Chemistry Of Atmosphere And Water PDF

ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE WORD ORIGIN ἀτ ό σφαῖρα ( ς ) steam sphere  ATMOSPHERE DEFINITION LAYERS of GASES that envelope a PLANET, held in place by the GRAVITY of the planetary body ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY studies the: Chemical Matter...

ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE WORD ORIGIN ἀτ ό σφαῖρα ( ς ) steam sphere  ATMOSPHERE DEFINITION LAYERS of GASES that envelope a PLANET, held in place by the GRAVITY of the planetary body ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY studies the: Chemical Matter Humans and Composition Interaction living things ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY is related to: Environmental Physics Meteorology Computer Chemistry Molding Oceanography Geology Volcanology Engineering PARTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE  6-20 km height weather and climate occurs here temperature decreases TROPOSPHERE wettest layer most human activities happen here most living things live here  50 km height temperature increases STRATOSPHERE very dry air TROPOSPHERE 6-20 km commercial jets and weather balloons highest height Polar Stratospheric Clouds or nacreous clouds  50-85 km height temperature decreases Earth's coldest temperatures at -90 C MESOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE 50 km difficult to study TROPOSPHERE 6-20 km Polar Mesospheric very dry like the Clouds or stratosphere Noctilucent Clouds  90 km, to temperature increases 500-1000 km height THERMOSPHERE Upper thermosphere is at 500 C to 2000 C+ MESOSPHERE 50-85 km 200 C at daytime STRATOSPHERE 50 500 C at nighttime km TROPOSPHERE 6-20 km absorbs X-ray and UV radiation  10000 km height EXOSPHERE no air to breathe THERMOSPHERE and very cold 90 km, to 500- 1000 km MESOSPHERE -exo means 50-85 km outside STRATOSPHERE boundary 50 between Earth km and outer space arguably not part of TROPOSPHERE the 6-20 km atmosphere HISTORY OF THE ATMOSPHERE EARLY ATMOSPHERE in summary: CO H O2 2 (g) HO 2 (aq) CO 2 O 2 CH CH NH CO 4 N2 4 NH 3 (g) 3 (g) 2 (d) 4.7 billion years ago, As earth cooled, water gases from VOLCANIC condensed. Microorganisms Plants took CO2 activities formed the formed and developed and produced O2. early atmosphere PHOTOSYNTHESIS. TODAY'S ATMOSPHERE Ar gases 0.9% N2 78% O 2 Other 20.9% gases CO 2 0.03% 0.17% NITROGEN CYCLE OXYGEN CYCLE PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION initiated by the ABSORPTION of energy in the form of LIGHT PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION O2 O O PHOTOIONIZATION O a molecule in the upper absorbs O O2 O 3 solar radiation, ejects an electron to form cation PHOTODISSOCIATION DEGRADES compounds by bombarding the molecule with photons OZONE IN THE ATMOSPHERE  OZONE STRATOSPHERE OZONE LAYER 50 km found in the Stratosphere TROPOSPHERE 4-12 km ABSORBS UV LIGHT effectively absorbs the most energetic ultraviolet light, UV-C and UV-B OZONE DEPLETION Ozone Cl Chlorine Br 3 Bromine OO O OZONE DEPLETION CCl 2F 2 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) primary culprit of the ozone layer deterioration ACID RAIN  ACID RAIN Also Acid Deposition other H2O chemicals CO2 SO3 Sulfuric water O2 oxygen Carbon dioxide dioxide NOx Nitrogen H SO4 HNO 2 oxides Sulfuric acid Nitric acid DRY DEPOSITION Example Great Smog of London, lethal smog that lasted for five days (December Definition 5 9) in 1952, caused by industrial pollution and high-pressure weather when gases and dust conditions. It brought the city to a particles become acidic. near standstill and resulted in thousands of deaths. WET DEPOSITION Definition acidic substances fall to the ground Examples mixed in rain, snow, In 1963, scientists studying Hubbard Brook fog, or hail Experimental Forest discovered that their most recent rainfall samples were nearly 100 times more acidic than usual MEASURING ACID RAIN  In the Greek words atmos sphaira, for atmosphere which means sphere? (atmos) (sphaira) Layer of the atmosphere where most human activities happen here (Troposphere) In today's atmosphere, how many percent is the Oxygen? (20%) What is the most abundant element in our Atmosphere? (Nitrogen) What is the outermost layer of the atmosphere, closest to the outer space? (Exosphere) In what layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer found? (Stratosphere) What is the cycle that converts carbon dioxide into oxygen? (Oxygen Cycle) Give one acidic component that acidic rain contains. (Sulfuric acid or nitric acid) Another term for acid rain (Acid Deposition) What is the most notorious chemical for causing ozone holes in the 20th century? CHEMISTRY OF WATER BASIC KNOWLEDGE Cl- Na+ + Na 71% Na+ Cl- Freshwater of the earth's Saltwater 3% surface is water 97%  FRESHWATER Glaciers Surface Underground 60% 20% 10% BASIC KNOWLEDGE O H H Molecular Structure Human Body 60% H2O Molecular Formula THE WATER CYCLE PROPERTIES OF WATER NaCl dissolved in water  4. ADHESION Definition The attraction of molecules for other molecules of a DIFFERENT kind. Can be quite STRONG for water. Capillary Action  5. DENSITY Solid vs. Liquid Water has lower density in its solid form due to the way hydrogen bonds are oriented as it freezes. H2O (aq) H2O (s) 5. DENSITY Why does ice float? Because ice has less density than liquid water 6. HEAT CAPACITY Water has a HIGH specific heat capacity Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. 6. HEAT CAPACITY = 1 cal To raise 1g of water by 1 C calorie = 4.2 Joules 7. EVAPORATIVE COOLING Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat Heat The ability of water to cool the surface from where it evaporated. 7. EVAPORATIVE COOLING Water has a HIGH heat of vaporization The heat of vaporization is defined as the amount of heat needed to turn 1g of a J or cal liquid into a vapor, WITHOUT a rise in the temperature of the liquid. 7. EVAPORATIVE COOLING vaporization is around 540 cal/g at 100 C, water's boiling point. 9. ACIDS AND BASES is HIGHER than pure H + water, then it is Acidic is LOWER than pure water, then it is a solution's Basic or Alkaline 10. ACIDS AND BASES pH scale 7.0 Acidic pure Basic or water Alkaline 11. BUFFERS + buffers Definition solutions that can If , ABSORB resist changes in pH + If , buffers DONATE TYPES OF WATER ON EARTH  FRESHWATER SEAWATER 3% 97%  FRESHWATER SEAWATER 3% 97% FRESHWATER 3% Glaciers Surface Underground 60% 20% 10% ICEBERGS ice mountain large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier and is floating FREELY in OPEN water  Snow 2. Crushed 3. Erosion Buildup Gravity Gravity  FRESHWATER BODIES OF WATER Lakes, Ponds, etc. Rivers Waterfall DISSOLVED OXYGEN 3% DISSOLVED OXYGEN Definition How? Factors gaseous oxygen direct absorption from water the atmosphere temperature (O2) dissolved in (inverse) rapid movement, the water by-product of plant volume of moving photosynthesis temperature IMPORTANCE OF DO Aquatic life Fish and crustaceans obtain DO for respiration through their gills plant life and phytoplankton require DO for respiration when there is NO light for photosynthesis EUTROPHICATION Definition excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water DIFFERENT METHODS OF ANALYSIS Water Quality Measuring pH OCEAN WATER 97% COMPOSITION 55% 31% - Cl Na + 7.7%2+ 3.7% Mg 1.4% S 1.2% others Ca 2+ BASIC KNOWLEDGE Salinity Saline/Salty Salt Red sea is considered the most saline sea among all the seas connected to oceanic water Salinity affects ocean water's phase change, buoyancy and density DESALINATION 55% 31%+ Definition Cl - Na process of REMOVING excess salt and minerals from water 7.7%2+ 3.7% Mg S 1.2% Ca 2+ in order to produce fresh or 1.4% others potable water