–select supplements with the logo US Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Research consistently shows that eating diets high in specific nutrients reduces the risk for disease, supplements do not. You can’t cover up poor diet with a pill How does cancer develop: -Abnormal cell growth -Abnormal cells may become a tumor Cancer progression–initiation, promotion, and carcinogen Initiation–Normal cells are altered and damaged by an initiator Promotion–promoters increase cell growth→tumor Some genes that regulate cell division can be mutated and thereby activated Oncogenes turned on (mutate from proto-oncogenes–genes that promote cell division) Tumor suppressor genes turned off–genes that slow down cell division Carcinogen–cancer causing agent such as radiation, chemicals, viruses, genetics, diet, and UV-rays Dietary and lifestyle factors that are helpful or harmful for cancer risk: -Be a healthy weight -Be physically active -Limit alcohol consumption -Eat whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and beans -Limit fast foods -Limit red/processed meats -Limit sugar sweetened beverages -Don’t rely on supplements -Breastfeed your baby if you can Definitions: Toxicity– Conditionally essential–