CHN-II-PRELIM.pdf

CHN II - encourages problem-solving and critical thinking skills - enhances learner participation Health Teaching - Gardner emphasized that it is one of the most...

CHN II - encourages problem-solving and critical thinking skills - enhances learner participation Health Teaching - Gardner emphasized that it is one of the most fundamental 8. Task force committee / community organizing meetings - nursing principles and that “a nurse in even the most obscure joins individuals with diverse backgrounds and expertise to position must be a teacher of no mean order” achieve a goal - may represent many interests and perspectives Health Education - an integral part of the nurse’s role in the community for 9. Talking circles / charlas - may be held in convenient settings promoting health, preventing disease, and maintaining optimal such as missions, homes, or service settings: engages people in wellness small group discussions - is any combination of learning experiences designed to predispose, enable, and reinforce voluntary behavior conducive 10. Town hall meetings - can offer shared experience in a to health in individuals, groups, or communities familiar setting - aims to enhance wellness and decrease disability - attempts to actualize the health potential of individuals, families, Principles of Health Education communities, and society 1. Principle of educational diagnosis - includes a broad and varied set of strategies aimed at 2. Principle of hierarchy influencing individuals within their social environment for 3. Principle of cumulative learning improved health and well-being 4. Principle of participation 5. Principle of situational specificity 2 Models that explain preventive behavior determinants: 6. Principle of multiple methods - HBM (health belief model) 7. Principle of individualization - HPM (health promotion model) 8. Principle of relevance 9. Principle of feedback HBM 10. Principle of reinforcement - is based on social psychology and has undergone much 11. Principle of facilitation empirical testing to predict compliance on singular preventive measures Key feature of Primary Health Care - a value expectancy theory that addresses factors that promote - bring healthcare closer to people (a total approach in ensuring health-enhancing behavior people’s health by fostering active community participation and establishing partnerships among all sectors of society in working HPM for better health) - is a competence-oriented or approach-oriented model first appearing in the nursing literature in 1892 Primary Care - it does not rely on personal threat as a motivating factor - provision of interventions to cure specific conditions of - the central focus is based on individual characteristics and individuals at the level of the community experience, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and - Awofeso states that this approach is usually termed behavioral outcomes that can be assessed by the nurse “preventive medicine” - first level of healthcare delivery in which generalists renders Health Literacy medical and nursing services for individuals and population - is about empowerment, that is, having access to information, groups knowledge, and innovations - an essential component of public health goals that aim to Primary Health Care (PHC) create social and physical environments for good health for all - an overall approach to providing people access to basic - is a constellation of skills needed to perform basic reading healthcare and ultimately improve health of communities tasks required to function in the health care environment for - seeks to ensure that all people regardless of age, sex, creed, accessing, understanding, and using information to make health religion, ideology, and race are provided access to basic health decisions services Teaching Formats: Dimensions of PHC: 1. Brainstorming session - allows participants the freedom to - Goal, Philosophy, Strategy generate ideas and discuss them in a group setting - cultivates creativity Core Values of PHC: - fosters empowerment to allow members to identify the issue 1. Social Justice and find solutions 2. Equity 3. Respect for Human Dignity and Human Rights 2. Community-wide programs - can reach large numbers of 4. Solidarity community members through a systematic plan 5. Self-reliance 3. Demonstration - effective in learning perceptual motor skills Traditional Cornerstones / Pillars of PHC: - aids in visual identification 1. Active Community Participation 2. Inter and Intra-sectoral Linkages 4. Group discussion - members can learn from each other and 3. Use of Appropriate Technology receive support 4. Support System made Available 5. Lecture - varying group sizes can use formal oral Elements of PHC: presentations ⚫ Provision of primary care - group members share expertise and experiences ⚫ Multi-sectoral collaboration - requires organizational skills and ability to highlight key points ⚫ Empowered people and communities in interesting and creative ways - a combination of lecture media may enhance learning Essential Health Services in PHC: - audience feedback is limited 1) Health education 2) Immunization 6. Individual discussion - allows individual assessment and 3) Essential medicines/drugs identification of cultural barriers, physical impairments, learning 4) Mother and child health services needs, literacy, and anxiety 5) Endemic disease control and management - promotes the tailoring of health education plans 6) Nutrition - ideal to capture “teachable moments” 7) Treatment of simple conditions - does not allow sharing and support from others 8) Sanitation and access to safe water supply - high cost in terms of staff time Essential Public Health Services: 1) Monitor health status 7. Role playing - effective in influencing attitudes and opinions 2) Diagnose and investigate health problems 3) Inform, educate, and empower people DOH Recommended Herbal Medicines: 4) Mobilize community partnerships and action ⚫ Lagundi - asthma, cough and colds, fever, dysentery, pain, 5) Develop policies and plans skin diseases, wounds 6) Enforce laws and regulations ⚫ Yerba Buena - headache, stomachache, cough and colds, 7) Link people to needed personal health services rheumatism, arthritis 8) Assure competent public and personal healthcare workforce ⚫ Sambong - antiedema, antiurolithiasis 9) Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality ⚫ Tsaang Gubat - diarrhea, stomachache 10) Research for new insights and innovative solutions ⚫ Niyog-Niyogan - antihelminthic ⚫ Bayabas - washing wounds, diarrhea, gargle, toothache Determinants of Success for PHC: ⚫ Akapulko - antifungal ⚫ Knowldege and Capacity Building ⚫ Ulasimang Bato/Pansit-Pansitan - lowers blood uric acid ⚫ Human resources for Health ⚫ Bawang - hypertension, lowers blood cholesterol, ⚫ Financing toothache ⚫ Technology ⚫ Ampalaya - diabetes mellitus Letter of Instruction 949 Methods of Herbal Preparation: - legal basis of the implementation of PHC 1) Decoction - boiling the recommended part of the plant 2) Infusion - plant material is soaked in hot water like making HRH and PH Facilities Ration to Population tea 1 RHU/HC Physician : 20,000 3) Poultice - directly applying the recommended plant material 1 PH Nurse : 10,000 on the affected part 1 PH Midwife : 5,000 4) Tincture - mixing the plant material in alcohol 1 PH Dentist : 50,000 1 RHU : 20,000 1 BHS : 5,000 Centers for Disease Control (1997) - defines community engagement as the “process of working DOH HRH PROGRAMS: collaboratively with and through groups of people affiliated by ⚫ MP-PUP (Medical Pool Placement and Utilization Program) geographic proximity, special interest, or similar situations to ⚫ DTTB (Doctors to the Barrios Program) address issues affecting the well-being of those people” ⚫ NDP (Nurse Deployment Program) ⚫ RHM (Rural Health Midwives Program) Forms of Community Engagement ⚫ RHTPP (Rural Health Team Placement Program) 1. Community Organizing ⚫ DOH Pre-service Scholarship Program 2. Community Development 3. Community Empowerment Characterization of Health Technology 4. Community Based Participatory Action Research 1. Effective 2. Safe Principles of Community Engagement 3. Affordable 1. Clarity of Purpose 4. Sustainable 2. Knowledge 5. Acceptable 3. Relationships 4. Respect for Self-determination Common Modalities of Traditional Alternative Healthcare in 5. Partnership the Phil. 6. Diversity Acupressure 7. Community Assets - uses the application of pressure on acupuncture points without 8. Flexibility / Sharing Control puncturing the skin 9. Commitment Acupuncture Community Development (CD) - using special needles to puncture and stimulate specific - a concept that can be viewed as a process and an outcome in anatomical points on the body community organizing Aromatherapy Community Organizing (CO) - the art and science of smell whereby essential aromatic oils are - a form of community engagement that seeks to rally people to combined and then applied to the body work work together and act on issues owned, identified, and solved thru and by the people’s own efforts Chiropractic - was first used by social workers in the US during the late 1800s - a discipline of the healing arts concerned with the pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy, and prophylaxis of functional disturbances, Essence of Community Organizing Process: FACES pathomechanical states, pain syndromes, and neurophysiological effects related to the static and dynamics of F - focus of CO is to achieve self-reliance of the locomotor system especially the spine and the pelvis A - aim of CO is community development C - concept CO is teamwork Herbal Medicine/Phytomedicine E - element of CO is participation of people - finished, labeled, medicinal products that contain as active ingr. S - strategies of CO are teaching, training, and transfer of Aerial or underground parts of the plants technology Massage Mahatma Gandhi - superficial soft parts of the body are rubbed, stroked, kneaded, - an activist, writer, and reformer who devoted his life fighting or tapped for remedial, aesthetic, hygienic, or therapeutic apathy, discrimination, and social ills in India purposes Saul Alinsky Nutritional Therapy - a labor leader in the US in the early 1960s - the use of food as medicine and to improve health by - the father of modern community organizing enhancing the nutritional value of food components - strongly advocates for active community participation to bring about change and development Pranic Healing - “people must be reformed - so they cannot be deformed into - a holistic approach of healing that follows the principle of dependency and driven through desperation to dictatorship and balancing energy the death of freedom” Reflexology Paulo Freire - application of therapeutic pressure on the body’s reflex points - a theorist and educator from Brazil that advocated for a shift in to enhance the body’s natural healing mechanisms and balance educating people and communities body functions Jack Rothman - developed a model in the 1970s explaining the various approaches of working with communities - his work defines and contextualizes that the methodology of community organizing are shaped by community needs, nature of the problem, and origin of the interventions whether from the grassroots or from experts who may not necessarily be a resident of the community Conscientization - is the process of developing a critical awareness of one’s social reality through reflection and action 3 Modalities of Community Organizing: 1) Locality Development - the classic form of community organizing where people living in the same area that are bound by the same issues and problems develop their capacities in dealing with their own concerns 2) Social Action - involves sectors of a population that are disenfranchised and clamors for social justice - not limited to communities bound by location but more commonly involves people of same social class, occupation, or ideology 3) Social Planning - experts driven and highly technical solutions to problems of society at large to community organizing 3 Broad Phases: 1) Social Preparation - refers to the initial steps involved in establishing a partnership with the people and identifying the needs, problems, issues affecting the community ⚫ Site Selection ⚫ Entry and Integration ⚫ Social Investigation 2) Social Mobilization - commonly referred to as organizational phase and primarily characterized as the point in which greatest participation of the people is encountered ⚫ Identifying Potential Leaders ⚫ Core Group Formation ⚫ Organization Building ⚫ Evaluation and Phase-out 3) Capacity Building - refers to education and training activities initiated to facilitate community’s acquisition of knowledge and skills